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Feminism na Pakistan

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Feminism na Pakistan na-ezo aka na mmegharị ndị na-achọ ịkọwapụta, guzobe, na ichebe ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịchụso ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nhata, tinyere ohere nhata.[1][2][3] A na-akpụzi mmegharị ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji zaghachi mgbanwe ọchịchị mba na nke ụwa niile na mba ahụ, nke gunyere ọchịchị ndị mba ọzọ, mba, Ịkụziri Okpukpe Islam, ọchịchị aka ike, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na agha megide ụjọ.[4][5][6] Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na mba Pakistan agbanweela nke ukwuu site na nnabata gaa na esemokwu na ọgụ.

Ihe ndabere

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Dịka akụkọ Global Gender Gap report nke World Economic Forum (WEF), Akara nha nhata nke Pakistan na ngalaba ntinye aka na ohere akụ na ụba bụ 36.2%, otu n'ime akara kacha ala n'ụwa niile. Mba Pakistan dị n'ọkwa nke 142 n'ime mba 146 n'ozuzu ya.[7][8] Dịka UNICEF si kwuo, pasentị iri ise na anọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ Pakistan na-atụrụ ime tupu ha eruo afọ iri na asatọ, pasentị iri anọ na isii nke ụmụ agbọghọ anaghị agụ akwụkwọ, ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ.[9][10] International Monetary Fund emeela atụmatụ na ịkwalite mmepụta akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị na uto ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ime ka GDP Pakistan dịkwuo elu site na pasentị iri atọ.[11]

Ọtụtụ ndị edemede ekwuola okwu gbasara atụmanya omenala nke ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Zoya Rehman dere na onyinyo nke ịbụ nwanyị Pakistan abụrụla ihe owuwu nke steeti Pakistan kemgbe mmalite ya. N'ime echiche a, a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan chebe mmekọahụ ha, a na-achịkwa ha, a pụkwara igbu ha site na mgbu ndị a na-eme na nsọpụrụ mgbe ha na-emezughị atụmanya omenala.[12] Usman Quais na-arụ ụka na igbu ọchụ nsọpụrụ yana ụdị ndị ọzọ nke ime ihe ike n'ihi nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ jikọtara ya na ma mee ka ọ ka njọ site na ihe mgbochi sistemụ: enweghị agụmakwụkwọ, ịda ogbenye, usoro ikpe mebiri emebi, na nleghara anya gọọmentị, nke ọtụtụ afọ nke esemokwu ndị ọchịchị mere ka ọ ka njọ.[13] Afiya S. Ziya na-arụ ụka na a na-eji mgbasa ozi nke ndị na-emepụta omenala eme ihe n'usoro site n'aka Inter-Services Public Relations, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Pakistan, nke na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya na-akọwa ihe ziri ezi na ihe a na-anabata dị ka omenala Pakistan.[14]

Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị site na mgbanwe iwu. Iwu nkeonwe nke ndị Alakụba nke Sharia, nke kwadoro ikike nwanyị nwere iketa ụdị ihe onwunwe niile, ka e nyere iwu na 1948 mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe kwalitere nkwado. E nwere mgbalị na-agaghị nke ọma itinye Akwụkwọ ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'iwu nke afọ 1956. Mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze kachasị mkpa nke ndị otu feminist na Pakistan na-akwalite, Iwu Ezinụlọ Ndị Alakụba nke 1961, nke metụtara alụmdi na nwunye na ịgba alụkwaghịm, ka a ka na-ahụta dị ka ihe na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike.[15][16]

Ụmụ nwanyị si n'okpukpe pere mpe na-eche ihu enweghị nchebe dị ukwuu karị. UN egosila mwute maka enweghị mmasị iwu na-aga n'ihu maka ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo Ndị Kraịst na ndị Hindu megide mgbanwe okpukperechi manyere, ntọrọ mmadụ, ịzụ ahịa, ụmụaka, alụmdi na nwunye n'oge na n'oge a manyere ha, ịgba ohu n'ụlọ na ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.[17][18]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Dịka Maliha Zia si kwuo, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere mmegharị siri ike maka nha anya ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ dịghị ngagharị nke ụmụ nwanyị karịrị akarị. Zia kewara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegharị ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan ụzọ atọ: nke mbụ malitere na 1947, nke abụọ n'oge ọchịchị aka ike Zia-ul-Haq gasịrị na 1988, na nke atọ kemgbe 9/11.[19]

