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Feminist school of criminology

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
feminist school of criminology
school of thought, feminism
Obere ụdị nkecriminology, Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị Dezie
Oge/afọ mmalite1960 Dezie
 

Ulọ akwụkwọ mpụ nke nwanyị bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mpụ mepụtara na njedebe afọ 1960 n'ime afọ 1970 dị ka mmeghachi omume na nlelị na ịkpa ókè nke ụmụnwanyị na ọmụmụ ọdịnala nke mpụ.[1] Ọ bụ echiche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mpụ nke ụmụnwanyị na e mepụtara ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ndị omempụ site na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụmụnwoke ma lekwasị anya na mpụ ụmụnwoke, na kwa na ndị omempọ na-agbakwunye ụmụnwanyị ma kpalie ha karịa ịmepụta echiche dị iche iche banyere ndị omempụ nwanyị.[2]

Nka mmụta mpụ nke ụmụnwanyị na-e lekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na'ime ndị ome mpụ, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na usoro ikpe ikpe mpụ iji ghọta ihe kpatara ya, ihe na-eme, na nsonaazụ nke mpụ ụmụ nwanyị. Isi okwu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụnwanyị nke mpụ gụnyere ọrụ nke mmekọahụ na ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị na ikpe na mkpọrọ, ọrụ nke mmegbu na ndụ ụmụnwanyị, na mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị atụrụ mkpọrọ n'agbanyeghị mbelata nke mpụ.[3]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Criminology bụ ọmụmụ sayensị nke ihe kpatara mgbazi, na mgbochi nke mpụ na ndị na-eme ya.[4] Ọ bụ ezie na ngalaba ọmụmụ a malitere na njedebe narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụghị rụọ na njedebe afọ 1960 na 1970 ka ụlọ akwụkwọ mpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị malitere. Nzaghachi nye ndị na-ahụ maka mpụ n'oge ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ndị ome mpụ iwu na ndị a na-emegbu, ndị na-eme mpụ na-achọ iweta nghọta banyere ndị inyom na-eme ihe ọjọọ, ndị inyom, na ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na Usoro ikpe mpụ.[5]

Echiche ndị mbụ banyere ụmụnwanyị na-eme ihe na-ezighị ezi

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Echiche ndị mbụ banyere mpụ ụmụnwanyị lekwasịrị anya na agwa uche na nke ahụike, karịa nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ nke akụnaụba. Echiche ndị a, nke ndị ọka mmụta nwoke na ndị na-ahụ maka mpụ na akwalite, akatọwo ya nke ukwuu maka ị dabere na echiche banyere "ọdịdị ụmụnwanyị", ọtụtụ ndị a na-ekwukwa. Onye Italy na-ahụ maka mpụ bụ Cesare Lombroso jiri phrenology na Anthropological Criminology mee ihe na echiche ya banyere mpụ ụmụnwanyị, na-ekewa "nwaanyị nkịtị" na "nwaanyị omekome", nke a na-ahụ nke ikpeazụ dị ka nwanyị na-adịchaghị mma ma ya mere o yikarịrị ka ọ bụrụ onye omekome.[6] Onye America na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ W.I. Thomas kwalite echiche ahụ na ụmụnwanyị na-emebi iwu na-etinye aka na mmekọahụ (dị ka ịgba akwụna) iji chịkwaa ọchịchọ mmekọahụ ụmụnwoke iji nweta ihe ha chọrọ.[7] Nye Sigmund Freud, ndị omempụ nwanyị na-ahụ ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụfụ ọnụ", na-eme ihe ike na nnupụisi na ọchịchọ ha maka penis na nwoke ha.[8]

Echiche Izugbe Strain

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Onye na-ahụ maka mpụ Robert Agnew nwara ịghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụnwanyị site na echiche General Strain theory. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị nwetara ụdị nsogbu dị iche iche (nrụgide ma ọ bụ nrụgide, ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ, nke ego, nke mmetụta uche, wdg) wee meghachi omume n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụnwoke yiri ka ha na-emeghechi omume na ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ mpụ ihe onwunwe, a na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya na-emegharị site na mpụ na-ebibi onwe ha, dịka iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe. [9]

