Geography of Nigeria
Naịjirịa bụ mba dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, ya na Republic of Benin n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Chad na Cameroon n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Niger n'ebe ugwu.[1] Ụsọ oké osimiri ya dị na Gulf of Guinea n'ebe ndịda ma na-ejikọta Lake Chad n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ihe ndị ama ama na Naịjirịa gụnyere Adamwa Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, Osimiri Niger, Osimiri Benue, na Niger Delta.
A na-ahụ Naijiria n'ebe okpomọkụ, ebe ihu igwe na-adị mmiri n'oge na-adịghị anya ma na-adị ezigbo mmiri. Naịjirịa nwere ụdị ihu igwe anọ; a na-ejikarị ụdị ihu igwe ndị a eme ihe site na ndịda ruo n'ebe ugwu.
N'inwe mpaghara nke 923,768 km2, isi iyi Naịjirịa bụ Niger, ebe ọ nwetara aha ya site na, na Benue, isi iyi nke Niger. Ebe kachasị elu na mba ahụ bụ Chappal Waddi (ma ọ bụ Gangirwal) na 2,419 m (7,936 ft.), nke dị n'ugwu Adamawa na Gashaka-Gumti ogige ọha, Taraba Stati, na ókèala ya na Cameroon.[2]
Isi obodo ya bụ Abuja, nke dị na ebe a na-elekwasị anya na mba ahụ, ebe Lagosụ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ahụ, etiti ego na obodo kachasị ukwuu. A na-ekwurịta okwu n'asụsụ ndị dị iche iche bụ Bekee (nke gọọmentị), Hausa, Igbo, a na-enyocha na Naịjirịa nwere ihe dị ka 250 dị iche iche agbụrụ-etymological.
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke Köppen climate nghazi okwa kpọrọ "Am", dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke mba ahụ. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe a na-emetụta mmiri ozuzo sitere na South Atlantic Ocean, nke ikuku MT (maritime tropical) na-eweta na mba ahụ, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmiri na-ekpuchi mmiri site n'oké osimiri gaa n'ala. Okpomọkụ ya na oke iru mmiri ya na-enye ya ọchịchọ siri ike ịrịgo ma mepụta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, nke bụ n'ihi mkpokọta mmiri na ikuku na-arị elu ngwa ngwa.[3] Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke okpomọkụ nwere obere okpomọkụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide n'afọ niile; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Warri na mpaghara ndịda Naịjirịa na-edekọ ihe kachasị elu nke 28 (82.4 °F) maka ọnwa ya kachasị ọkụ ebe okpomọkụ ya kachasị ala bụ 26 °C (78.8 ) n'ọnwa ya kachasị jụụ.
Akụkụ ndịda Naịjirịa na-enwe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Oké ifufe ndị a na-abụkarị convectional n'okike n'ihi ịdị nso nke mpaghara ahụ na belt equatorial. Mmiri ozuzo a na-enweta kwa afọ na mpaghara a dị elu nke ukwuu. Niger Delta na-enweta ihe karịrị 4,000 mm (157.5 in) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ -enweta n'etiti 2,000 na 3,000 mm (118.1 in) nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Mpaghara ndịda Naịjirịa na-enwe mmiri ozuzo okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri ozuzo abụọ dị elu, na oge ọkọchị dị mkpirikpi na oge ọkọchukwu dị ogologo na-ada n'etiti na mgbe ọ bụla. Oge mmiri ozuzo mbụ na-amalite na Machị ma na-agwụ na ngwụcha Julaị na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na June, oge mmiri ozuzo a na-esote obere ezumike mmiri n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke a maara dị ka ezumike Ọgọustụ nke bụ obere oge ọkọchị na-adịru izu abụọ ruo atọ n'ọngọst. Oge mmiri ozuzo dị mkpirikpi na-amalite na mbido Septemba ma na-adịgide ruo n'etiti Ọktọba na oge kachasị elu na njedebe Septemba. Ọgwụgwụ nke oge mmiri ozuzo dị mkpirikpi n'ọnwa Ọktoba na-esochi oge ọkọchị dị ogologo. Oge a na-amalite site na ngwụcha Ọktọba ma na-adịgide ruo mmalite Machị na ọnọdụ ọkọchị kachasị elu n'etiti mmalite Disemba na ngwụchi Febụwarị.[4]