Nkebi nke mbụ: 1947–1952

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Ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba so n'ime ndị kacha metụta Nkewa; a kọrọ na a tọọrọ ma dinaa ụmụ nwanyị 75,000 n'oge a. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Fatima Jinnah hiwere Kọmitii Enyemaka Ụmụ Nwanyị, nke mechara ghọọ Association nke Ụmụ Nwanyị Pakistan Nile. Jinnah mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ redio nzuzo, na 1965, O si n'ezumike nka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nke o tinyere onwe ya n'ọrụ pụta iji sonye na ntuli aka onyeisiala megide onye ọchịchị aka ike agha Ayub Khan.[20]

Begum Ra'na Liaquat Ali Khan nyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si India gbapụ n'oge nkewa ma hazie All Pakistan Women's Association na 1949,[21] afọ abụọ ka e mechara kee obodo ya. Mgbe ọ hụrụ na ọ dịghị ọtụtụ ndị nọọsụ na Karachi, Khan rịọrọ ndị agha ka ha zụọ ụmụ nwanyị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na enyemaka mbụ, ya mere o kwere ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'òtù ndị agha para-soldiers. Ọrụ nọọsụ ghọrọ ụzọ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ. Khan gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya, ọbụlagodi mgbe e gbusịrị di ya na 1951, wee bụrụ nwanyị mbụ onye Alakụba nọchitere anya na United Nations na 1952.

Dịka Ayesha Khan si kwuo, n'ime iri afọ mbụ mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị a ma ama ma tinye ego na mba ndị Alakụba, na-agba mbọ inweta ikike dị nta maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọha obodo malitere ise okwu ha na gọọmentị mgbe ọchịchị aka ike Mgbasa Okpukperechi malitere ịmachi ikike ha.[6]

Nkeji nke abụọ: Afọ 1980

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Mgbe ọchịchị aka ike nke Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq nke ndị agha nwetara ike, ha malitere Ịkụziri Ndị Alakụba nke Pakistan. Mgbanwe ndị a nọchiri akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oge Britain Usoro Mpụ Pakistan, ime ịkwa iko na ịkwa iko di mmadụ mpụ, na iwebata ntaramahụhụ nke ịpịa ihe, ịgbụ akụkụ ahụ mmadụ, na ịtụ nkume ruo ọnwụ. Òtù ndị otu feminist na Pakistan megidere nke ukwuu itinye iwu Islam a n'ọrụ, nke ha kwenyere na ọ dabere na nghọta ochie nke akwụkwọ ndị Alakụba, kama na arịọ maka nkọwa nke ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ndị liberal. Mgbe ọtụtụ arụmụka na nkatọ gasịrị, e degharịrị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke iwu ahụ nke ukwuu site na 2006 Iwu Nchedo Ụmụ Nwanyị.

N'okwu a, e hiwere olu Women's Action Forum (WAF) na 1981.[21][22] Dịka Madihah Akhter si kwuo, Jeneral Zia mechara chọọ ndị uwe ojii okpukperechi Alakụba ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara ọha, nke butere nrụgide a na-atụghị anya ya n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan. Dịka mmeghachi omume nye ụdị nke Zia's Islamization, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan, gụnyere ndị edemede, ndị ọkà mmụta, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, malitere imegide iwu ndị a. Akhter rụrụ ụka na ọgbọ ndị ntorobịa nke ndị na-akwado ọchịchị nke afọ 1980 bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike karịa n'echiche na ụzọ ha si ele ihe anya; O kwuru na otu Women's Action Forum jiri "nkọwa na-aga n'ihu nke Islam" megide mmejuputa iwu nke steeti maka omume ọma a kọwara n'ụzọ okpukperechi, ma site n'ime nke a, ha nwetara nkwado a na-atụghị anya ya site n'aka òtù ụmụ nwanyị Islam nke aka nri. Ha mere mkpọsa site na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche dịka akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, nka, uri, na abụ.[23]

Mgbe Zia gasịrị: 1988–2008

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Mgbe ọchịchị Jenaral Zia gwụchara, Pakistan họpụtara praịm minista nwanyị mbụ ya, Benazir Bhutto. N'okpuru ọchịchị ya, e guzobere ọdụ ndị uwe ojii nke ụmụ nwanyị niile, a họpụtakwara ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọkaikpe maka oge mbụ. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ iwu na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị nke oge General Zia ka dịgidere.

