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Gaydar

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Onye bịara emume mpako nke afọ 2018, na-eyi uwe elu na-agụ "M nwere Gaydar mara mma".
Onye bịara NYC Pride na 2011, yi uwe ejiji nke nwere ike igosi njikọ ya na obodo ndị na-eme ihe ikeObodo na-eme ihe na-adịghị mma

Gaydar (onye na-edina nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na radar) bụ okwu mkparịta ụka na-ezo aka n'ikike nhụsianya nke mmadụ iji nyochaa usoro mmekọahụ nke ndị ọzọ dị ka nwoke idina nwoke, bisexual ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ. Gaydar na-adabere n'okwu ọnụ na nke na-adịghị ekwu okwu na echiche LGBT, gụnyere inwe mmetụta maka omume ọha na eze na àgwà dị ka asụsụ ahụ, ụda olu mmadụ na-eji mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu, ịjụ nke ọma nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọrụ mmadụ, na àgwà ejiji.

N'otu aka ahụ, Transdar (okwu a na-eji kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 1996) na-ezo aka n'ikike ndị trans nwere ịmata ndị trans na-agafe nke ọma, site na ihe ngosi dị nro dị ka "ogo aka na aka".[1]

Otú ọ dị, echiche nke inwe mmekọahụ site n'ọdịdị elu ma ọ bụ omume agbaghawo n'ọnọdụ ebe ndị nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe na-adịghị eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, ma ọ bụ nke ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ (n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ) na-egosipụta ụzọ ndụ, imefu ego, na nchegbu maka ọdịdị onwe onye stereotypical nke ejiji ejiji nke nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na obodo mepere emepe.[2][3][4][5] Maka ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-ehiere nwa okorobịa dị ka butch, ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke nwere ike ime ihe ma pụta n'ụzọ ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị.

Kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ 2015, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị ka ABC News nke Australia akpọwo gaydar "na-emebi ihe" ma eleghị anya "dị ize ndụ" n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka echiche ọjọọ dịgide, ikike ya na-eduga na nsogbu, na ikike ya ime ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịpụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe n'ụzọ nke ha. [6] [7][8] Gayety na-ekwu na naanị ụzọ iji nyochaa mmekọahụ mmadụ dabere na njirimara ha na onye ha na-eme mkpapụ.[9]

Nnyocha sayensị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1987, nyocha nke Journal of Homosexuality [10] gwara ndị mmadụ ka ha kpee ikpe gbasara mmekọahụ site na vidiyo, na nsonaazụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ akụkọ ifo.

Nnyocha e mere na 1999 na Journal of Personality and Social Psychology gosiri na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ikpebi mmasị mmekọahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi karịa ohere.[11] Nnyocha a gwara ndị mmadụ ka ha gosipụta mmasị mmekọahụ ha site na iji akara Kinsey wee mee ka ndị ọzọ lelee obere ihe nkiri nke ndị mmadụ na-ekwu okwu site na iji obere ihe. Ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ kwuru na ha nwere mmasị mmekọahụ n'otu ihe ahụ ma ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti ebe ndị mmadụ kwuru na ha nọ na ihe ahụ na ebe a ghọtara ha dị na ihe ahụ. Nnyocha e mere na 2008 na 2010 ekwughachiri nchọpụta a ọbụnakwa gosipụta na enwere ike iji vidiyo ụlọ nke ụmụaka kpebie n'ụzọ ziri ezi omume mmekọahụ ha mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ. [12][13]