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe savanna na-ekpo ọkụ (Aw) ma ọ bụ ihu igwe mmiri na-ekpuchi na mpaghara ma kpuchie ọtụtụ n'ime ọdịda anyanwụ ruo etiti Naịjirịa, ebe ọ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mpaghara ahụ. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe a mejupụtara ihe ka ukwuu na mba ahụ ma nwee oge mmiri ozuzo na oge ọkọchị dị iche iche na otu ọnụ ọgụgụ a maara dị ka oge okpomọkụ kachasị elu. Okpomọkụ dị n'elu 18 °C (64 ) n'afọ niile. Abuja, isi obodo Naịjirịa nke dị n'etiti Naịjirị, nwere okpomọkụ dị 18.45 (65.21 °F) ruo 36.9 °C (98.4 ) mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka 1,500 mm (59.1 in) na otu mmiri ozuzo kachasị na Septemba. Oge ọkọchị na-ewere ọnọdụ site na Disemba ruo Machị ma na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ na ifufe Harmattan, ikuku na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ (CT) nke jupụtara na uzuzu sitere na Sahara, na-adị n'oge a niile.
Site na mpaghara Intertropical Convergence Zone na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'elu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrika site na Southern Hemisphere n'ọnwa Eprel, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-abịa site na igwe ojii convective tupu oge ọnwa na-abịa n'ụdị akara mmiri ozuzo nke a makwaara dị ka ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ mepụtara n'ihi mmekọrịta nke ikuku abụọ na-achịkwa na Naịjirịa a maara dị ka mmiri ozuzo mmiri ozuzo (ebe ndịda) na kọntinent okpomọkụ (ebe ugwu ọ na-amalite na-eme n'etiti Naịga n'ebe ndịda anyanwụ na-amalite n'ọnwarụda anyanwụ na July, na-eme ka mmiri ozu na-eme na-emechi mmiri ozuzo.[5] iri ozuzo zuru oke na etiti ịjirịa dịgasị iche site 1,100 mm (43.3 in) na ala dị ala ruo ihe karịrị 2,000 mm (78.7 in) n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Jos Plateau.
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ (BSh) na-adịkarị n'ime Sahel n'akụkụ ugwu nke Naịjirịa. Ngụkọta mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị ala. Oge mmiri ozuzo n'akụkụ ugwu nke Naịjirịa na-ewe ọnwa atọ ruo anọ (June wee rue septemba). Oge fọdụrụ n'afọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ na okpomọkụ na-arịgo elu ruo 40 °C (104.0 ). Potiskum, Yobe State nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naịjirịa dekọrọ okpomọkụ kachasị ala na Naịjirị nke 2.8 °C (37.0 ).
A na-ahụ ihu igwe Alpine ma ọ bụ ihu igwe ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu ugwu na mpaghara ugwu na Naịjirịa. Ugwu nwere ihu igwe alpine na Naịjirịa, karịrị mita 1,520 (4,987 ) n'elu oke osimiri. N'ihi ọnọdụ dị n'ebe okpomọkụ, elu a dị elu iji ruo akara ihu igwe dị n'etiti ebe okpomọkụ si otú ahụ na-enye ugwu, ugwu na mpaghara ala dị larịị nke gụzọ n'elu ịdị elu a, ihu igwe ugwu dị jụụ.
Mmiri ozuzo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara osimiri nke Niger Delta dị arọ n'ihi ịdị nso nke mpaghara Delta na equator. Ngụkọta mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dịgasị iche site na 2,400 ruo ihe karịrị 4,000 milimita.
