Gaa na ọdịnaya

Feminist effects on society

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

[1][2]Òtù ndị inyom na-eme mgbanwe agbanweela n'ọha mmadụ ọdịda anyanwụ, gụnyere ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị; ohere agụmakwụkwọ ka ukwuu; ụgwọ ọrụ ziri ezi karịa na ụmụ nwoke; ikike ịmalite usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm; ikike ụmụ nwanyị ime mkpebi nkeonwe gbasara afọ ime (gụnyere ohere iji ọgwụ mgbochi ime na ime ime); na ikike inwe ihe onwunwe.

Prọfesọ Harvard Psychology Steven Pinker na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwoke ebe ohere ha nwere ịbụ ndị nwanyị na-akpachi anya gbuo belatara okpukpu isii.[3] Otú ọ dị, Ugboro nke anọ nke ụmụ nwanyị adabawo na mmụba dị ịrịba ama na ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke na igbu ụmụ nwanyị megide ụmụ nwanyị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha weere dị ka mmeghachi omume.[4]

Ikike ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Isi ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, Cleveland, 1912

Site na 1960s gaa n'ihu, Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere otu ụgwọ ọrụ dị ka ụmụ nwoke, ikike nhata na iwu, na nnwere onwe ịhazi ezinụlọ ha. Mgbalị ha nwetara nsonaazụ dịgasị iche iche. Okwu ndị a na-ejikọkarị na echiche nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị nanị, ikike nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nnwere onwe; ịtụ vootu (nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ); ijide ọrụ ọha na eze; ịrụ ọrụ; ụgwọ ọrụ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ hà nhata; inwe ihe onwunwe; agụmakwụkwọ; ije ozi na nkwekọrịta iwu; na inwe ikike alụmdi na nwunye, nne na nna, na okpukpe.[5] Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị arụwo ọrụ iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ pụọ na Mmetọ mmekọahụ ụmụaka, na-agbagha nkwenye mbụ na ụmụ agbọghọ mere ka ụmụ nwoke soro ha nwee mmekọahụ ọbụna mgbe ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ dị obere.[6]

.[7][8] With encouragement from the UK government, the other countries of the EEC soon followed suit with an agreement to ensure that discriminatory laws would be phased out across the European Community.

Na US, e guzobere National Organization for Women (NOW) na 1966 iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị niile hara nhata. NOW bụ otu ìgwè dị mkpa nke lụrụ ọgụ maka Ndezigharị Ikike Ịha nhata (ERA). Mgbanwe a kwuru na "Ịha nhata" nke ikike n'okpuru iwu agaghị agọnahụ ma ọ bụ belata site na United States ma ọ bụ steeti ọ bụla n'ihi mmekọahụ. " [9] Mana enwere nghọtahie banyere otu esi aghọta mSite n'agbamume sitere n'aka gọọmentị UK, mba ndị ọzọ so na EEC gbasoro nkwekọrịta iji hụ na a ga-ewepụ iwu ịkpa ókè n'ofe European Community.ụrụ na 1982 n'ihi na ọ bụghị steeti zuru ezu kwadoro ya. E webatara ERAs na Congresses ndị sochirinụ, mana enweghi ike ịgafe.[10] Ka o sina dị, e wepụtara iwu dị iche iche na-akwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nsogbu ka ga-edozi.

N'ime afọ iri atọ ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20, ụmụ nwanyị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere nnwere onwe ọhụrụ site na igbochi ọmụmụ, nke mere ka ha nwee ike ịhazi ndụ ha toro eto, na-emekarị ka ọrụ na ezinụlọ nwee ohere. Ọ bụ onye na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na United States bụ Margaret Sanger malitere mmegharị ahụ n'afọ 1910, na UK na mba ụwa bụ Marie Stopes.[11]

Mbipụta nke data na nkwado metụtara ikike mụbara n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, United Nations Human Development Report 2004 mere atụmatụ na, na nkezi, ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ karịa ụmụ nwoke mgbe a na-akwụ ụgwọ ọrụ na ọrụ ụlọ na-akwụghị ụgwọ. N'ime ime obodo nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ pasent 20 karịa ụmụ nwoke, ma ọ bụ nkeji 102 ọzọ kwa ụbọchị. Na mba OECD ndị a nyochara, na nkezi ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ pasent 5 karịa ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nkeji 20 kwa ụbọchị mgbe a na-eburu ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ na ọrụ ụlọ a na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ.