Nnyocha ndị e mere mgbe e mesịrị chọpụtara na gaydar ziri ezi na ọnụego dị ukwuu karịa ohere maka ikpe ikpe site na ihu. Ndị sonyere na nyocha ahụ na-eji ihe ngosi ihu nwoke na nwanyị na stereotypes nke ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na-eme mkpebi ha, mana ha na-emebi omume mmekọahụ maka ndị na-emegide stereotypes.[14] Agbụrụ, na mba nke onye na-ekpe ikpe ma ọ bụ onye ha na-ekpe ya ikpe yiri ka ọ na-eme mgbanwe mgbe ha na-eme ikpe site na ihu.[15][16][17] Ọbụna akụkụ ihu nke ọ bụla (naanị anya) nwere ike inye ozi zuru ezu mgbe ụfọdụ iji kwuo ma nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya, nwoke na nwanyị ibe ya, ma ọ bụ nwoke ibe ya.[18][19] Otu nnyocha gosiri na ikpe nke ihu ụmụ nwoke na nke ụmụ nwanyị maka ihe dị ka 1/25 nke sekọnd bụ oge zuru ezu iji kwuo ma ha bụ nwoke na-edina nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-edine nwanyị.[20][19] Ikpe ndị mmadụ abụghị ihe ziri ezi mgbe ha nwere oge ka ukwuu iji mee mkpebi ha. Ọrụ na-esote nke a na-atụ aro na gaydar na-eme n'onwe ya mgbe mmadụ hụrụ onye ọzọ nakwa na ịhụ ihu mmadụ na-eme ka echiche banyere ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na ndị ziri ezi.[21] Ndị mmadụ yiri ka ha amaghị na ha nwere gaydar, ọ bụ ezie na.[18] Ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ha nwere gaydar ziri ezi karịa ụmụ nwoke na-emegide onwe ha, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere gaydar doro anya karị mgbe ha na-eme ovulating. [22][23] Otu nnyocha kwuru na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha na-elebara nkọwa anya karịa ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị, o doro anya na ọ bụ ụdị nghọta a nakweere na-enyere aka n'ịmata ndị ọzọ na-edine ụdị onwe ha.[24]

Nnyocha ndị ọzọ achọpụtala na ndị ikom na ndị inyom nwere ọdịdị ahụ na ụzọ ije ije yiri ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-ahụkarị dị ka ndị na-edina nwoke.  Templeeti:Cn[citation needed]

Nnyocha nke onye enyemaka prọfesọ UCLA Kerri Johnson chọpụtara na ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ nwere ike ịkọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi omume mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwoke pasent 60 nke oge ahụ, nke dịtụ mma karịa ka a ga-enweta site na ohere mberede; na ụmụ nwanyị, ịkọ nkọ ha agafeghị ohere.[25] A naghị ejikọta mmegharị ahụ nwoke na nwanyị na omume mmekọahụ mmadụ; [25] nke a bụ eziokwu maka ọdịdị ihu, [26] mana ọ bụghị maka olu, [27] ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ na-eche na ha nwere njikọ na omume mmekọahụ onye ahụ. [28] Nnyocha ole na ole enyochawo ajụjụ nke gaydar site na olu. [29][30][31][32] Ha achọpụtala na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịmata onye bụ nwoke na nwoke na onye ziri ezi site na olu ha, mana ha lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwoke (mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpọ ọdịiche olu "gay lisp"). Nnyocha ụda olu zuru ezu emeela ka ọtụtụ ihe dị n'olu mmadụ pụta ìhè nke a na-eji eme ihe, otu n'ime ha bụ ụzọ nwoke na nwoke na-eme enyi nwoke na-akpọ ụda "s".[32][29] E gosikwara na ihe ngosi Ụda na-enye aka n'nghọta nwoke idina nwoke n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Mandarin (maka ụmụ nwoke) na Spanish (maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke). [33][34]

Nnyocha nke William T.L. Cox na ndị ọrụ ibe ya tụrụ aro na "gaydar" bụ akara ọzọ maka iji echiche LGBT na-atụgharị uche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-ekwu na ndị ikom ejiji bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke). [35] Ọrụ a na-egosi na ọrụ sayensị a tụlere n'elu nke na-azọrọ na ọ na-egosi eziokwu gaydar na-adaba na mgbagwoju anya ụgha (lee kwa njehie ọnụego isi), n'ihi na ezi a na-ebo ebubo na-ebelata ọnụego dị ala nke ndị LGBT n'ime ndị mmadụ n'ezie, na-akpata ihe omume ebe "ezi" a kọrọ n'elu na nyocha nyocha na-asụgharị na ọkwa dị elu nke ezighị ezi n'ime ụwa n'ezie. Cox na-ede, "Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na-eche na stereotyping bụ ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Mana ọ bụrụ na ị naghị akpọ ya 'stereotyping', ọ bụrụ na i na-enye ya akara ọzọ ma na-ezo ya dị ka 'gaydar,' o yiri ka ọ dị mma karịa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. "[36]