Obodo Niger Delta na mmiri ozuzo ha na-ezo kwa afọ na milimita:
- Warri bụ 2,730 mm
- Forcados (obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Niger Delta) 4,870 mm
- Port Harcourt 2,400 mm
- Calabar (obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri) 3,070 mm (obodo kachasị mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ na Naịjirịa)
- Bonny (n'ebe ndịda nke Port Harcourt) 4,200 mm
Ifufe ahịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmiri ikuku nke oké osimiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmiri ikụkụ nke oké osimiri (MT) na-akpata oge mmiri ozuzo nke Naịjirịa.[6] Ifufe a na-amalite na Febụwarị n'akụkụ ndịda Naịjirịa ebe ọ na-ewe ogologo oge ka ifufe kpuchie mba ahụ dum, na-eru n'akụkụ ugwu Naịjirịịa na June. Ọnụnọ ya sitere na mgbago ugwu nke Harmattan. Nlaghachi n'ebe ugwu nke ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ (CT) sitere na ntụgharị anyanwụ n'ebeebe ugwu site na okpomọkụ nke capricorn na mpaghara ndịda gaa na okpompe nke kansa na mpaghara ugwu. Mgbanwe a na-amalite site na Febụwarị ma na-agwụ na June, mgbe anyanwụ dị n'elu n'ebe okpomọkụ nke ọrịa kansa. N'oge a na-aga n'ebe ugwu nke anyanwụ n'ihi na ụwa na-agbadata n'akụkụ axis ya, anyanwụ na-agafe equator (n'ihe dị ka Machị), na-agagharị n'elu West Africa. Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na-abịa kpọmkwem n'okpuru anyanwụ n'oge a. A na-ekpo ọkụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka dum n'ihi oke okpomọkụ. Okpomọkụ nwere ike ịrịgo ruo 35 °C (95.0 ) n'elu West Africa n'oge a. Okpomọkụ dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke Naịjirịa nwere ike iru 48 °C (118.4 ) n'obodo dị ka Maiduguri.[7]
Okpomọkụ dị elu tinyere mmụba nke insolation na-eme ka mpaghara nke nrụgide dị ala mepụta na ọdịda anyanwụ Afrika na Naijịrịa n'etiti Machị ruo Mee. Mmiri ikuku nke mpaghara okpomọkụ sitere na Sahara na-ebelata site na oke okpomọkụ nke ala. Mbufe okpomọkụ a a-eme ka ikuku gbasaa ma dịkwuo mfe. Mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ ike ya n'ihe dị ka Febụwarị n'akụkụ ndịda Naịjirịa ruo June n'ebe ugwu Naịjirị ma malite ịlaghachi azụ na ịrị elu nke ikuku n'ụdị convection n'ime ikuku a, na-eme ka ike ifufe na-achịkwa ọdịda anyanwụ Africa ghara ịdị ike. Mmiri ahụ mechara si n'ọtụtụ Naịjirịa pụọ n'ihe dị ka Eprel ruo Mee. Ìhè anyanwụ na-abanye n'ime ikuku nke Naijiria karịa ka ọ na-eme n'oge Harmattan, nke nwere uzuzu na anwụrụ ọkụ.[8] Okpomọkụ nke ala ọdịda anyanwụ Afrika na-emepụta mpaghara dị ala na ọdịda anyanwụ Afrika. Mpaghara nrụgide dị ala a na-enyere aka na mmepe nke ikuku ikuku mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ site na ndịda Atlantic.
Mmiri ikuku nke oké osimiri na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ekwo ekpo ọkụ ma na-adịghị akwụsi ike. [citation needed] Convection currents na-emepụta n'ime ikuku mgbe ọ bụla enwere obere ọgba aghara na ikuku n'ihi obere elu dị elu na mpaghara ugwu dị ka Obudu Plateau ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nke ala nke nwere ike ịkpata mmepụta nke igwe ojii cumulonimbus na-eduga na égbè eluigwe n'ime mmiri. N'oge ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, ụtụtụ na-egbuke egbuke ma na-acha anwụ, okpomọkụ anyanwụ nke ala n'ụtụtụ na n'ehihie na-eme ka e nwee ebili mmiri, ebili mmiri ndị a na-arịgo n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, a na-emepụta igwe ojii cumulonimbus, mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ime n'ehuhie.