Echiche mbụ nke ụmụnwanyị na-ahụ maka mpụ

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Onye France na Canada na-ahụ maka mpụ Marie-Andrée Bertrand na onye Britain na-ahụ Maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze Frances Mary Heidensohn so na ndị ọtụtụ ndị kwetara dị ka ndị ọsụ ụzọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ụmụnwanyị na-ahụkarị maka mpụ.[10] Akụkọ Heidensohn "The Deviance of Women: A Critique and An Enquiry" (1968) bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nkatọ mbụ nke ọdịda nke ndị omempụ na-agụnye ụmụnwanyị na ọmụmụ ha, na-ekwu ete "ọdịiche nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ otu n'ime mpaghara nke omume mmadụ nke a na'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya" ma kpọọ ka e mee nchọpụta ndị ọzọ gbasara ọdịiche ụmụnwanyị.[11]

Ọrụ mmalite nke echiche mpụ ụmụnwanyị gụnyere Freda Adler's Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal (1975), nke jikọtara mpụ nwanyị na mmegharị nnwere onwe nke nwanyị na-aga n'ihu, na-ekwuputa na enwere ohere karịrị n'èzí ụlọ, a na-enyekwa ụmụnwanyị ohere ka ha sonye n'akparamagwa ọjọọ.[12] A na-akpọ tiori mgbe ụfọdụ dịka"Theory Emancipation ". Akwụkwọ Rita J. Simon "Women and Crime", nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1975, kwụghachiri echiche ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị akatọwo njikọ Adler na Simon, gụnyere Carol Smart na Meda Chesney-Lind [13] maka ịkpata "egwu omume" na egwu banyere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị site, n'okwu Chesney, "na-eyi ndị na-achọ ịha nhata na ihe oyiyi nke onye amoosu, nwanyị, na nwanyị akwụna egwu" [14][14]

Ka o sina dị, echiche Adler na Simon banyere "ndị ome mpụ nwanyị ọhụrụ" kpaliri nyocha ọzọ site n'aka ndị nchọpụta nwanyị na ndị na-abụghị ndị inyom. Ọtụtụ ule site n'aka onye na-abụghị onye na-ahụ maka mpụ na-emebi echiche ahụ, ebe ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na nchụpụ akụ na ụba bụ njikọ siri ike na mpụ ụmụnwanyị.[15] Otú ọ dị, nsonaazụ ndị a bịara ọtụtụ afọ mgbe Marxist-feminist Dorie Klein lebara anya na enweghị ihe gbasara akụnaụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze a tụlere na nyocha mpụ nwanyị na oge ahụ.[8]

Echiche nke Standpoint

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Iji mebie echiche nke oge ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ngwụcha afọ 1970 na mmalite afọ 1980 jiri Echiche echiche echiche, nke na-ekwusi ike na a na-emepụta echiche mmadụ dabere na ahụmịhe ha. Nnyocha nke ọdịdị a chọrọ ịghọta mpụ ụmụnwanyị site n'inyocha ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụnwanyị jidere na usoro ikpe mpụ. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị pụtara n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, gụnyere ịda ogbenye, ịṅụbiga mmanya oke, enweghị ebe obibi, na mmetọ mmekọahụ.[16][17] Ọnụnọ a zuru oke nke mmetọ dugara na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere njikọ dị n'etiti mmegbu na mpụ na echiche kachasị na enwere ike ịghọta omume ọjọọ nke ụmụnwanyị dị ka ụzọ isi nagide mmetọ a.[3]

A katọrọ echiche echiche nke Standpoint maka ime ka ụmụnwanyị bụrụ ndị zuru oke, na-anabata nsonaazụ ndị dị n'elu dị ka eziokwu maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.[18] Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụnwanyị na-emegide oke na ọrụ mmegbu na ndụ ụmụnwanyị, na-arụ ụka na echiche ndị a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị na-ahụ anya maka otu ha si emeghachi omume na mmegbu, yana ịkwado ịtụ ụmụ nwanyị mkpọrọ nwere ike ịnwe mkpa ka ukwuu maka ọgwụgwọ iji dozie mmegbu.[19][20] Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na ọkà mmụta Julia Chinyere Oparah na-agbakwụnye na echiche echiche "na-ezere ajụjụ nke ihe mere steeti ji jiri ntaramahụhụ zaghachi ụmụ nwanyị a na-emegbu. "[21] N'agbanyeghi nkatọ, a na-ekwu na nyocha nke echiche dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ndị omempụ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na ndị omempaka.