Iwu mba ụwa

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CEDAW

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Nkwe akara maka akara nke ụdịdị ókè niile mgbochi ụmụ (CEDAW) bụ iche mba ụwa nke United Nations General Assembly nabatara. A kaadị ya dị ka iwu mba ụwa nke ikike ụmụ, ọ nkiri na 3 September 1981. [12] Ọtụtụ mba akwadowo nkwekọrịta ahụ n'okpuru nkwupụta ụfọdụ, nchedo, na mgbagha. [13] Iran, Sudan, Somalia, Qatar, Nauru, Palau, Tonga, na United States akwadobeghị CEDAW.[14] N'ịtụ anya ntuli aka nke US Senate, NOW agbaala Onye isi ala Obama ume iwepụ ihe mgbochi na mgbochi nke US gbakwunyere na 2002 tupu ntuli aka.[14][15][16] CEDAW anaghị echebe ụmụ nwoke pụọ n'ụdị ịkpa ókè ọ bụla.

Ikike ịmụ nwa

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Na US, isi ihe na-elekwasị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekwasịrị anya na ikike ọmụmụ, gụnyere (na, n'etiti ndị mmegide, megide) mkpebi nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke US na ikpe Roe v. Wade na-ekwupụta ikike Iwu maka nwanyị ịhọrọ ma ọ ga-amụ ime ruo n'oge. Otú ọ dị, na June 24, 2022, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ Roe na Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization n'ihi na ikike ite ime "agbanyeghi mkpọrọgwụ miri emi na akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ ọdịnala mba a", ma ọ bụ were ya dị ka ikike mgbe a kwadoro Due Process Clause na 1868, a maghị ya na iwu US ruo mgbe Roe.

Asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Bekee na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị bụ nkọwa nke Ojiji asụsụ nke na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ezube ibelata echiche gbasara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ mmadụ. Nkwado nke asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke na nwanyị na-egosipụta, ọ dịkarịa ala, atụmatụ abụọ dị iche iche: otu iji mee ka ntinye nke nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwanyị doo anya (asụsụ na-agụnye nwoke na nwanyị); nke ọzọ na okike, dị ka otu, anaghị adịkarị mma ịdebe ya n'asụsụ (asụsụ na na-anọghị na nwoke na nwoke). A na-akọwa asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ na-abụghị nke nwoke ma ọ bụrụ nwanyị site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya na Asụsụ ziri ezi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'ihi ndị mmegide.[17]

Mmekọrịta ezinụlọ nwoke na nwanyị

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Mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ malite na narị afọ nke iri abụọ emetụtala ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na nkewa nke ọrụ n'ime Ezinụlọ. Ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Arlie Russell Hochschild na The Second Shift na The Time Bind gosipụtara ihe akaebe na, n'ime ndị di na nwunye na-arụ ọrụ abụọ, ndị ikom na ndị inyom, na nkezi, na-etinye ihe dịka oge hà nhata na-arụkọ ọrụ, mana ndị inyom ka na-etinye oge ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ụlọ. Onye edemede ụmụ nwanyị bụ Cathy Young zaghachiri nkwupụta Hochschild site n'ikwu na, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike igbochi ụmụ nwoke itinye aka n'otu n'otu na ọrụ ụlọ na ịzụlite.[18]

"Nwanyị dị ka Dọkịta Ezinụlọ," ụdị nlekọta ụlọ ọdịnala

Nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị banyere onyinye ụmụ nwoke na-enye n'ilekọta ụmụaka na ọrụ ụlọ n'etiti ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elekwasị anya n'echiche na ọ bụ ihe na-ezighị ezi ka ụmụ nwanyị na-atụ anya ịrụ ihe karịrị ọkara nke ọrụ ụlọ na nlekọta ụmụaka mgbe ndị otu abụọ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ. Ọtụtụ nnyocha na-enye ihe akaebe ọnụ ọgụgụ na ego ụmụ nwoke lụrụ di anaghị emetụta ọnụego ha na-arụ ọrụ ezinụlọ.[19]

Na Dubious Conceptions, Kristin Luker na-atụle mmetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ịmụ ụmụ, ma n'ime ma n'èzí. Ọ na-ekwu na ka ịmụ nwa n'èzí alụọla onwe ya aghọwo ihe a na-anabata na ọha mmadụ, ụmụ agbọghọ, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ dara ogbenye, ebe ha anaghị amụ ụmụ karịa na 1950s, ugbu a ha anaghị ahụ ihe kpatara ịlụ di tupu ha amụọ ụmụ. Nkọwa ya maka nke a bụ na atụmanya akụ na ụba maka ndị ikom dara ogbenye dị obere, ya mere ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye nwere ohere dị ala ịchọta di ga-enwe ike inye nkwado ego a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.[20]

Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta na-egosi na, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ụmụ nwoke na-eche na ụmụ nwanyị na-emegide ịhụnanya, ọmụmụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị okenye gosipụtara na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta dị mma na ahụike mmekọrịta maka ụmụ nwanyị na afọ ojuju mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwoke, ọ chọtabeghị nkwado maka echiche ọjọọ nke ụmụ nwanyị.[21] Otú ọ dị, nke a na-emegide nkwupụta Luker na ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ebe dara ogbenye ugbu a na-ahụ obere ihe mere ha ga-eji lụọ di tupu ha amụọ ụmụ.[20]

Okpukpe

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Nkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị na-atụgharị uche n'omenala, omume, ederede, na nkà mmụta okpukpe nke okpukpe site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị. [22] [23][24] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya gụnyere ịbawanye ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị isi okpukpe, ịkọwa ihe oyiyi na asụsụ ndị nwoke na-achịkwa banyere chi ma ọ bụ chi, ikpebi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị n"ihe gbasara ọrụ na ịbụ nne, yana ịmụ ihe oyiyi ụmụ nwanyị nʼihe odide dị nsọ nke okpukpe ahụ. [22] [23][25] Ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ndakọrịta na nkuzi dị iche iche nke ọtụtụ nkà mmụta okpukpe dị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị, mgbe ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa, bụ n'onwe ya esemokwu.

Christian femism bụ alaka nke nkà mmụta okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị nke na-achọ ịkọwa ma ghọta Iso Ụzọ Kraịst n'ìhè nke nha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke. N'ihi na e leghaara nha nhata a anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke Ndị Kraịst kwenyere na onyinye ha dị mkpa maka nghọta zuru oke nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi nkwenkwe dị mma n'etiti ndị inyom Ndị Kraịst, ọtụtụ kwenyere na Chineke anaghị eme ka mmadụ na-akpa ókè na ndabere nke njirimara ndị a na-ekpebi dịka mmekọahụ. Isi okwu ha bụ nhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ikike nwoke n'alụmdi na nwunye Ndị Kraịst, na nkwupụta nke adịghị ike omume na ịdị ala nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwoke. Ha na-echegbu onwe ha banyere nguzozi nke ịzụlite ndị nne na nna na mmeso zuru oke nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụka. [26][27] New femism bụ alaka nke ọdịiche femism dị n'ime Katọlik.

Ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam ma na-achọ ịha nhata zuru oke nke Ndị Alakụba niile, n'agbanyeghị okike, na ndụ ọha na eze na nke onwe. Ndị inyom Alakụba na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze dabere na usoro Alakụba. Ọ bụ ezie na ha gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Islam, ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke òtù ahụ ejirila okwu ndị inyom na-ahụ maka ọdịda anyanwụ ma kweta ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba dị ka akụkụ nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ.[28] Ndị na-akwado òtù ahụ na-achọ ime ka ozizi ndị gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ike nke ịha nhata na kor'an pụta ìhè ma gbaa ume ka a jụọ ajụjụ banyere nkọwa nna ochie nke ozizi Alakụba site na kor'a, hadith (okwu Muhammad), na Sharia (iwu) maka ịmepụta ọha mmadụ hà nhata na ezi omume.[29]

Okpukpe ụmụnwaanyị ndị Juu bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-achọ ime ka ọnọdụ okpukperechi, iwu, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ụmụnwaanyị dị n'ime okpukperechi ndị Juu ka mma, nakwa imepe ohere ọhụrụ maka ahụmịhe okpukperechi na idu ndú maka ụmụnwaanyị ndị Juu. Okpukpe ụmụnwaanyị, nke nwere ụzọ na ihe ịga nke ọma dị iche iche, emepeela n'ime ngalaba niile dị mkpa nke okpukperechi ndị Juu. N'ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, enwere ike ịchọta mmegharị ahụ na mbido afọ 1970 na United States. Dịka Judith Plaskow si kwuo, onye lekwasị anya na okpukperechi ụmụnwaanyị na Mgbanwe okpukperechi ndị Juu, isi ihe gbasara ndị Juu mbụ na mmegharị ndị a bụ mwepụ na otu ekpere ma ọ bụ minyan, mwepụ na mitzvot dị mma nke na-ewe oge, na enweghị ike ụmụnwaanyị ịrụ ọrụ dịka ndị akaebe na ịmalite ịgba alụkwaghịm.

Wicca" id="mwATs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca ma ọ bụ Wiccan femism bụ okwukwe Wiccan nke na-elekwasị anya na nwanyị na nke na-adabere na Chi nwanyị nke a makwaara dị ka okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akụzi amoosu dị ka ikike nwanyị ọ bụla. Ọ bụkwa otu okwukwe nke ọtụtụ ndị na-eme na Wicca.

Ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweghị na Chineke na-akwado nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ikweghị na Chineke.[30] Ndị na-ekweghị na Chineke na-emegide Okpukpe, na-abụ isi ihe na-akpata mmegbu na enweghị nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị, na-ekwere na okpukpe niile na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị ma na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị.[31]

Nkà mmụta okpukpe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[22][23][24] Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about the deity or deities, determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood, and studying images of women in the religion's sacred texts.[22][23] In Wicca, "the Goddess" is a deity of prime importance, along with her consort the Horned God. In the earliest Wiccan publications, she is described as a tribal goddess of the witch community, neither omnipotent nor universal, and it was recognised that there was a greater "Prime Mover", although the witches did not concern themselves much with this being.

Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ Butler (Summer 1994). "Feminism by any other name (Judith Butler interviews Rosi Braidotti)". differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 6 (2–3): 272–361. 
  2. ↑ Messer-Davidow (2002). Disciplining feminism: from social activism to academic discourse. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822328438. 
  3. ↑ Pynchon. "Women's economic power decreases domestic violence against both genders", Forbes, December 5, 2011. Retrieved on February 4, 2012.
  4. ↑ Gupta (4 December 2019). Across the Globe, a 'Serious Backlash Against Women's Rights'. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2021.
  5. ↑ Lockwood (2006). Women's rights: a human rights quarterly reader. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801883743. 
  6. ↑ Rush (1980). The best kept secret: sexual abuse of children. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 9780130747815. 
  7. ↑ Mackie. "The equal payday is here: Lindsay Mackie looks at the new laws aimed at boosting women's status", The Guardian, 29 December 1975, p. 5. Templeeti:ProQuest.
  8. ↑ "Sex discrimination in advertising banned", The Times, 29 December 1975.
  9. ↑ The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose. National Organization for Women (9 February 2014). Pdf.
  10. ↑ National Organization for Women: Definition. answers.com. Answers.com.
  11. ↑ Margaret Sanger. u-s-history.com. US History.com.
  12. ↑ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved on September 6, 2009.
  13. ↑ Declarations, Reservations and Objections to CEDAW. United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. Retrieved on September 6, 2009.
  14. 1 2 Simpson, Peggy. "Chances Improve for Ratification of CEDAW", Women's Media Center, March 30, 2009. Retrieved on September 7, 2009.
  15. ↑ Women need a strong CEDAW, not one with disabling RDUs. National Organization for Women (capwiz.com). Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved on September 6, 2009.
  16. ↑ Don't Be Deceived: Only a 'Clean' CEDAW Should Be Ratified. National Organization for Women Foundation (August 31, 2009). Archived from the original on September 10, 2009. Retrieved on September 7, 2009.
  17. ↑ University of Saskatchewan Policies 2001: Gender Neutral Language. University of Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on October 28, 2006. Retrieved on March 25, 2007.
  18. ↑ Young (June 12, 2000). The Mama Lion at the Gate. Salon. Retrieved on July 8, 2008.
  19. ↑ South (June 1994). "Housework in marital and nonmarital households". American Sociological Review 59 (3): 327–348. DOI:10.2307/2095937. 
  20. 1 2 Luker (1996). Dubious conceptions: The politics of teenage pregnancy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674217034. 
  21. ↑ Rudman (December 2007). "The interpersonal power of feminism: is feminism good for romantic relationships?". Sex Roles 57 (11): 787–799. DOI:10.1007/s11199-007-9319-9.  Pdf.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Parsons (2002). The Cambridge companion to feminist theology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521663809. 
  23. 1 2 3 4 Loades (1990). Feminist theology: a reader. London: SPCK. ISBN 9780664251291. 
  24. 1 2 Watson (2003). Feminist theology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 9780802848284. 
  25. ↑ Bundesen (2007). The feminine spirit: recapturing the heart of Scripture: the woman's guide to the Bible. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9780787984953. 
  26. ↑ Haddad (Autumn 2006). "Egalitarian pioneers: Betty Friedan or Catherine Booth?". Priscilla Papers 20 (4): 53–59. 
  27. ↑ Anderson (2004). Feminist philosophy of religion: critical readings. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415257503. 
  28. ↑ Catalan Islamic Board (24–27 October 2008). II International Congress on Islamic Feminism. feminismeislamic.org. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved on 9 July 2008.
  29. ↑ Badran (17–23 January 2002). Al-Ahram Weekly: Islamic Feminism: What's in a Name?. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved on 9 July 2008.
  30. ↑ Clare. "Sexism in the atheist community: not rational, not reasonable, not funny", The F-Word, 3 March 2010.
  31. ↑ Hari. "Does God hate women?", New Statesman, Progressive Media International, 2 July 2009. Retrieved on 25 July 2010.
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