N'oge mgbe Zia gasịrị, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe enweela ike imepụta nnyocha nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite olu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na ịkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[24] Ha ewepụtakwala ụfọdụ n'ime nnyocha mbụ na ihe mmụta gbasara ikike mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Pakistan,[25] nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi,[26] na atụmatụ ndị obodo maka udo n'etiti India na Pakistan.[27][28]

2008–2017

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Oge a bụ oge e nwetara People's Party of Pakistan (PPP) n'ọchịchị siri ike n'ime obodo ahụ ma nwee ike izere ọdịda akụ na ụba.[29] Ndị otu PPP nwere akụkụ niile nke ọchịchị, onyeisiala, praịm minista, na ọkà okwu. Ọ ghọrọ otu mbụ ga-enwe oge afọ ise, ma tinye mgbanwe iwu nke mere ka ike gọọmentị kewaa. Nke a sitere n'echiche nke pati ahụ na gọọmentị etiti emeriela ọchịchị ime obodo mana PPP nọgidere na-emegide mmegharị aka ekpe nke ndị otu socialist Muttahida Qaumi Movement/MQM.[30] Nke a bụkwa oge ebe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị sitere n'ọkwa dị iche iche na-etinye aka na ube ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama.[31] E tinyere ọtụtụ iwu iwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti 2008 ruo 2012.[32] Iwu ntuli aka nke afọ 2017 na-atụ anya na opekata mpe pasentị iri (10%) ụmụ nwanyị ga-eme ntuli aka n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụghị ya, kọmishọna ntuli aka nwere ikike ikwupụta na ntuli aka ahụ abụrụla ihe efu. E wezụga mbọ a na-agba n'ọrụ n'ọhịa nke otu NGO a kpọrọ 'Women in Struggle for Empowerment (WISE)' nke Bushra Khaliq hiwere, iwu a nyeere aka ime ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye na ntuli aka ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.[33]


Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị si n'ọkwa ndị a na-akpagbu na ndị nọ n'ọkwa dị ala na-ahazi ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile ka na-anaghị elebara ikike ụmụ nwanyị anya n'ozuzu.

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy bụ onye na-ede akụkọ ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke na-achọ ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndị a na-anaghị akwanyere ùgwù n'obodo ya.[34] Obaid-Chinoy arụọla ọrụ n'ụwa niile ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndị lanarịrịnụ bụ́ ndị a na-enyeghị ohere maka ikpo okwu.[35] Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya kacha pụta ìhè "Saving Face" na-akọwa ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan ndị lanarịrị mwakpo acid na usoro mgbake anụ ahụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. O meriri ihe nrite Oscar maka ọrụ a ma nyere aka mee ka a mara ihe ndị a lanarịrịnụ na-eche ihu. O mekwara ihe nkiri gbasara igbu mmadụ n'ụzọ nsọpụrụ, "A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness" site n'echiche nke onye lanarịrịnụ dị ụkọ. Ihe nkiri a ruru praịm minista ahụ aka, onye mmụọ kpaliri ime iwu nke kwụsịrị oghere dị n'ime usoro iwu maka igbu mmadụ nsọpụrụ.[36] Akụkọ ya na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na ndị na-akwado ya; o kwenyere na fim nwere ike karịa n'ebe ndị mmadụ na-agụ akwụkwọ na-adịghị elu. Ọ kọwara, "[site na] ịkpọbata olu nke ndị nkịtị na-eche ihu na ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche na telivishọn gburugburu ụwa, enwere m olileanya imetụta mgbanwe n'otu obodo n'otu oge."[35] Ya mere, Obaid-Chinoy na-esonyekwa n'ọrụ ndị na-akwado ndị mmadụ site n'ịkwọ ụgbọala ihe nkiri nke na-aga n'ofe obodo ahụ na-eweta ihe nkiri na echiche ọhụrụ na obodo dị iche iche. Ụgbọala a na-agbanwe agbanwe ka o si dị n'ọdịnala obodo site n'inye ụmụ nwanyị ebe ha ga ano n'ime ebe ndị a na-ekewapụ ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị.

Malala Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na ụmụnwaanyị nwere maka agụmakwụkwọ nke ọma site na Swat Valley onye bịara n'ọrụ n'oge a site na ahụmịhe nkeonwe ya na agụụ ya maka mmụta.[37] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri Taliban weghaara obodo ya ma machibido ụmụ agbọghọ isonye na agụmakwụkwọ ọha. Ya na nna ya katọrọ ndị Taliban. Yousafzai malitere blọgụ aha ya adịghị ebe ọ na-ekwu maka nchegbu ya. Ọ gbapụrụ n'obodo ya n'afọ 2009 n'ihi esemokwu dị n'obodo ya. Ozugbo ọ lọtara, ọ kwadoro ikike ya maka agụmakwụkwọ. E nyere ya ihe nrite udo nke mba Pakistan nke ndị ntorobịa na ihe nrite udo nke ụmụaka mba ụwa. Ndị Taliban gbara Yousafzai egbe mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọala ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ lanarịrị mmerụ ahụ dị oke njọ wee gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na mba U.K wee nweta akara ugo mmụta ya na Oxford. Yousafzai edeela akwụkwọ, Abụ m Malala, gbasara ahụmịhe ya na ọrụ nkwado ya.[38] Yousafzai na-agbakwa otu òtù na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ na ndịda ụwa site n'inyocha ihe ndị a, na ijikọ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'obodo na ego.[39]