Na nyocha nke Chadly Stern mere na NYU banyere mmekọrịta nke "gaydar" na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị otu ahụ chọpụtara na ndị na-agbaso omenala nwere "gaydara" karịa ndị nnwere onwe.[37] Ọ bụ ezie na izi ezi nke "gaydar" n'ime ndị na-agbaso omenala dabere na "ịdị irè nke akara" karịa, Stern na-ede, n'ozuzu, ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịchọpụta mmasị mmekọahụ na nyocha ha. Njikọ ụwa nke nchọpụta ahụ adịghị ike n'ihi njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịdị ihu (nke nyocha ha ji mee ihe maka ntọala nke "gaydar" nke ndị sonyere) na omume mmekọahụ. Site n'iji njikwa ibu, ndị otu ahụ chọpụtakwara na ma ndị nnwere onwe ma ndị na-agbaso omenala jiri ụdị nwoke na nwanyị chọpụta mmasị mmekọahụ n'oge nyocha ahụ. Nchọpụta a na-agbakwunye echiche na "gaydar" bụ akara ọzọ maka iji stereotypes n'ụzọ ọha na eze nabatara.

Ngwaọrụ elektrọnik

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na mbido afọ 2000, a na-ere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki dabere na ngwaọrụ mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke Japan Lovegety dị ka 'Gaydar' ma kọọrọ ya n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi.[38] Nke a bụ ngwaọrụ nwere nnukwu igodo ga-eziga mgbama ikuku, na-eme ka onye ọrụ mara site na mmaji, ụda, ma ọ bụ flash mgbe ngwaọrụ yiri ya dị n'ime 12 m (40 ft). Nke a na-eme ka onye ọrụ mara na onye nwere otu echiche nọ nso.

Amamihe aka mere

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Stanford Michal Kosinski na Yilun Wang mere nnyocha na 2017 nke kwuru na algọridim njirimara ihu site na iji netwọkụ akwara nwere ike ịchọpụta mmasị mmekọahụ na 81% nke ikpe ndị a nwalere maka ụmụ nwoke na 74% na ụmụ nwanyị site na nyochaa foto nke profaịlụ mkpakọrịta nwoke n'ịntanetị. [39][40]Kosinski kwuputara nchegbu banyere nzuzo na ikike nke iji AI eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, ma tụọ aro na nchoputa ya kwekọrọ na usoro ọmụmụ hormone nke prenatal nke nhazi mmekọahụ, nke na-eche na ọkwa nke androgens ikpughe n'ime afọ na-enyere aka ikpebi ma mmadụ ọ kwụ ọtọ, nwoke na nwanyị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke.[41] PHT na-ebu amụma na ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na ndị na'enweghị nwoke nwere ike ịhọrọ igosi onwe ha n'ụzọ dị iche na foto profaịlụ ha ma ọ bụ nwee ọdịdị ihu dị iche.

Nnyocha abụọ nke mmepụtaghachi kwadoro nchọpụta ndị bụ isi nke nyocha a. [42][43] Ọ chọpụtakwara na ọ bụrụgodị na ihu na-agba agba, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkọwapụta usoro mmekọahụ.