Echiche ụmụ nwanyị banyere mpụ

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Ịbụ onye inyom n'ụlọ mkpọrọ

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Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ nwanyị nke na-adabere na usoro ikpe ikpe mpụ iji dozie nsogbu ọha na eze na enweghị oke nwoke na nwanyị, dị ka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe maka ndị mejọrọ mmekọahụ. Carceral feminists, tụmadi nke gụnyere radical, liberal, na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-acha ọcha feminists, kwenyere na mmetụta dị ukwuu nwere ike ime na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na mmụba na iwu iwu siri ike, ọnụnọ ndị uwe ojii na mgbasawanye nke usoro ntaramahụhụ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ndị na-emejọ mmekọahụ.[22]

Mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado mwepụ

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A na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ụmụ nwanyị abolitionist na-achọ ikewapụ omume na-adịghị mma site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị omempụ, usoro ha kwenyere na ọ naghị eme ihe iji dozie mgbọrọgwụ nke mpụ na ọha mmadụ. A na-akọwa abolitionism dị ka ihe ịma aka "nkọwa omenala nke mpụ na iwu, mgbe ọ na-agbagha echiche gọọmentị banyere ihe na mmetụta nke ntaramahụhụ".[23] Ndị abolitionists na-ekwusi ike na "mpụ" dị ka a ghọtara ya, dị naanị n'ime iwu ndị na-akọwa ya, a na-emekwa iwu ndị ahụ iji tụọ mkpọrọ ma kewapụ ndị otu "ndị na-adịghị arụpụta ihe".[24] Ndị abolitionist na-ele anya n'iwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ iji dozie nsogbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ndị abolitionists ndị ọzọ na-adọ aka ná ntị na mgbe a na-ele mpụ anya dị ka ihe sitere na ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ, "ha na-eme ka nghọta abolitionista dị ka ịkwanye osisi dị afọ 500 site na ogwe ya ma na-atụ anya ka ọ daa n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla maka mgbọrọgwụ ndị na-ejide ya n'ala. "Abolitionist Viviane Saleh-Hanna na-agbanye echiche a site na intersectionism.[25] Saleh-Hanna mepụtara echiche a site na mmejuputa Black Feminist Hauntology. Hauntology na-ezo aka n'ịlaghachi ma ọ bụ nnọgidesi ike nke ihe ndị sitere n'oge gara aga, dịka n'ụzọ nke mmụọ, ma n'ọnọdụ a na-ezobe nsogbu nke ọha mmadụ site na iwu ndị e bu n'obi imebi mmadụ, ịchụpụ, na ịta ndị mmadụ ahụhụ, ọkachasị ndị Black. A na-ahụ usoro ndị na-achọ ime mpụ na ịta ndị isi ojii ahụhụ, dịka Ịgba ohu, iwu Jim Crow, na ịtụ mkpọrọ n'ìgwè n'echiche a dị ka "mmụọ" na-alọghachi mgbe niile nke Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy.[25]