2018 - ugbu a

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Mgbanwe gbanwere mmegharị ikike ụmụnwaanyị na Pakistan mgbe afọ 2008 gasịrị site na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze. Mmegharị ahụ malitere nke ọma ka ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekwu ike ịkọrọ ndị ọzọ echiche na nkwenkwe ha. Aurat March (Ngagharị Ụmụ Nwanyị) na-eme ugbu a n'ọtụtụ obodo dị iche iche na mba ahụ, ịkwado maka okwu ndị dị ka mmụba nke isonye na nnọchiteanya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị, okike na obere ndị mmadụ metụtara mmekọahụ, ndị okpukpe pere mpe, na ndị otu ndị ọzọ a na-emegbu emegbu na Pakistan. Ndị otu a arịọkwala ka e mee ka ebe ọha na eze dị nchebe maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị transgender, tinyekwara oku ka a kwụsị ime ihe ike niile megide ụmụ nwanyị na ndị transgender.

Ụdị dị iche iche

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Dịka Maliha Zia si kwuo, a pụrụ ịchọta echiche ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan n'ụdị abụọ: echiche ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere nnwere onwe nke ụwa na Okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị ndị Alakụba.[19][33] E nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka n'etiti ụdị ngagharị iwe ndị a. Ha abụọ na-adabere n'ihe gbasara Pakistan na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị a bụ otu abụọ na-apụta ìhè nke ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na nke a bụ isiokwu dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi ike.

Nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị

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Ọchịchị ụmụnwaanyị nke ndị Liberal kacha pụta ìhè n'òtù ndị liberal aka ekpe, a na-akwadokwa ya site n'aka ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka ndị dịka PPP. A na-ejikarị ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe, nnwere onwe, ikike mmadụ na okpukperechi nke ụwa mara ya. Nke a dị iche na nke Western Liberal Feminism nke na-elekwasị anya na ihe ndị mmadụ rụzuru na ịrụ ọrụ n'ime usoro ndị dịbu adị. Nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ nke okpukperechi n'ihe gbasara Pakistan na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Islam dịbu adị ma were ụzọ mmadụ si echebe ụmụ nwanyị pụọ n'ihe gbasara nnwere onwe nke na-adabereghị n'ikike ndị e depụtara n'akwụkwọ Islam. Òtù a na-elekwasị anya ma na-ebute ụzọ n'okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị ụzọ, ebe òtù ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute ụzọ n'okwu gbasara klaasị ma ọ bụ agbụrụ.[40] Otu ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke alaka a bụ ime mgbanwe iwu ụwa.

Nisaism/Okpukpe ụmụnwaanyị nke Alakụba

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Nisaism/Okpukpe ụmụnwaanyị nke Alakụba na-agbaso omenala karịa ma na-akwado inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'okpuru anya Islam.[41][42] Ndị otu etiti na ndị otu aka nri nke Pakistan na-akwado ngagharị a. Okwu Nisaism sitere na Surah Nisa, isiakwụkwọ nke Qur'an, nke na-egosi mgbọrọgwụ ndị Alakụba nke mmegharị ahụ. Ndị otu a enwetala nkatọ maka ikwusa ikike ndị Alakụba; ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ikike ndị inyom na-anaghị asọpụrụ Chineke kwenyere na okpukpe Islam na ọchịchị ndị nna ochie jikọtara ha. Iji ghọta nke ọma usoro a, mmadụ aghaghị ịghọta usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu dị na Pakistan. Pakistan bụ mba Alakụba nke na-eme ụlọ ikpe na usoro ikpe nke omume na ozizi Islam metụtara.[43] Ya mere, iwu ga-adaba na Quran ka Ụlọikpe Shariat wee nye ha ikike, nke bụ naanị ụlọ ikpe nwere ikike iwu kwadoro. Nke a na-eme ka ngagharị iwe site na okpukperechi Islam bụrụ eziokwu bara uru karịa maka ụfọdụ ndị na-achọ ime mgbanwe iwu.

