Gaa na ọdịnaya

Feminist legal theory

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'Echiche Iwu ụmụ nwanyị', nke a makwaara dị ka iwu ụmụ nwanyị. [1] Ọrụ nke ozizi iwu nwanyị nwere akụkụ abụọ. Nke mbụ, ikike iwu nwanyị na-achọ ịkọwa otu iwu si arụ ọrụ n'ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa ụmụ nwanyị n'okpuru. Ozizi iwu nwanyị na-aghọta na e wuru usoro iwu ahụ n'ụzọ bụ isi site na ebumnuche nna ochie, na-echefukarị ahụmịhe dị mkpa ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ agbọghọ, na obodo ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-eche ihu. [2]

Nke abụọ, a raara echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị nye ịgbanwe ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị site na mgbanwe nke iwu na ụzọ ya si emeso okike.[1][3] Ọ bụ nkatọ nke iwu Amerịka e mepụtara iji gbanwee ụzọ e si emeso ụmụ nwanyị na otu ndị ọkaikpe si tinye iwu ahụ n'ọrụ iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'otu ọnọdụ ha nọworo ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ a mụrụ ọrụ iwu ahụ n'ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ dị ala karịa ụmụ nwoke dabere na echiche okike (nke ndị ọkaikpe tụkwasịrị obi na-eme mkpebi ha). Mmegharị a malitere na 1960 na 1970 iji nweta nha anya maka ụmụ nwanyị site na ịma aka iwu ndị mere ọdịiche dabere na mmekọahụ.. Otu ihe atụ nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'oge ndị a bụ ọgụ maka nnabata hà nhata na ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ ha chọrọ. Ahụmahụ ụmụ nwanyị na nnọgidesi ike ịlụ ọgụ maka ohere nhata mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke njigide na nsogbu ahụike uche, gụnyere nsogbu nchegbu. Site na ahụmịhe ha, a kpaliri ha ịmepụta echiche iwu ọhụrụ nke lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ha na ndị bịara n'azụ ha na agụmakwụkwọ na obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè nke dugara n'ịmepụta echiche iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị na 1970s na 1980s.[4] Ọ dị oke mkpa ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị nke ha site n'inwe onwe ha n'ụzọ ego na inwe ikike ịchọta ezigbo ọrụ ndị ha na-enwetụbeghị n'oge gara aga n'ihi ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ.[5] Ntọala nke ozizi iwu nwanyị na-egosipụta mgba ndị a nke ugboro abụọ na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, ndị ọkà mmụta iwu nwanyị na-agbasa ọrụ ha karịa ịkpa ókè doro anya site n'iji ụzọ dị iche iche iji ghọta ma lebara otu iwu si etinye aka na enweghị nha anya nwoke na nwanyị.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ojiji mbụ a maara nke ọma nke okwu ahụ bụ feminist jurisprudence bụ na ngwụcha afọ 1970 site n'aka Ann Scales n'oge usoro atụmatụ maka Celebration 25, oriri na ogbako emere na 1978 iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard Law School. [6] [3][7] E bipụtara okwu ahụ na 1978 na mbipụta mbụ nke Harvard Women's Law Journal . [8] A mepụtara nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị a nke iwu America dị ka mmeghachi omume na eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro iwu ahụ na-ebute oke okike na nna ochie. [5]

Na afọ 1984, Martha Fineman hiwere ọrụ Feminism and Legal Theory Project na Mahadum Wisconsin Law School iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ozizi feminist, omume, na iwu, nke nyeere aka na mmepe nke ozizi iwu feminist.[9]

Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị tọrọ ntọala nke echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-agbagha iwu ndị dị n'ebe ahụ iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ebe ha dị iche iche n'ụlọ. Ihe na-akpali mmegharị ọhụrụ a bụ mkpa ụmụ nwanyị ịmalite ịghọ ndị nweere onwe ha.[5]

Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'iwu malitere ilekwasị anya n'echiche a ma malite ịrụ ọrụ iji nweta nnwere onwe ịmụ nwa, ịkwụsị ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na iwu na ndị ọrụ, na ịkwụsị ikike nke mmetọ mmekọahụ.[5]

Ụzọ ndị bụ isi

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Ụzọ ụfọdụ e si eme ihe maka iwu ụmụ nwanyị bụ:

  • ihe nlereanya nke ịha nhata n'efu;
  • ihe nlereanya nke ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị;
  • ihe nlereanya nke ọchịchị;
  • ihe nlereanya na-emegide ihe dị mkpa;
  • na ihe nlereanya postmodern.