Ebili mmiri nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka bụ ihe ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'oge oge okpomọkụ nke ọnwa Mee ruo Septemba. Ọdịdị nke ebili mmiri a na-agbanwe na ihe dị ka 15 degrees north latitude. Ebili mmiri ndị na-agafe n'ebe ndịda nke latitudu a na-ebu mmiri ma na-emepụta convection nke na-eduga na igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo.[9][10] Ebe Naịjirịa dị n'akụkụ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nke ebili mmiri ndịda nke 15 degrees north latitude na-emepụta ọnọdụ ihu igwe mmiri na-adịghị na Naịjirị, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo.
Mmiri nke kọntinent okpomọkụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmiri ikuku nke mpaghara okpomọkụ, nke a maara dị ka Harmattan, bụ ifufe sitere na North Afrika nke gafere Sahara gaa West Africa. Mmiri a na-achịkwa ihu igwe Naịjirịa n'oge ọkọchị site na Disemba ruo Machị. Mmiri ikuku nke kọntinent na-ekpo ọkụ bụ uzuzu ma na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ n'ime ikuku mgbe ọ na-achịkwa. Anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ bụ n'ihi ájá dị n'ime ikuku na-egbochi ịhụ anya ma na-egide ọtụtụ n'ime ụzarị anyanwụ ka ọ ghara iru n'ụwa. Ọ bụkwa ikuku kpọrọ nkụ nke e guzobere n'elu ala n'ebe dị nso na equator. Mmiri ahụ n'ozuzu ya enweghị mmiri ozuzo ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-emepụta na Sahara, na-emepụta uzuzu karịa mmiri. Mmiri ahụ na-eme ka a ghara ịhụ ihe nke na-egbochi njem, mana ọnụnọ ya na-ewetara ndị ọrụ ugbo ahụ enyemaka ebe ọ bụ na obere iru mmiri dị n'ime ikuku na-eme ngwa ngwa ịcha ihe ọkụkụ ha.
Okpomọkụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ekpebi oge na ọdịiche okpomọkụ nke Naijiria site na mmiri ozuzo na oge mmiri ozuzo bụ oge ọkọchị bụ oge ndị dị mkpa na Naijiria. Oge mmiri ozuzo nke Naịjirịa na-eweta ihu igwe dị jụụ na mba ahụ n'ihi oke igwe ojii nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi nke oke anwụ nke okpomọkụ site na igbochi ọtụtụ n'ime ụzarị anyanwụ n'oge mmiri ozuzo; nke a na-eme ka ala dị jụụ, ikuku dị n'elu ala na-anọgide na-ajụ oyi n'oge oge mmiri ozuzo. Mana n'ehihie n'oge mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịdị ọkụ ma na-ekpo ọkụ. N'oge mmiri ozuzo ọ na-ede mmiri, mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị ọtụtụ.