Otu blọgụ nke onye nyocha AI Blaise Agüera y Arcas katọrọ ọmụmụ ihe maka iji foto sitere na gburugburu ebe a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa. Kama iburu n'ụdị ọdịdị ihu, ọ ga-abụ na algọridim na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị na ejiji, ibi ndụ, na akụkụ foto; obere ajụjụ gbasara ndịiche gụnyere iji etemeete, ntutu ihu, na iji ugogbe anya mee ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke ziri ezi dịka nke ọmụmụ mbụ.[44]

Hụkwa

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Friedman (2013-07-15). Blind to Sameness: Sexpectations and the Social Construction of Male and Female Bodies (in en). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02377-9. 
  2. ↑ McFedries (12 December 2003). Metrosexual. Logophilia Limited. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  3. ↑ Simpson (15 November 1994). Here Come The Mirror Men. The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  4. ↑ Simpson (22 July 2002). Meet The Metrosexual. Salon.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  5. ↑ Hackbarth. "Vanity, Thy Name Is Metrosexual", The Washington Post, 17 November 2003. Retrieved on 2007-12-17.
  6. ↑ "Put your gaydar down and stop trying to work out people's sexuality", ABC News, 2015-09-08. Retrieved on 2024-07-26. (in en-AU)
  7. ↑ "Your 'gaydar' is way off because it isn't real: study", ABC News, 2015-09-07. Retrieved on 2024-07-26. (in en-AU)
  8. ↑ Is he? Isn't he? Speculation over celebrities' sexuality could come at a cost. (en). NBC News (2021-11-23). Retrieved on 2024-07-26.
  9. ↑ Staff (2022-11-19). How To Tell If Someone Is Gay: Dispelling Myths & Outdated Stereotypes (en-US). Gayety. Retrieved on 2024-07-26.
  10. ↑ Berger (1987). "Detection of sexual orientation by heterosexuals and homosexuals". Journal of Homosexuality 13 (4): 83–100. DOI:10.1300/J082v13n04_05. PMID 3611750. 
  11. ↑ Ambady (1999). "Accuracy of judgments of sexual orientation from thin slices of behavior". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (3): 538–47. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.538. PMID 10510507. 
  12. ↑ Rieger (2010). "Dissecting "gaydar": Accuracy and the role of masculinity-femininity". Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (1): 124–40. DOI:10.1007/s10508-008-9405-2. PMID 18810629. 
  13. ↑ Rieger (2008). "Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: Evidence from home videos". Developmental Psychology 44 (1): 46–58. DOI:10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46. PMID 18194004. 
  14. ↑ Rule (2010). "Sexual orientation perception involves gendered facial cues". Pers Soc Psychol Bull 36 (10): 1318–31. DOI:10.1177/0146167210378755. PMID 20682754. 
  15. ↑ Rule (2011). "The influence of target and perceiver race in the categorisation of male sexual orientation". Perception 40 (7): 830–9. DOI:10.1068/p7001. PMID 22128555. 
  16. ↑ Johnson (2011). "At the crossroads of conspicuous and concealable: What race categories communicate about sexual orientation". PLOS ONE 6 (3): e18025. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0018025. PMID 21483863. 
  17. ↑ Rule (2011). "Found in translation: Cross-cultural consensus in the accurate categorization of male sexual orientation". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37 (11): 1499–507. DOI:10.1177/0146167211415630. PMID 21807952. 
  18. 1 2 Rule (2008). "Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (5): 1019–28. DOI:10.1037/a0013194. PMID 18954191. 
  19. 1 2 Rule (2009). "Female sexual orientation is perceived accurately, rapidly, and automatically from the face and its features". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (6): 1245–1251. DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.010. 
  20. ↑ Rule (2008). "Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50ms". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 44 (4): 1100–1105. DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.12.001. 
  21. ↑ Rule (2009). "Ambiguous group membership is extracted automatically from faces". Psychological Science 20 (4): 441–3. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02314.x. PMID 19399971. 