Nka na akwụkwọ

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Nka na akwụkwọ ndị Pakistan maka ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekarị akwụkwọ ndụmọdụ, a maara maka itinye nkwenkwe okpukpe n'ọrụ site na mgbanwe ime ihe n'ụzọ dị ọcha;[44] ndị edemede feminist na-akọwakarị njem nke feminism na Pakistan dị ka agha na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na-alụso nsogbu na-aga n'ihu nke ọchịchị nna ochie.[44] Dịka Shahbaz Ahmad Cheema si kwuo, ndị nna ochie nke Pakistan na-emepụta akwụkwọ na nka na ebumnuche kachasị nke ime ka ụmụ nwanyị nabata, mee ka mmadụ nwee obi ike, ma kwalite mkparịta ụka ndị nna ochie dị ka ihe kacha mma.[44] Afiya S Zia na-achọpụta ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị o weere dị ka ihe kacha enye nsogbu, dịka ndị nke Sir Syed Ahmed Khan; Ashraf Ali Thanawi's Bahishti Zewar; na, n'oge mgbe nkewa gasịrị, ihe odide Abu Ala Maududi, nke o chere na ọ bu n'obi ịmepụta ma kwado klaasị ndị Alakụba nwere ihe ùgwù, ime ka ndị nna ochie na-achịkwa ma na-akwado ọchịchị ụmụ nwoke. Telivishọn na ihe nkiri na-egosikwa ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan na-erube isi ma na-erubere ndị ọzọ isi n'obodo Pakistan nke ụmụ nwoke na-achị.[44]

S.S. Sirajuddin n'akwụkwọ "Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literature in English", na-ekwupụta obi abụọ gbasara ohere efu maka ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan, ma chee na mmasị okpukpe ka na-emetụta mba ahụ nke ukwuu. Agbanyeghị, o kwetara na mmata gbasara nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị, mgbanwe ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, na njirimara ụmụ nwanyị dị na Pakistan, nchegbu ndị a na-apụta ìhè n'akwụkwọ Bekee nke Pakistan.[45]

A pụrụ ịhụ ndị ama ama n'akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dịka Bapsi Sidhwa, na akwụkwọ nke Sara Suleri bụ Meatless Day's. A na-ewere ndị Pakistan na-ede uri dịka Maki Kureishi, Hina Faisal Imam, Alamgir Hashmi, na Taufiq Rafat dị ka ndị nwere mmetụta uche mana ha anaghị ejide onwe ha n'ihe gbasara ha.[45]

A kpọrọ otu n'ime ihe nkiri ndị inyom mbụ na Pakistan aha Aurat Raj (Iwu Ụmụ Nwanyị).[46] E wepụtara ya na 1979, mana ọ kaghị enweta ya na box-office.

Womansplaining: Navigating Activism, Politics and Modernity in Pakistan bụ nchịkọta edemede ndị inyom nke afọ 2021 nke Sherry Rehman deziri nke nwere edemede site na Hina Jilani, Khawar Mumtaz, Afiya Shehrbano Zia na ndị ọzọ na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Iwu Iwu Ezinụlọ Ndị Alakụba, Otu Nzukọ Ihe Omume Ụmụ Nwanyị na mgbanwe dị iche iche nke iwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pakistan. Sarah Peracha bipụtara akwụkwọ a iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan ume ka ha rụọ ọrụ, nke megidere iwu na Pakistan, iji kpalie ụmụ nwanyị ịrụ ọrụ.[47] Bina Shah na Fifi Haroon na-edekwa gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nka,Nighat Dad na-akọkwa gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'oge dijitalụ.[48][49]

Ismat Chughtai

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Malite n'afọ 1930, Ismat Chughtai dere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara isiokwu dịka mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị, ịdị nwayọọ n'etiti ndị nọ n'ọkwa dị elu, na esemokwu klas, ọtụtụ mgbe site n'echiche Marxist.

Fatima Bhutto

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Fatima Bhutto bụ ada nke onye bụbu Minista Murtaza Bhutto. Ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ. Songs of Blood and Sword bụ ihe ncheta nke nna ya, onye e gburu egbu.[50]

Farkhanda Shahid Khan

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Farkhanda Shahid Khan bụ onye nyocha gbasara ikike ụmụnwaanyị, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na onye gụrụ akwụkwọ. Ọ na-akụzi akwụkwọ Bekee nke oge a na Mahadum Gọọmenti Faisalabad. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na Feminism, Marxism, Omenala, na Gender & Sexuality, na-elekwasị anya na Global South. Na agụmakwụkwọ, na mmekorita ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Akwụkwọ, Asụsụ na Omenala na Mahadum Edinburgh, Khan na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na ọrụ nke na-enyocha nsogbu dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị bi na mpaghara ọkụ uhie na ebe obibi ndị akwụna na Pakistan, ihe a na-anaghị anabatakarị n'obodo a. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, Khan na-edekarị akwụkwọ maka ndị nta akụkọ mba na mba ụwa, na-enye nghọta dị iche iche gbasara okwu gbasara ikike mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ kwadoro maka nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ọtụtụ ebe mkparịta ụka, gụnyere UN Women, Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ndị Otu Onwe Maka Ịha nhata Nwoke na Nwanyị na Mgbakọ Iwu nke British Columbia na Kọmishọna Mmekọrịta Mmadụ nke Obodo Atlanta. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-edu isiakwụkwọ Pakistan nke The Literary Think Tank na Edinburgh University Feminist Society. Ọ bụkwa onye hiwere otu Feminist Society na Mahadum Government College Faisalabad.