Oge ọkọchị nke Naịjirịa bụ oge obere igwe ojii kpuchiri n'akụkụ ndịda Naịjirị ka ọ ghara inwe igwe ojii kpuchie n'akụkụ ugwu Naịjiria. Anyanwụ na-enwu site na ikuku na obere ihe mgbochi site na ihu igwe doro anya na-eme ka oge ọkọchị na Naịjirịa bụrụ oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. N'etiti oge ọkọchị gburugburu Disemba, uzuzu nke Harmattan wetara na-egbochi ụzarị anyanwụ, nke na-ebelata okpomọkụ. Mana site na iwepụ ifufe a n'ihe dị ka Machị ruo Eprel mgbe mmalite nke oge mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, okpomọkụ nwere ike iru 44 °C (111.2 ) n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Naịjirịa.[11]
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị nro na-adị n'elu ugwu dị n'etiti Naịjirịa n'elu mita 1,200 (3,937 ) n'elu oke osimiri, ya bụ Jos Plateau. Okpomọkụ dị na mbara ala Jos dị n'agbata 16 °C na 25 °C nke na-ajụ oyi n'afọ niile. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị jụụ na-eme n'ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ ókèala Cameroon nke Nigeria, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nigeria. Ugwu dị na mpaghara ndị a na-eru ihe karịrị 1,524 m (5,000 ft) ruo ụfọdụ na-eguzo n'elu 2,000 mita (6,562 ) n'elu oke osimiri. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'ugwu ndị a dị jụụ n'afọ niile. Nnukwu ugwu dị na paghara a bụ Obudu Plateau n'elu 1,584 (5,197 ft), Mambilla Plateau n"elu 1,524 m (5,000 ) na Mt. Chappal Waddi n'elu 2,000 m (6,562 ).
Ihe Nlereanya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Climate data for Lagos (Murtala Muhammed International Airport) 1961–1990, extremes: 1886–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.0 (104.0) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
37.0 (98.6) |
37.6 (99.7) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
39.9 (103.8) |
36.4 (97.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 32.2 (90.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
30.9 (87.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.2 (73.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13.2 (0.52) |
40.6 (1.60) |
84.3 (3.32) |
146.3 (5.76) |
202.4 (7.97) |
315.5 (12.42) |
243.0 (9.57) |
121.7 (4.79) |
160.0 (6.30) |
125.1 (4.93) |
39.7 (1.56) |
14.8 (0.58) |
1,506.6 (59.31) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.5 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 9.0 | 12.5 | 16.2 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 11.2 | 4.9 | 2.1 | 104.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 79 | 76 | 82 | 84 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 82 | 83 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 21 (70) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
24 (74) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.3 | 168.0 | 173.6 | 180.0 | 176.7 | 114.0 | 99.2 | 108.5 | 114.0 | 167.4 | 186.0 | 192.2 | 1,843.9 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.3 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.1 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1952–1967),[12] NOAA (monthly sun hours)[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[14]
Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[15] Weather Atlas (daily sun hours)[16] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Port Harcourt (1961-1990 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 32.4 (90.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.3 (84.7) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.3 (88.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 22.2 (0.87) |
56.5 (2.22) |
116.3 (4.58) |
183.6 (7.23) |
222.7 (8.77) |
273.3 (10.76) |
356.5 (14.04) |
326.8 (12.87) |
367.1 (14.45) |
263.1 (10.36) |
96.9 (3.81) |
25.9 (1.02) |
2,310.9 (90.98) |
| Average rainy days | 2.2 | 4.6 | 8.6 | 11.6 | 14.2 | 16.5 | 19.7 | 19.8 | 20.1 | 14.4 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 139.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 54.6 | 57.0 | 65.3 | 70.1 | 74.1 | 78.5 | 81.1 | 81.6 | 81.3 | 77.7 | 69.3 | 58.5 | 70.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 142.6 | 123.2 | 114.7 | 132.0 | 139.5 | 102.0 | 77.5 | 74.4 | 78.0 | 102.3 | 132.0 | 148.8 | 1,367 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.6 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 3.7 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and relative humidity, 1961–1990)[18] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Abuja | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.0 (96.8) |