  22. ↑ Rule (2007). "Us and them: Memory advantages in perceptually ambiguous groups". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14 (4): 687–92. DOI:10.3758/bf03196822. PMID 17972734. 
  23. ↑ Rule (2011). "Mating interest improves women's accuracy in judging male sexual orientation". Psychological Science 22 (7): 881–6. DOI:10.1177/0956797611412394. PMID 21670428. 
  24. ↑ Colzato (2010). "Sexual orientation biases attentional control: A possible gaydar mechanism". Frontiers in Psychology 1: 13. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00013. PMID 21607070. 
  25. 1 2 Johnson (2007). "Swagger, sway, and sexuality: Judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (3): 321–34. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.321. PMID 17723051. 
  26. ↑ Freeman (2010). "Sexual orientation perception involves gendered facial cues". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36 (10): 1318–31. DOI:10.1177/0146167210378755. PMID 20682754. 
  27. ↑ Munson (2007). "Loose Lips and Silver Tongues, or, Projecting Sexual Orientation Through Speech". Language and Linguistics Compass 1 (5): 416–449. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00028.x. 
  28. ↑ Cartei (2011). "Acting Gay: Male Actors Shift the Frequency Components of Their Voices Towards Female Values when Playing Homosexual Characters". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 36: 79–93. DOI:10.1007/s10919-011-0123-4. 
  29. 1 2 Linville (1998). "Acoustic correlates of perceived versus actual sexual orientation in men's speech". Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 50 (1): 35–48. DOI:10.1159/000021447. PMID 9509737. 
  30. ↑ Smyth (2003). "Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach". Language in Society 32 (3): 329–350. DOI:10.1017/S0047404503323024. 
  31. ↑ Gaudio (1994). "Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men". American Speech 69 (1): 30–57. DOI:10.2307/455948. 
  32. 1 2 Zimman (2010). "Female-to-Male Transsexuals and Gay-Sounding Voices: A Pilot Study". Colorado Research in Linguistics 22 (1): 1–21. DOI:10.33011/cril.22.1.3. 
  33. ↑ Geng (2022). "Acoustic and Perceptual Characteristics of Mandarin Speech in Gay and Heterosexual Male Speakers". Language and Speech 65 (4): 1096–1109. DOI:10.1177/00238309211000783. PMID 33740875. Retrieved on 4 January 2024. 
  34. ↑ Duarte (2022). "Sociophonetic Differences in Queer Speech of Spanish Speakers". UC Berkeley Undergraduate Thesis. Retrieved on 4 January 2024. 
  35. ↑ Cox (2015). "Inferences About Sexual Orientation: The Roles of Stereotypes, Faces, and The Gaydar Myth". The Journal of Sex Research 52 (8): 1–15. DOI:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015714. PMID 26219212. 
  36. ↑ "Put your gaydar down and stop trying to work out people's sexuality", ABC News, 2015-09-08. Retrieved on 2024-07-26. (in en-AU)
  37. ↑ Stern (2013). "The politics of gaydar: Ideological differences in the use of gendered cues in categorizing sexual orientation.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104 (3): 520–541. DOI:10.1037/a0031187. ISSN 1939-1315. 
  38. ↑ Wilson. "'Gaydar' device clears up mixed signals", USA Today, 25 February 2000. Retrieved on 13 January 2014.
  39. ↑ Wang (2020). "Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114 (2): 246–257. DOI:10.1037/pspa0000098. PMID 29389215. Retrieved on April 24, 2021. 
  40. ↑ Mihov. "Face-reading AI will be able to detect your politics and IQ, professor says", The Guardian, 2017-09-12. Retrieved on 2017-11-02. (in en-GB)
  41. ↑ 'I was shocked it was so easy': meet the professor who says facial recognition can tell if you're gay. the Guardian (July 7, 2018).
  42. ↑ Wang (May 2022). "Presentation in self-posted facial images can expose sexual orientation: Implications for research and privacy". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 122 (5): 806–824. DOI:10.1037/pspa0000294. PMID 35404640. 
  43. ↑ Quach. The infamous AI gaydar study was repeated – and, no, code can't tell if you're straight or not just from your face (en). www.theregister.com. Retrieved on 2021-01-15.
  44. ↑ Arcas (2018-01-18). Do algorithms reveal sexual orientation or just expose our stereotypes? (en). Medium. Retrieved on 2021-01-15.
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