Òtù ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke Pakistan

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Ndị otu feminist Pakistan

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  • Atiya Fyzee Rahamin A maara ya maka mmasị dị na nka, egwu, ide ihe na agụmakwụkwọ na njem; Na 1926 na ogbako agụmakwụkwọ na Aligarh, Fyzee jụrụ atụmanya nke ịnọpụ iche Purdah wee gwa ndị mmadụ okwu gbasara nzukọ ahụ e kpughere (na-enweghị Hijab) iji rịọ ka ha nwee ikike nhata na ụmụ mmadụ ịgagharị n'ụwa Chineke n'efu na n'ihu ọha.[64]
  • Asma Barlas - Prọfesọ Pakistan-American na Ithaca College, na onye dere akwụkwọ a "Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an
  • Hoorunisa Palijo - Onye hiwere Mgbanwe Sindhiani Tahreek (Nguzogide ụmụ nwanyị megide ọchịchị aka ike nke General Zia Era na 1980[65]
  • Fahmida Riaz - Onye na-ede uri, onye edemede na onye na-eme ngaghari ikike n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị.[66]
  • Noorul Huda Shah - Onye edemede na onye edemede ihe nkiri gbasara ụmụ nwanyị[67]
  • Mukhtaran Bibi - Onye Pakistan na-akwado mgbochi idina mmadụ n'ike na ikike ụmụ nwanyị
  • Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah - Nwanyị mbụ Pakistan bụ onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ, nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na Mahadum Al-Azhar, na onye dere akwụkwọ a The Bull and the She Devil
  • Nigar Ahmed - Onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị Pakistan na onye hiwere nke Aurat Foundation
  • Riffat Hassan - Ọkà mmụta okpukpe na onye Pakistan-American nke Quran
  • Zilla Huma Usman - Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na Pakistan, e gburu na Febụwarị 2007
  • Benazir Bhutto - Praịm Minista nke Pakistan, e gburu na Disemba 27, 2007
  • Asma Jahangir - Onye so guzobe Human Rights Commission of Pakistan onye na-akwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkaiwu
  • Amar Sindhu - Onye edemede a ma ama, onye na-ede uri, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye ndu ikike ụmụ nwanyị.
  • Farkhanda Shahid Khan - Onye nyocha ikike ụmụnwaanyị Pakistan, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị, na onye gụrụ akwụkwọ
  • Fouzia Saeed - Onye Pakistan na-akwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye dere akwụkwọ dị mkpa gbasara okwu ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere akwụkwọ ya a ma ama TABOO: The Hidden Culture of a Red-Light District.
  • Sheema Kermani - Ọgba egwu oge gboo na onye na-akwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye mbụ maka ihe nkiri na Pakistan, onye guzobere Tehrik-e-Niswan.[68]
  • Nida Mahmoed - Onye mbụ na-ede uri Bekee nke ndị inyom nwanyị bi na Pakistan[69][70]
  • Malala Yousafzai - Onye Pakistan na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na onye kacha nta n'ime ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nrite Nobel
  • Sabeen Mahmud - Onye na-akwado mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye hiwere The Second Floor.[71]

Ndekọ Akwụkwọ

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  • Yaqin, Amina. Gender, Sexuality and Feminism in Pakistani Urdu Writing. United Kingdom, Anthem Press (review)[72]
  • Manzoor, Asma . "Aurat Justuju Aur Nisai Andaz E Fikar". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, Sept. 2021, pp. 153–4[73]
  • Feminism, Postfeminism and Legal Theory: Beyond the Gendered Subject?. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2018