Ihe nlereanya ọ bụla na-enye echiche dị iche iche banyere usoro iwu nke na-enye aka n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị, nke ọ bụla na ya na-enye usoro dị iche iche maka ịgbanwe usoro iwu gbasara okike.

Ihe nlereanya nke ịha nhata

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  Usoro nha nhata nke ndị liberal na-arụ ọrụ site n'ime usoro iwu liberal ma na-anabata ụkpụrụ liberal na ụzọ iwu si dabere na ikike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-adịghị mkpa n'otú usoro liberal si arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ. Ụdị a na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ na enyere ụmụ nwanyị ezigbo nha nhata gụnyere agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, na okike - n'adịghị ka nha nhata aha a na-enyekarị ha na usoro liberal ọdịnala - ma na-achọ imezu nke a site na iji ụkpụrụ liberal nke ọma na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke ụdị liberal iji tụlee okike. Ụdị nha nhata nke ndị liberal na-etinye usoro echiche Kimberlé Crenshaw nke njikọ aka n'ihe metụtara ahụmịhe mmadụ biri ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe a na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ojii enyemaka iwu naanị mgbe ikpe megidere agbụrụ ma ọ bụ okike ha.[10]

Ihe nlereanya nke ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị

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Ihe nlereanya dị iche na-emesi ike mkpa nke Ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị ma na-ekwusi ike na ịkpa ókè a ekwesịghị ikpuchi ya site na iwu, mana ọ ga-eburu ya n'uche. Naanị site n'ịtụle ọdịiche ka iwu nwere ike inye ọgwụgwọ zuru oke maka ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, nke dị iche na nke ụmụ nwoke.[11] Ihe nlereanya dị iche na-egosi na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-etinye otu nwoke na nwanyị na ọghọm; ya mere, iwu kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ikom maka ọdịiche na ọghọmarịcha ha. Ọdịiche ndị a n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịbụ nke sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ nke ọdịbendị. Ihe nlereanya dị iche bụ na-emegide kpọmkwem na akụkọ otu ihe nke na-ekwu na a ga-emesi ike na otu ihe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke. N'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, iji ọdịiche ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe na mgbalị inweta ikike ka ukwuu adịghị irè na njedebe ahụ ma na-ekwusi ike na njirimara ụmụ nwanyị nke gbochiri ha inweta nha nhata na ụmụ nwoke.[11]

Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ahụ kwukwara na e nweela mmeso pụrụ iche maka ihe a na-akpọ "ọdịiche" na iwu, nke bụ ihe na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Echiche nke inwe ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dugara n'echiche oge ochie nke echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị na-anwa iwepụ. Ọ manyere ụmụ nwanyị igosi na ha dị ka ụmụ nwoke site n'iji ahụmahụ ha tụnyere nke ụmụ nwoke, niile na mgbalị inweta nchebe iwu. Nke a niile mere ka ụmụ nwanyị gbalịa izute ụkpụrụ ndị ụmụ nwoke mere n'ebughị ụzọ jụọ ihe mere a nabatara ha dị ka ụkpụrụ maka ịha nhata.[5]

A pụghị ịhụ ma ọ bụ kọwaa ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị ha nhata n'ihi na ha nwere ahụmahụ dị iche iche. Ịghọta na ohere ahụ ga-aha nhata, mana a ka ga-amata ọdịiche iji gbochie ikpe ziri ezi na ọgụ ike gụnyere ụkpụrụ ọha na eze a na-akwụghị ụgwọ dị ka ilekọta ụmụaka na ụlọ, karịa njirimara ụmụ nwanyị.[2]