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ Daly (1988). "Feminism and Criminology". Justice Quarterly 5 (4): 497–538. DOI:10.1080/07418828800089871. 
  2. ↑ Eichler, Margrit (1979). The double standard : a feminist critique of feminist social science. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-21823-0. OCLC 5171135. 
  3. 1 2 Balfour (June 2006). "Re-imagining a Feminist Criminology" (in en). Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 48 (5): 735–752. DOI:10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735. ISSN 1707-7753. Balfour, Gillian (June 2006). "Re-imagining a Feminist Criminology". Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice. 48 (5): 735–752. doi:10.3138/cjccj.48.5.735. ISSN 1707-7753. S2CID 145415229.
  4. ↑ Criminology (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2020-11-25.
  5. ↑ Tripathi (January 1, 2014). "Feminist Criminology: Some Reflections". VIDHIGYA: The Journal of Legal Awareness 9 (1): 1–6. 
  6. ↑ Lombroso, Cesare (2004). Criminal woman, the prostitute, and the normal woman, Ferrero, Guglielmo, 1871-1942., Rafter, Nicole Hahn, 1939-, Gibson, Mary, 1950-, Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8559-2. OCLC 652280246. 
  7. ↑ THOMAS, WILLIAM ISAAC. (2019). UNADJUSTED GIRL.. [Place of publication not identified]: ECHO LIBRARY. ISBN 978-1-4068-2244-1. OCLC 1119753669. 
  8. 1 2 Klein (1973). "The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review of the Literature". Issues in Criminology 8 (2): 3–30. Klein, Dorie (1973). "The Etiology of Female Crime: A Review of the Literature". Issues in Criminology. 8 (2): 3–30.
  9. ↑ BROIDY (2016-08-19). "Gender and Crime: A General Strain Theory Perspective" (in en). Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34 (3): 275–306. DOI:10.1177/0022427897034003001. 
  10. ↑ Chronicling the Shifts: Using the Body Lens to Analyze Policy for High Need Women Offenders (en). ResearchGate. Retrieved on 2020-11-25.
  11. ↑ Heidensohn (1968). "The Deviance of Women: A Critique and an Enquiry". The British Journal of Sociology 19 (2): 160–175. DOI:10.2307/588692. ISSN 0007-1315. PMID 5659807. 
  12. ↑ (2016-07-27) "Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal" (in en). International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 21 (3): 233–234. DOI:10.1177/0306624X7702100305. 
  13. ↑ Smart, Carol (1976). Women, crime, and criminology : a feminist critique. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 0-7100-8449-8. OCLC 2686753. 
  14. 1 2 Chesney-Lind, Meda (2004). The female offender : girls, women, and crime, Pasko, Lisa., 2nd, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-6687-9. OCLC 808344315. 
  15. ↑ Simpson (1989). "Feminist Theory, Crime, and Justice*" (in en). Criminology 27 (4): 605–632. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01048.x. ISSN 1745-9125. 
  16. ↑ Comack, Elizabeth (1996). Women in trouble : connecting women's law violations to their histories of abuse. Halifax, Canada: Fernwood Publishing. ISBN 1-895686-61-X. OCLC 35124149. 
  17. ↑ Richie, Beth (1996). Compelled to crime : the gender entrapment of battered Black women. ISBN 0-415-91145-1. OCLC 32510587. 
  18. ↑ Gelsthorpe (1990). Feminist perspectives in criminology. Milton Keynes [England]: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-09933-5. OCLC 21231470. 
  19. ↑ Hannah-Moffat (2005). "Criminogenic needs and the transformative risk subject: Hybridizations of risk/need in penality" (in en). Punishment & Society 7 (1): 29–51. DOI:10.1177/1462474505048132. ISSN 1462-4745. 
  20. ↑ (2000) An ideal prison? : critical essays on women's imprisonment in Canada, Shaw, Margaret., Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, 1967-, Halifax, N.S.: Fernwood. ISBN 1-55266-024-9. OCLC 43507647. 
  21. ↑ (18 March 2014) Global lockdown : race, gender, and the prison-industrial complex, Oparah, Julia Chinyere.. ISBN 978-1-317-79366-3. OCLC 877868120. 
  22. ↑ Whalley (2017-10-02). "Carceral feminisms: the abolitionist project and undoing dominant feminisms". Contemporary Justice Review 20 (4): 456–473. DOI:10.1080/10282580.2017.1383762. ISSN 1028-2580. 
  23. ↑ Ruggiero (2015-03-23). "The Legacy of Abolitionism" (in en). Champ pénal/Penal field XII. DOI:10.4000/champpenal.9080. ISSN 1777-5272. 
  24. ↑ (2013) in Scott: Why Prison?, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/cbo9781139344258. ISBN 978-1-107-03074-9. 
  25. 1 2 Saleh-Hanna (2017-10-02). "An abolitionist theory on crime: ending the abusive relationship with Racist-Imperialist-Patriarchy [R.I.P.]". Contemporary Justice Review 20 (4): 419–441. DOI:10.1080/10282580.2017.1377056. ISSN 1028-2580. 
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