Leekwa

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Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ The Aurat March challenges misogyny in our homes, workplaces and society, say organisers ahead of Women's Day (2019-03-07).
  2. ↑ Feminism and the Women Movement in Pakistan.
  3. ↑ Pakistani women hold 'aurat march' for equality, gender justice (3 December 2018).
  4. ↑ "Feminism in Pakistan: A brief history - The Express Tribune", The Express Tribune, 2014-09-23.
  5. ↑ (1998) Pakistan, a Modern History. NY: St.Martin's Press, 275, 276, 281. ISBN 9780312216061. 
  6. 1 2 Khan, Ayesha (30 November 2018). The women's movement in Pakistan : activism, Islam and democracy. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 3. ISBN 978-1-78673-523-2. OCLC 1109390555. 
  7. ↑ Abdel-Raouf, Fatma; Buhler, Patricia M. (2020-08-21), "The Global Gender Pay Gap", The Gender Pay Gap, Routledge, pp. 136–148, doi:10.4324/9781003003731-11, ISBN 978-1-003-00373-1, S2CID 225192849, retrieved 2020-12-05
  8. ↑ Global Gender Gap Report 2023 (en).
  9. ↑ Empowering the future of Pakistan | UNICEF Pakistan (en) (2024-04-30).
  10. ↑ Pakistan - Child Marriage Around The World. Girls Not Brides (en). Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved on 2026-04-28.
  11. ↑ Women's empowerment and the IMF (en-US) (2020-08-21).
  12. ↑ Rehman, Zoya (2019-07-26). Aurat March and Undisciplined Bodies (en).
  13. ↑ Qais, Usman (September 30, 2023). "Contemporary Global Feminism Trends and Cultural Barriers to Women's Empowerment in Pakistan, An Islamic Perspective". Pakistan Journal of Islamic Philosophy 5 (2): 34. 
  14. ↑ Zia, Afiya S. (2020-02-03). The contrite gender formula of Meray Paas Tum Ho and the portrayal of women in cultural scripts (en).
  15. ↑ Zia, Afiya S. (30 November 2017). Faith and Feminism in Pakistan: Religious Agency or Secular Autonomy?. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1845199166. 
  16. ↑ Shah, Bina. "Opinion | The Fate of Feminism in Pakistan", The New York Times, 2014-08-20.
  17. ↑ Forced marriages and forced conversions in the christian community of Pakistan.
  18. ↑ Pakistan: UN experts alarmed by lack of protection for minority girls from forced religious conversions and forced marriage (en).
  19. 1 2 Zia, Maliha (2018). Feminism and it's absence in Pakistani legal discourse, Dorota Anna Gozdecka, Anne Macduff, Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis, 10th page of Chapter 4. ISBN 978-1-351-04040-2. OCLC 1080201827. “Thus in the Pakistani context, while there is a vibrant women's movement based on equality and non discrimination for women, it can not be said that there is an overarching feminist movement. ... It may therefore be more accurate to state that feminism in Pakistan has primarily flourished within the women's movement (Shaheed 2010, 5). ... in Pakistan, there are primarily two different ideological movements. The two movements are the Secular Liberal Feminism (SLF) and modern Islamic feminism (Serez 2017, 62). ...” 
  20. ↑ The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India | www.1947partitionarchive.org.
  21. 1 2 Moon Charania (2014). "Feminism, sexuality and the rhetoric of Westernization in Pakistan: precarious citizenship", in Leela Fernandes: Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia. DOI:10.4324/9781315848501. ISBN 9781315848501. 
  22. ↑ Zia, Afiya Shehrbano (February 2009). "the reinvention of feminism in Pakistan". Feminist Review 91 (1): 29–46. DOI:10.1057/fr.2008.48. ISSN 0141-7789. 
  23. ↑ Feminists…in Pakistan? (2012-10-15).
  24. ↑ Shaheed et al., 2009; Zia, 2005; Bari, 2015
  25. ↑ Saeed, 1994
  26. ↑ Sadeque, 2012; Hanif, 2011
  27. ↑ Sarwar, 2007
  28. ↑ Khan Ayesha, Kirmani Nida (2018). "Moving Beyond the Binary: Gender-based Activism in Pakistan". Feminist Dissent 3: 151 191. DOI:10.31273/fd.n3.2018.286. 
  29. ↑ (July 25, 2020) "The Novel Changes in Pakistan's Party Politics: Analysis of Causes and Impacts". Chinese Political Science Review 5 (4): 513–533. DOI:10.1007/s41111-020-00156-z. PMID 40477057. 
  30. ↑ Faiz, Asma. "The Peculiar Case of the Pakistan Peoples Party as an Opposition Party", Carnegie Endowment For International Peace, March 7, 2022.
  31. ↑ Ali Awan, Muhammad (October 2016). "Political Participation of Women in Pakistan: Historical and Political Dynamics Shaping the Structure of Politics for Women". Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt. 