38.4 (101.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
39.0 (102.2) |
39.3 (102.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.7 (103.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 33.7 (92.7) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
29.3 (84.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
34.7 (94.5) |
34.8 (94.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
28.7 (83.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
24.8 (76.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 3 (0.1) |
7 (0.3) |
16 (0.6) |
73 (2.9) |
137 (5.4) |
187 (7.4) |
216 (8.5) |
272 (10.7) |
233 (9.2) |
117 (4.6) |
7 (0.3) |
2 (0.1) |
1,270 (50.1) |
| Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 13.0 | 17.2 | 15.9 | 8.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 79 |
| Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst.[19] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kano (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
36.4 (97.5) |
39.1 (102.4) |
37.1 (98.8) |
35.4 (95.7) |
32.0 (89.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.5 (92.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.7 (0.03) |
1.9 (0.07) |
8.1 (0.32) |
71.3 (2.81) |
118.7 (4.67) |
209.0 (8.23) |
311.2 (12.25) |
137.0 (5.39) |
14.1 (0.56) |
1.0 (0.04) |
0.0 (0.0) |
873 (34.37) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 21 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 72 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 17.0 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 19.1 | 29.5 | 44.5 | 58.9 | 63.6 | 55.0 | 30.1 | 18.1 | 17.4 | 31.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 244.9 | 232.4 | 238.7 | 234.0 | 263.5 | 261.0 | 229.4 | 220.1 | 240.0 | 266.6 | 264.0 | 260.4 | 2,955 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.9 | 8.3 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.1 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[20] & Danish Meteorological Institute (rainfall & rain days)[21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun and relative humidity, 1961–1990)[22] | |||||||||||||
Akụkọ ọdịdị ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mpaghara kachasị ukwuu na Naịjirịa bụ nke ndagwurugwu Niger na Benue River, nke na-agbakọta n'etiti onwe ha ma mepụta njikọ "y" na Lokoja. Ala dị larịị na-arịgo n'ebe ugwu nke ndagwurugwu. N'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Niger, e nwere ugwu "dị elu", na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ugwu na ugwu Benue ka a na-ahụ ruo n'ókè ya na Cameroon. A na-ahụ ala dị larịị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ.
Niger Delta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Niger Delta dị n'akụkụ ndịda Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri osimiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Mpaghara osimiri nke Niger Delta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke dị n'ókè Atlantic. Ogige mangrove bụ ala ahịhịa na-eto eto nke e mepụtara site na usoro reticulate nke iyi ndị jikọtara ọnụ na ndị na-akwado Osimiri Niger. Ihe dị ka 70% nke mmanụ na gas na-emepụta na Naịjirịa sitere n'ógbè ahụ. Nnyocha nchọpụta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-adịbeghị anya na-atụ aro na e nwere 1,244 km2 nke ala mmiri na Naịjirịa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mba nke iri abụọ na asaa n'ihe gbasara ebe dị larịị.[23]
Ahịhịa ndu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Naijiria nwere ụdị ahịhịa atọ: oké ọhịa (ebe e nwere nnukwu osisi), savannahs (obere osisi, nwere ahịhịhịa na okooko osisi dị n'etiti osisi), na ala ugwu (nke a na-ahụkarị na nke a na-achọta n'ugwu ndị dị nso n'ókè Cameroon. A na-ekewa ma mpaghara ọhịa na mpaghara savannah n'akụkụ atọ.[24]
Ụfọdụ n'ime mpaghara ndịda nke ọhịa ahụ, ọkachasị gburugburu Osimiri Niger na Cross River deltas, bụ mangrove marsh. N'ebe ugwu nke a bụ mmiri dị ọcha, nke nwere ahịhịa dị iche iche site na mmiri nnu mangrove, na n'ebe ugwu ya bụ ọhịa mmiri ozuzo.[24]
