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Frances M. Beal

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Frances M. Beal, onye a makwaara dị ka Fran Beal, (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 13, 1940, na Binghamton, New York) bụ onye Black feminist na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị udo na ikpe ziri ezi.[1] O lekwasịrị anya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, ọrụ mgbochi agha na udo, yana ịdị n'otu mba ụwa. Beal bụ onye guzobere SNCC Black Women's Liberation Committee, nke mechara ghọọ Third World Women's Alliance . [2] A maara ya nke ọma maka mbipụta ya, "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female", nke na-akọwa njikọ nke mmegbu n'etiti agbụrụ, ọkwa, na okike. Beal bi na Oakland, California ugbu a.[1]

Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ Beal na Binghamton, NY, nwa Charlotte Berman Yates na Ernest Yates. A mụrụ nne Beal, Charlotte Berman Yates, na United States n'ezinụlọ ndị Russia na ndị Juu si mba ọzọ gbapụrụ Russia mgbe ha nupụchara isi megide Czar Russia na-emegide ndị Juu.[3] Nna Beal, Ernest Yates, bụ onye America ojii nke sitere na mba Amerịka, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Syracuse na nzere injinia obodo. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Binghamton, nna Beal nwetara nkewa na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, enweghị ike inweta ọrụ metụtara injinia ma mechaa bụrụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala gwongworo ruo ndụ ya niile.[3]

Beal kọwara ịzụlite ya dị ka ihe siri ike, mana ọ kwetara mmetụta ya n'ịkpụzi echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ kwurịtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị mụrụ ya na mkpa ọ dị ịbụ onye. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ọ kwupụtara, sị: "M nwere ike icheta ihere dị ka nwatakịrị. Gịnị mere nne m ji mee nke a?" na-ekwu "ị chọghị ka ndị mụrụ gị dị iche na ndị ọzọ; na ọkwa ọzọ, ị na-amụta banyere ikpe na-ezighị ezi. " [2] Nne ya kụziiri ya na o nwere ọrụ onwe onye na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji chee ihu na enweghị nhata nke ya na ndị ọzọ na-emetụta. Na Binghamton, nne Beal kwadoro òtù ọmụmụ Marxism Leninism, megide ọchịchọ nke ndị na-agbaso omenala, ndị ọcha ka ukwuu n'obodo ahụ.[3] Inweta ihe ọmụma banyere ndị mụrụ ya na-aga n'ihu mere ka o mata ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị n'ụwa. O mechara jiri mmetụta nke ịchụpụ ya mee ihe iji gbalịa ịbụ onye kacha mma n'ihe niile, gbanwee ahụ erughị ala ya ka ọ bụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, soro ndị mụrụ ya na-eme ihe ike.

Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara St. Albans, otu agbata obi dị na Queens.

Mgbe Beal dị afọ iri na ise, e gburu Emmett Till dị afọ iri anọ - onye si Chicago - na Mississippi. Beal jikọtara ya na Till nke ukwuu na ihe omume a kpaliri ya ịchụso ọrụ ọha na eze.[3]

Ihe ngosi nke Kọmitii Nhazi Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike

N'afọ 1958, Beal gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Andrew Jackson High School wee gaa Mahadum Wisconsin. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ikike obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.[3] N'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ, Beal gara mba ọzọ na France, ebe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist wee lụọ James Beal ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ.[2] Beal na di ya biri na France site na 1959 ruo 1966 ka ọ na-aga Sorbonne. Na Sorbonne, Beal nyochara echiche aka ekpe site na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ mpaghara na mmekọrịta ya na Algeria National Liberation Front (FLN). N'afọ 1965, Beal haziri Malcolm X ka ọ gaa Paris ma duzie mkparịta ụka gbasara Pan-Africanism na internationalism.[4] Mgbe afọ isii nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, ha laghachiri na Steeti wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). [5] Beal matara ọgụ iji kwụsị ọchịchị ndị Algeria mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na Mahadum Sorbonne, nke kpaliri ya ịmara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmasị na ikpe ziri ezi.[2]

Nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

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N'afọ 1958, Beal malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Wisconsin NAACP, dị ka osote onye isi ala, ebe ọ gbagara n'ihe mgbochi ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe nke mere ka ọ ghara ịhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America.[6] N'ịbụ onye onye nkuzi na-eche echiche sitere na SNCC kpaliri, Beal na ndị ọzọ nọ na Mahadum Wisconsin NAACP mere ngagharị iwe udo n'èzí Woolworth dị nso na kọleji iji gosipụta ịdị n'otu na SNCC Civil Rights Sit-In movement na South. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'isi ndị okenye nke NAACP, Beal laghachiri azụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3]

Beal sonyeghachiri na nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na isonye na SNCC n'oge Civil Rights Movement. N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọrụ SNCC gbanwere gaa na Black Power nke nwoke na-achịkwa. Beal na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ ma nye aka na nzukọ ahụ, mana a maghị ha maka ọkwa ndị isi. Ọ bụ ezie na nna ochie nwere mmetụta na nhazi SNCC, agbụrụ ghọrọ isi okwu a na-ekwu maka ya.[7] N'ịbụ onye nwere nchegbu banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, Beal sonyeere Women's Movement. N'ihi ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ala n'ime òtù ndị ikom na-achịkwa dị ka SNCC, ọ kwadoro Kọmitii Nnwere Onwe Black Women nke SNCC na 1968, n'akụkụ Mae Jackson na Gwendolyn Patton. Beal gosipụtara mkpesa ya na ihe nkiri She's Beautiful When She's Angry, na-ekwu,

"Anọ m na Kọmitii Nhazi Ndị Mmụta Na-anaghị Eme Ihe Ike. Ị na-ekwu maka nnwere onwe na nnwere onwe ọkara abalị n'akụkụ agbụrụ, mgbe ahụ na mberede, ụmụ nwoke ga-atụgharị ma malite ikwu maka itinye gị n'ọnọdụ gị. Ya mere, na 1968, anyị hiwere Kọmitii Nnwere Onwe Ụmụ Nwanyị Ojii nke SNCC iji leba anya n'ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị a. "[8]

Kọmitii Nnwere Onwe Ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke SNCC gbanwere n'ime ma mesịa ghọọ Third World Women's Alliance na 1969 site na nnabata ụmụ nwanyị Puerto Rican n'ime nzukọ ahụ. [8]The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry. Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.. Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Archived from on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-28.</ref> [9][10] TWWA bụ òtù dị na NYC nke na-agba mbọ inyere ụmụ nwanyị na obodo ndị a na-achụpụ n'ụwa niile aka n'ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi. Nzukọ ahụ wuru usoro Marxist na Nationalist.[10] TWWA na-etinye ọnọdụ dị mkpa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị intersectionality, na-ekweta mmegbu sitere na ihu agbụrụ, ọkwa, okike, akụrụngwa, imperialism, na ikike.[10]

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na SNCC, Beal na ndị ọrụ ibe ya malitere ichegbu onwe ha banyere nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị mwakpo megide ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ nwanyị ojii site na ịmanye ha ka ha ghara ịmụ nwa.[2] Maka Beal, ikpe ziri ezi nke ịmụ nwa bụ nke onwe onye dịka enyi Beal si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwụrụ site na ite ime n'azụ okporo ámá.[4] Ọ na-etinye aka na CESA, Kọmitii na-akwụsị mmetọ.[11] Òtù a lụrụ ọgụ iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị mma aka bụ ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi ma manye ha ka ha ghara ịmụ nwa n'amaghị ama nweta ikpe ziri ezi.[12]