Ihe nlereanya nke ịchịkwa

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Ihe nlereanya nke nchịkwa na-ajụ nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ele usoro iwu anya dị ka usoro maka ịnọgide na-achịkwa ụmụ nwoke.[12] Site n'ịghọta ntọala nke iwu, ndị ọkà mmụta nwere ike ịghọta etu ụmụ nwanyị na obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè si edepụta na ntọala nke ọtụtụ ihe owuwu na-egbochi ohere na ikike nhata n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-ekwu maka ọchịchị na-ajụ ihe nlereanya dị iche iche n'ihi na ọ na-eji ụmụ nwoke dị ka ihe atụ nke ịha nhata. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ịha nhata na echiche dị iche iche na-achọ inweta ịha nhụsianya maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke, ebumnuche ikpeazụ nke usoro nchịkwa bụ ịtọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị n'aka ụmụ nwoke. Ndị na-ekwu maka ọchịchị na-aghọta enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi enweghị ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke ma kwenyere na iwu ahụ na-enye aka n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ na-esonyere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Echiche iwu dị oke egwu, nke na-atụle ikike iwu nwere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka ịchịkwa. Echiche a na-elekwasị anya n'otú ụmụ nwoke si achịkwa ụmụ nwanyị, mana ọ na-ekwukwa banyere ìgwè ndị ọzọ a na-emegbu dịka otu esi anaghị enye ndị transgender enyemaka iwu. Ọzọkwa, nwanyị ọ bụla na-acha ọcha ga-enwe ezigbo nnọchiteanya iwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ka nta.[12]

N'ihe ndekọ nke ịchịkwa nke Catharine MacKinnon chepụtara, mmekọahụ bụ isi na ịchịkwa.[13] MacKinnon na-ekwu na mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ewulite site na nchịkwa nwoke na nchịkwa mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị site na ụmụ nwoke bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'okpuru. Dị ka MacKinnon si kwuo, usoro iwu na-eme ka enweghị nhata dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke site n'ịmepụta iwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị site na iji echiche ụmụ nwoke.[14]

Ọzọkwa, MacKinnon na-ejikwa usoro ọchịchị ya nke iwu ụmụ nwanyị na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị transgender. Ọ katọrọ usoro ederede na nke nkịtị maka ime ka ịkpa ókè nke ndị lesbian, ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke, na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị transgender na-eche ihu ka njọ, kama iwepụ, ịkpa ókè nke ndị lesbian na-eche ihu, ma na-emezu ụkpụrụ kachasị elu ebe ọ naghị enye aka ọ bụla nye ndị na-eche ịkpa ókè dabere na echiche ndị dị n'okpuru. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị site n'ịnabata usoro Substantive, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya na ilekwasị anya na usoro okike nke mmekọahụ na-akpali, ka a ga-edozi mmekọrịta nke ọma, na-abara ụmụ nwanyị niile uru n'ikpeazụ.[15][16]

Ihe nlereanya na-emegide ihe dị mkpa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị na 1980s mepụtara echiche iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị na - ndị chere na echiche iwu nke ndị inyom na-ewepu echiche na ahụmịhe ha. Ndị na-emegide ndị isi na ndị na-akatọ ndị inyom na-emegiderịta onwe ha na echiche ahụ bụ na enwere ike inwe olu ụmụ nwanyị ọ bụla zuru ụwa ọnụ ma katọọ ndị inyom, dị ka Black femism, maka ịtọ ntọala ọrụ ha na ahụmịhe nke ndị ọcha, ndị nọ n'etiti, ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ. Ọrụ mgbochi na intersectionalist bụ ịchọpụta ụzọ agbụrụ, klas, omume mmekọahụ, na axis ndị ọzọ nke ịnọ n'okpuru na-emetụta okike na ịchọpụta echiche ndị na-adịghị mma, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ihe nlereanya a na-ama ndị na-ahụ maka iwu ụmụ nwanyị aka bụ ndị na-ekwu maka otu iwu ahụ si emetụta ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-enwe mmekọahụ. Echiche iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emegide ihe dị mkpa na-aghọta na njirimara nke ụmụ nwanyị n'otu n'otu na-akpụzi ahụmịhe ha, yabụ iwu anaghị emetụta ụmụ nwanyị niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ.Ọ bụ maka iwulite nha nhata maka mmadụ niile n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ okike, agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, klas, ma ọ bụ nkwarụ.

Mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe n'okpuru oghere dị mkpa, a na-achụpụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na ya dịka ha ga-eme na akụkọ ihe mere eme.[17] Ọ bụ ezie na agbụrụ bụ ihe dị mkpa na echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị, enwere ike ịkọwa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara mechie, na-akwalite ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na usoro e mepụtara iji wulite ohere. N'ihi nke a, Crenshaw's "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color" [17] kwesịrị ịnọgide na-abụ ihe na-emetụta isiokwu a iji gaa n'ihu na-akwado ma na-ama ndị isi nwoke na nwanyị aka n'ime ọdịbendị na echiche ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-ewepụ ichebe ha site na nkwado.[18] Ọdịdị nke Kimberlé Crenshaw nke intersectionality n'ime echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị enyewo ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmadụ na-ebi ndụ dị iche iche nnọchiteanya n'ọgbọ iwu dị mkpa.[18]

Mari Matsuda mepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "multiple consciousness" iji kọwaa ikike mmadụ nwere iwere echiche nke otu ndị a na-emegbu emegbu. Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma aghọta etu iwu si emetụta ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ha.[19] Echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị ka na-agbanwe iji belata okike na agbụrụ dị mkpa iji ghọta otu mmegbu na ihe ùgwù si arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta ahụmịhe ndụ mmadụ.

Ihe nlereanya postmodern

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị ọkà mmụta iwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị mgbe a gbasịrị oge a jụrụ echiche nha anya nke ndị liberal na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ụmụ nwoke yana echiche nke ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị dị iche na ụmụ nwoke. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ha ekweghị na eziokwu dị iche iche kama ha na-ahụ eziokwu dị ka ọtụtụ ma dabere na ahụmịhe na echiche. Ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị si n'ogige postmodern na-eji usoro a maara dị ka deconstruction nke ha na-ele anya na iwu iji chọta ajọ mbunobi zoro ezo n'ime ha. Ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị mgbe a gbasịrị oge a na-eji deconstruction egosi na iwu ekwesịghị ịgbanwe agbanwe ebe ọ bụ na ndị nwere ajọ mbunobi kere ha, ya mere ha nwere ike itinye aka na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-adịbeghị anya lekwasịrị anya na mmekọahụ / okike dị ka ngwá ọrụ a na-achịkwa nke iwu steeti, na-egosi na nkọwa steeti nke nwoke na nwanyị na-adabere na ojiji nke ụdị ahụ n'ịkwalite ọrụ steeti ụfọdụ.[20]

Hedonic Jurisprudence

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Echiche iwu ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara echiche ọhụrụ nke iji iwu hedonic iji gosi na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị nke mwakpo na ndina n'ike bụ ngwaahịa nke iwu ndị na-emeso ha dị ka ndị na-adịchaghị mmadụ ma nye ha ikike dị ala karịa ụmụ nwoke. Site na nke a, ndị na-ahụ maka iwu ụmụ nwanyị kwuru na ihe atụ ndị e nyere abụghị naanị nkọwa nke ihe omume ndị nwere ike ime kamakwa ihe ịrịba ama nke ihe omume mere n'ezie, na-adabere na ha iji kwado nkwupụta na iwu ahụ na-eleghara ọdịmma anya ma na-asọpụrụ ịdị adịpụ ụmụ nwanyị.[5]