  32. ↑ Malkani, Sara (2025). Progressive Laws in Patriarchal Societies: Lessons from Pakistan, 1st, New York: Hart Publishing. ISBN 979-8-7651-9294-8. 
  33. 1 2 Su, Alice (2019-02-06). The rising voices of women in Pakistan (en).
  34. ↑ Bahr, Lindsey (June 26, 2024). From DVF to Star Wars, filmmaker Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy charts her own path in Hollywood.
  35. 1 2 Asia Game Changer Awards (25 July 2017). Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy: For eye-opening films that give voice to the voiceless.
  36. ↑ Obaid-Chinoy, Sharmeen (April 2019). How film transforms the way we see the world.
  37. ↑ The Nobel Prize Organization (2014). Malala Yousafzai Biographical.
  38. ↑ Yousafzai, Malala (October 8, 2013). I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban (in English). United States: Brown and Company, 1–288. ISBN 978-0-29787-091-3. 
  39. ↑ Malala Fund (2013). Our Work.
  40. ↑ Gul Khattak, Saba (December 4, 2023). Aurat, Azadi: Feminism and its Future in Pakistan.
  41. ↑ Chaudhry, Zafar Aziz (2020-08-21). Feminism in Pakistan (en-US).
  42. ↑ Bakanova, Marina V. (2021). "Feminist Movement in Pakistan. Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, International Care Medical Centre "Dua Hospital" (1): 306–314. DOI:10.28995/2073-6401-2021-1-306-314. 
  43. ↑ Aamir, Asma (March 3, 2024). Feminist Movements In Pakistan: Challenges and Struggles.
  44. 1 2 3 4 Zia, Afiya S. (2020-02-03). The contrite gender formula of Meray Paas Tum Ho and the portrayal of women in cultural scripts (en).
  45. 1 2 (2004-11-30) Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. Routledge. ISBN 9781134468485. 
  46. ↑ Aurat Raj (1979), 13 July 1979, retrieved 2017-08-20
  47. ↑ Muslim Business Women Magazine (2017-12-07).
  48. ↑ Akbar, Hassan (August 28, 2021). Why men should read Womansplaining (en).
  49. ↑ Shaheed, Farida (2021-09-12). Anatomy of a Resistance.
  50. ↑ 9 Contemporary Pakistani Women Writers We Have Unearthed For You To Explore In 2018! (en) (2017-12-26).
  51. ↑ A tale of twisted harassment (en) (2017-08-10).
  52. ↑ Images Staff. "How Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan helped empower Pakistani women", Images, 2017-08-09.
  53. ↑ Leiby, Michele Langevine. "Women's rights become a fight to the death in Pakistan", The Age, 2012-07-15.
  54. ↑ "One UN - Pakistan Annual Report 2016", ReliefWeb, 2017-07-28. (in en)
  55. ↑ Inam, Moniza. "Women empowerment: The spring of hope", dawn.com, 2016-02-14.
  56. ↑ Transgender community of Pakistan launches political party seeking equal rights (en) (23 September 2020).
  57. ↑ How NCA broke societal barriers by redefining transgender roles in Pakistan (en) (2015-11-12).
  58. ↑ Fatima, Mahnoor (2020-01-08). Akhuwat's Khwajasira Support Program (en).
  59. ↑ "Pakistan's transgender community says faced pushback at general election", Reuters, 2018-07-26. (in en)
  60. ↑ 'My years with WAF' – Zohra Yusuf on the Pakistani women's movement (en) (2013-02-13).
  61. ↑ Silver jubilee: Dastak marks 25th anniversary (en) (2015-03-07).
  62. ↑ Masood, Tooba (2015-12-02). The 'fearless collective' in Lyari (en).
  63. ↑ Reporter, A. (2016-01-10). Artists, activists join evicted I-11 residents calling for resettlement (en).
  64. ↑ A letter received by Sayyid Husain Bilgrami in Coming out: decisions to leave Purdah, jstor.org (Early 1926)
  65. ↑ The Sindhiyani Tehreek: Revolutionary Feminism in Sindh? (en-US).
  66. ↑ "Fahmida Riaz: Pakistan poet who dared to talk about female desire", 2018-11-27. (in en-GB)
  67. ↑ Noorul Huda Shah | Karachi Literature Festival (en-US).
  68. ↑ Sheema Kermani | Karachi Literature Festival (en-US).
  69. ↑ Pakistan based first feminist English poet https://issuu.com/muslimbusinesswomen/docs/mbwmagdec17: Muslim Business Women (Early 2017)
  70. ↑ Why Feminism A Taboo In Pakistan? | Nida Mahmoed is first Pakistani Feminist English Poet http://blogs.dunyanews.tv/24783/: Dunya News TV (Early 2019)
  71. ↑ Parshley, Lois (2015-04-28). "The Life and Death of Sabeen Mahmud". The New Yorker (in Bekee ndị America). ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2025-04-24.
  72. ↑ Radical new Urdu female writers using poetry to call for changes to gender roles in Pakistan, major new study shows (en-AU) (2022-03-25).
  73. ↑ (7 September 2021) "Aurat Justuju aur Nisai Andaz e Fikar". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 21 (2): 153–154. DOI:10.46568/pjgs.v21i2.584. 

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