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị SNCC, Beal gara mba ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ iji hazie ma nye ụmụ nwanyị ojii ike site na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na National Council of Negro Women na ọrụ ya site na Project Woman Power. Beal bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ National Council of Negro Women: The Black Woman . [3] N'afọ 1969, Beal dere edemede nke kwuru maka mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eche ihu na ọgụ ha na-alụ, nke a na-akpọ "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female". N'ime edemede a, Beal na-akatọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike ọmụmụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọha na eze, ka ọ na-ekweta ọnọdụ pụrụ iche Black Women nọ na ya, n'ime ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ a ghọrọ nguzo SNCC n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ.[13] Mbipụta a bụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nhazi ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ebe ọrụ ya "na-ejikọta na edemede ndị ọzọ na-enyocha njikọ agbụrụ na okike na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii. "[11]

Ọ bụkwa onye otu National Anti-Racist Organizing Committee, nke lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma na-elekwasị anya na nhazi mba.[14]

Site na nhazi ya, Beal zutere ọtụtụ ọchịchị mmegbu nke gụnyere mmekọrịta ike dị mgbagwoju anya nke mere ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghara inwe ikike ma napụ ha ikike. Nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya chọrọ idozi enweghị nha anya n'usoro ma nye ndị otu a na-emegbu ikike.

Ọrụ odeakụkọ

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Ewezuga itinye aka na òtù, Beal nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Black Scholar ma kọọ maka San Francisco Bay View. Beal bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ TWWA, Triple Jeopardy, The Black Woman's Voice for the National Council of Negro Women, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-enye aka na Line of March, Marxist-Leninist Theoretical Journal . [8][14]

Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

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Beal dere edemede akpọrọ "Slave of A Slave No More: Black Women in Struggle", nke e bipụtara na 1975 ma pụta na mbipụta nke isii nke The Black Scholar . [15] Edemede a kwuru maka echiche ndị isi ojii nke ndị ikom ojii nke bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ikike obodo. O kwuru na a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegbu ọzọ n'ihi na ụmụnne ha ndị ojii na-agbaso echiche ndị metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe kwesịrị ịbụ ọgụ ọnụ maka ikpe ziri ezi ọha mmadụ.[15]

N'afọ 1969, o bipụtara "Black Women's Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female". Ọ na-akọwa ọdịdị nke mmegbu pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America n'ime iwu ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na ndị na-ahụ maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma na-enye iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ Nwanyị Ojii. E mechara degharịa mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ wee bipụta ya na The Black Woman, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Toni Cade Bambara dezigharịrị na 1970. Otu mbipụta e degharịrị nke "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female" pụtakwara na 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement, nke Robin Morgan dezigharịrị.[16][17] E gosipụtara ya na The Black Scholar na 1975. [13]

Na 2002, Beal dere otu akụkọ akpọrọ "Ihe nketa Frederick Douglass maka Oge Anyị", nke o ji kpọọ aha mkpochapụ nke ọgụ ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu nke a na-eleghara anya n'ụbọchị nnwere onwe ma jiri aka Frederick Douglass chetara ndị mmadụ "Nnwere onwe bụ ọgụ mgbe niile."[18]

E gosipụtara Beal na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 2013 Feminist: Stories from Women's Liberation . [19]

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na 2014, e gosipụtara Beal na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị She's Beautiful When She's Angry . [20]

Ihe Nketa

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Ọrụ Fran Beal, ọkachasị edemede ya Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, bụ nke a ghọtara dị ka ntọala maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii na echiche nke intersectionality. Nnyocha ya banyere mmegbu agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị metụtara ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka Audre Lorde, Bell hooks, na Angela Davis, bụ ndị gbasaa ọrụ ya iji dozie ọdịdị jikọtara ọnụ nke njirimara na mmegbu. Nkatọ Beal banyere njedebe nke ụmụ nwanyị nyere aka mee ka e guzobe Combahee River Collective, nke Combahee Lake Collective Statement kọwakwuru ụzọ ndị na-aga n'ihu na-eme ihe.[21]

Kimberlé Crenshaw mechara mee ka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mfe, mana o kwetara na Beal na ndị ọzọ bụ ndị isi ojii feminist tọrọ ntọala. Nkwado Beal site na TWWA gbasaara mmetụta ya n'ụwa niile, na-ejikọ ngagharịiwe ikike nwanyị nke US na mmegharị nnwere onwe na Global South, na-akwalite ịdị n'otu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agba megide ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na mmegbu akụ na ụba, na-ekwupụtakwa ikike ime ime na mmegbu ime ka a ghara ịmịcha nwa. Ọrụ ya ka na-enwe mmetụta n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ dịka ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe a na-akpọkarị Double Jeopardy na mkparịta ụka gbasara njikọ aka.[22] Taa, ihe nketa ya na-adịgide site na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na ime ihe ike nke na-emesi ụzọ dị iche iche maka ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ike.