Mmetụta na mkpebi ikpe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ikpe metụtara okwu gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United Kingdom gụnyere ihe ndị metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ikpe ha. [21] : 17 Ụdị echiche iwu nke ndị inyom na-emekarị bụ itinye okwu ahụ n'ime ihe gbasara ahụmịhe nke ndị metụtara ya ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ sara mbara, nke nwere ike ịgụnye igosi ọmịiko maka ụmụ nwanyị metụtara ikpe ndị a..[21] : Ndị ọkàikpe 18 tụlekwara mmetụta nke ikpe na ndị na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, na-ama ajọ mbunobi nwoke na nwanyị aka, ma na-ekwu maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[21] : 20 Ụfọdụ eziokwu ụmụ nwanyị batara n'ụlọ ikpe na-eche echiche dị ka ihe ọmụma a na-ahụkarị na ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị a na-ezo aka.[21] : 22 Lady Hale ejirila arụmụka Intersectional, [21]: arụmụka 23 na-agbasa echiche nke ime ihe ike n'okwu ndị na-eme ihe ike n"ụlọ na-abụghị ime ihe ike. : 24 : 24 

Ndị ọkà mmụta a ma ama

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  • Paisley Currah
  • Martha Fineman
  • Mary Joe Frug
  • Catharine MacKinnon
  • Mari Matsuda
  • Kimberlé Crenshaw
  • Dean Spade
  • Ann Scales
  • Robin West

Hụkwa

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  • Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu
  • Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị
  • Mgbasa ozi gbasara nwoke na nwanyị
  • Ụmụ nwanyị n'iwu
  • Ntinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị na nkà ihe ọmụma nke iwu

Ihe edeturu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. 1 2 Fineman (2005). "Feminist Legal Theory". Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law 13 (1). Fineman, Martha Albertson (2005). "Feminist Legal Theory". Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law. 13 (1). SSRN 2132233.
  2. 1 2 Bowman (1993). "Redefining Notions: Feminist Legal Theory Pushes into the Mainstream". Human Rights 20 (4): 8–11. Bowman, Cynthia; Quade, Vicki (1993). "Redefining Notions: Feminist Legal Theory Pushes into the Mainstream". Human Rights. 20 (4): 8–11. JSTOR 27879789.
  3. 1 2 Scales (2006). Legal Feminism: Activism, Lawyering, and legal Theory. New York: University Press. Scales, Ann (2006). Legal Feminism: Activism, Lawyering, and legal Theory. New York: University Press.
  4. ↑ West (1 December 2018). "Women in the Legal Academy: A Brief History of Feminist Legal Theory". Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sagers (1997). "Review of Postmodern Legal Movements: Law and Jurisprudence at Century's End". Michigan Law Review 95 (6): 1927–1943. DOI:10.2307/1290030. Sagers, Christopher L. (1997). "Review of Postmodern Legal Movements: Law and Jurisprudence at Century's End". Michigan Law Review. 95 (6): 1927–1943. doi:10.2307/1290030. JSTOR 1290030.
  6. ↑ Cain (1 January 1988). "Feminist Jurisprudence: Grounding the Theories". Berkeley Women's Law Journal. DOI:10.15779/Z38FG5W. 
  7. ↑ Ehrenreich (3 December 2020). "On Having Fun and Raising Hell; Symposium Honoring the Work of Professor Ann Scales". Denver Law Review 91 (1): 1. 
  8. ↑ Smith (2010). "Feminist Jurisprudence", A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, 290–298. DOI:10.1002/9781444320114.ch18. ISBN 978-1-4443-2011-4. 
  9. ↑ Feminism and Legal Theory Project | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA (en). Emory University School of Law. Retrieved on 2017-10-07.
  10. ↑ Crenshaw (1989). "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics". University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989: 149. 
  11. 1 2 Berkeley Journal Of Gender Law (2013). "Difference, Dominance, Differences: Feminist Theory, Equality, and the Law". Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 5 (1). DOI:10.15779/Z388C4M. 
  12. 1 2 Spade (November 2010). "Be Professional". Harvard Journal of Law & Gender: 5. 
  13. ↑ Baer (2001). Our Lives Before the Law: Constructing a Feminist Jurisprudence. Princeton University Press, 27. 
  14. ↑ MacKinnon (2018). "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence", Feminist Legal Theory, 181–200. DOI:10.4324/9780429500480-11. ISBN 978-0-429-50048-0. 
  15. ↑ Catharine A. MacKinnon (November 28, 2022). Exploring Transgender Law and Politics (en-US). Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. Retrieved on 2023-07-18.
  16. ↑ (2023) "A Feminist Defense of Transgender Sex Equality Rights". Yale Journal of Law & Feminism. Retrieved on 18 July 2023. 
  17. 1 2 Harris (1990). "Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory". Stanford Law Review 42 (3): 581–616. DOI:10.2307/1228886. 
  18. 1 2 Crenshaw (1991). "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color". Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241–1299. DOI:10.2307/1229039. 
  19. ↑ Matsuda (1989). "When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method". Women's Rights Law Reporter. 
  20. ↑ Currah (2022). Sex Is As Sex Does: Governing Transgender Identity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1709-7. 
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Hunter (March 2020). "Feminist Judgments on the UK Supreme Court" (in en). Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 32 (1): 85–113. DOI:10.3138/cjwl.32.1.04. ISSN 0832-8781. 