Edemsibia

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  1. 1 2 Cengage Learning. Accessmylibrary.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Hartmann (7 May 2015). Frances Beal: A Voice for Peace, Racial Justice and the Rights of Women. The Street Spirit.Hartmann, Maureen (7 May 2015). "Frances Beal: A Voice for Peace, Racial Justice and the Rights of Women". The Street Spirit.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Voices of Feminism Oral History Project oral histories (1990–2014)."Voices of Feminism Oral History Project oral histories". 1990–2014.
  4. 1 2 Frances Beal: A Revolutionary Woman – The College of Arts & Sciences at Texas A&M University. liberalarts.tamu.edu. Retrieved on 2024-11-01.
  5. ↑ Spirit (2015-05-07). Frances Beal: A Voice for Peace, Racial Justice and the Rights of Women (en-US). Street Spirit. Retrieved on 2024-10-28.
  6. ↑ Women's History Month 2012: Frances M. Beal (22 March 2012). Retrieved on 2016-02-24.
  7. ↑ Roth (2004). Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White feminist movements in America's second wave. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52972-3. 
  8. 1 2 3 The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry. Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.. Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Archived from on 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  9. ↑ Gosse (2005). The movements of the New Left, 1950–1975 : a brief history with documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 131–133. ISBN 978-1403968043. 
  10. 1 2 3 At the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class: Honoring the Revolutionary Feminist Legacy of the Third World Women's Alliance (en-US). Black Women Radicals (2021-07-22). Retrieved on 2024-11-01.
  11. 1 2 Joseph (2006). The Black power Movement: Rethinking the civil rights-Black power era. New York, NY: Routledge, 316. ISBN 978-0415945950. Joseph, Peniel (2006). The Black power Movement: Rethinking the civil rights-Black power era. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 316. ISBN 978-0415945950.
  12. ↑ Sterlization Abuse: A Task for the Women's Movement. CWLU Herstory project (30 August 2016). Retrieved on May 1, 2018.
  13. 1 2 Wallace. "To Be Black and Female", New York Times, March 18, 1979. Retrieved on April 30, 2018.Wallace, Michele (March 18, 1979). "To Be Black and Female". New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  14. 1 2 (April 2015) "The Best of the Black Scholar: The Black Women". The Black Scholar 12 (6): 79–80. DOI:10.1080/00064246.1981.11414224. "The Best of the Black Scholar: The Black Women". The Black Scholar. 12 (6): 79–80. April 2015. doi:10.1080/00064246.1981.11414224.
  15. 1 2 Beal (March 1975). "Slave of A Slave No More: Black Women in Struggle". The Black Scholar 6 (6): 2–10. DOI:10.1080/00064246.1975.11431488. 
  16. ↑ Frances M. Beal, Black Women's Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female. Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-16.
  17. ↑ Sisterhood is powerful : an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement (Book, 1970). [WorldCat.org]. OCLC 96157. 
  18. ↑ Beal (July 9, 2002). Frederick Douglass' Legacy for Our Times. Retrieved on April 29, 2018.
  19. ↑ Filmmaking. Jennifer Hall Lee. Retrieved on April 30, 2018.
  20. ↑ The Women. Archived from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved on 2017-04-28.
  21. ↑ Black Radical Theory and Practice: Gender, Race, and Class | Socialism & Democracy. sdonline.org. Retrieved on 2024-10-30.
  22. ↑ chariotjournal (2021-01-04). A New World: 'Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female' in 'The Black Woman's Manifesto' (en). Chariot Journal. Retrieved on 2024-10-30.

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