Edemsibia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Baer, Judith A. Ndụ anyị n'ihu Iwu: Ịrụpụta Iwu Ụmụ nwanyị. Princeton University Press, 2001.
  • Berkeley Journal Of Gender Law (2013). "Difference, Dominance, Differences: Feminist Theory, Equality, and the Law". Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 5 (1). DOI:10.15779/Z388C4M. 
  • Cain, Patricia A. "Feminist Jurisprudence: Grounding the Theories" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, mpịakọta. 4, no. 2, September 2013, Enwetara 3 October 2017.
  • Crenshaw (7 December 2015). "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics". University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1). 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (2013). On "Having fun and raising hell": Symposium na-asọpụrụ ọrụ nke prọfesọ ann scales. Nnyocha iwu nke Mahadum Denver. 91. 1–11.
  • "Feminism and Legal Theory Project" (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu nke Mahadum Emory Atlanta, GA. "Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ nke Mahaduma Emory, law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/centers/feminism-and-legal-theory-project.html). Enwetara ya na 2 Ọktoba 2017.
  • Levit, Nancy, na Robert R.M. Verchick. "Feminist Legal Theories." Feminist Legal Theory (Second Edition): A Primer. , mbipụta nke abụọ. , NYU Press, 2015, peeji nke 11-41. 
  • MacKinnon (1983). "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence". Signs 8 (4): 635–658. DOI:10.1086/494000. 
  • Matsuda (1989). "When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method". Women's Rights Law Reporter. 
  • Minda, Gary "Feminist Legal Theory". Na Postmodern Legal Movements: Law and Jurisprudence At Century's End, 128-48. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Iwu ụmụ nwanyị: ime ihe, ịgbachitere iwu, na echiche iwu. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • Spade (1 January 2010). "Be Professional!". Harvard Journal of Law and Gender. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Atụmatụ: nhazi nke ìgwè ndị a na-emegbu emegbu dị ka mmepe nke oge a. 2016.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Mmetụta nke Feminist Legal Theory: Mmekọahụ, Ime Ihe Ike, Ọrụ na Mmụba (Women in the Political Economy), ed. site na D. Kelly Weisberg, Temple University Press, 1996,  
  • Feminist Legal Theory: An Anti-Essentialist Reader, ed. site na Nancy E. Dowd na Michelle S. Jacobs, New York Univ Press, 2003,  
  • Nancy Levit, Robert R. M. Verchick: Feminist Legal Theory: A Primer (Critical America (New York University Paperback)), New York University Press 2006,  

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_legal_theory&oldid=632246"