A na-ekewa ụdị atọ nke mpaghara savannah n'ime mosaic ọhịa-savanna nke Guinea, nke nwere ala ahịhịa dị elu nke osisi na-akpaghasị, nke kachasị n'ofe mba ahụ; savannah Sudan, nke nwere ahịhị dị mkpirikpi na osisi dị mkpirimpi; na Sahel savannah patches nke ahịhịrị na ájá, nke a na-ahụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.[24]
Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Naịjirịa nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ amaala ebe ole na ole bụ ndị pụrụ iche. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke oké ọhịa ndị mmadụ mere na mba ahụ bụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na-achịkwa.[25] Nke a sitere n'echiche na osisi ndị dị iche iche na-eto ngwa ngwa. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha enyochala uto nke osisi ndị a mụrụ n'ala na nke ụdị dị iche iche. N'ihi oke mmebi, usoro okike fọdụrụ na oké ọhịa ndị bụ isi na Naịjirịa na-ejedebe na mpaghara echedoro nke gụnyere otu ebe nchekwa biosphere, ogige ntụrụndụ mba asaa, otu ebe nketa ụwa, 12 Strict Nature Reserves (SNRs), 32 ebe nchekwa egwuregwu / ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa, na ọtụtụ narị ebe nchekwa ọhịa. Ndị a na-agbakwunye na ọtụtụ ebe nchekwa dị ka arboreta, ogige botanical, ogige zoological, na ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nke ato na nyocha na-elekọta[26]
Ọtụtụ mba dị n'Afrika na-emetụta Invasive Alien Species (IAS). N'afọ 2004, IUCN World Conservation Union chọpụtara 81 IAS na South Africa, 49 na Mauritius, 37 na Algeria na Madagascar, 35 na Kenya, 28 na Egypt, 26 na Ghana na Zimbabwe, na 22 na Ethiopia.[27] Otú ọ dị, a maghị ihe dị ukwuu banyere IAS na Naịjirịa, ebe ọtụtụ akụkọ teknụzụ na akwụkwọ na-akọ ihe na-erughị osisi 10 na-awakpo na mba ahụ. Ewezuga ndị na-awakpo osisi, a na-ewere Rattus rattus na nje influenza Avian dị ka IAS na Naịjirịa.[28] Ntinye mbụ nke IAS n'ime Naịjirịa bụ site na mmeghe osisi dị iche iche site n'aka ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ma ọ bụ maka osisi osisi ọhịa ma ọ bụ iji chọọ ya mma. A na-agba ume ịbanye osisi ndị dị iche iche na Naịjirịa n'oge nnwere onwe site na mmụba nke ọrụ akụ na ụba, mmalite nke nchọpụta mmanụ azụmahịa, mmeghe site na ụgbọ mmiri, na iwebata osisi ịchọ mma site n'aka ndị na-azụ ahịa.[28]
N'ime ala kpọrọ nkụ na ala kpọrọ nká nke West Afrika, gụnyere Naịjirịa, a maara ọtụtụ ụdị ahịhịa ahịhịhịa ọkachasị site na ụdị Crotalaria, Alysicarpus, Cassia na Ipomea ka a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmepụta anụ ụlọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ewepụ ma ọ bụ bepụ ha ma nye ha nri ma ọ bụ dị ka nri ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke echekwara. Ojiji nke ahịhịa ndị a na ọtụtụ ahịhịhịa ọzọ na-eto n'ụzọ okike n'ime ebe ugbo bụ ohere.[26]
Ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ a mụrụ na Naijiria, gụnyere soybean na ụdị ya, na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi dị mkpa nke mmanụ na protein na mpaghara a. [citation needed] E nwekwara ọtụtụ osisi nwere ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ nke a na-eji enyere ọgwụgwọ aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ahịhịa ndị a gụnyere Euphorbiaceae, nke na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere aka na ịba, nsogbụ eriri afo na ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị iche iche na-akpata nrụgide dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ala na-edozi ahụ dị ala na ihe na-emetụta ụmụ ahụhụ emeela ka ubi ọka bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara a.[29]
Ka mmepụta ihe na-abawanye, ọ na-etinye ụdị osisi dị n'oké ọhịa n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ ikuku na nyocha egosiwo na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Naịjirịa, osisi egosila nnagide ma na-eto n'ebe nwere mmetọ ifufe dị ukwuu[30]
Ihe onwunwe okike na ojiji ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe onwunwe sitere n'okike nke Naịjirịa gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị mmanụ ala, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas, hydropower, na ala a na-akọ ugbo.
Ihe ndị dị oke njọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ebe ndị dị oke egwu nke Naịjirịa, ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu, ndịda, ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ.
- Ebe kachasị n'ebe ugwu bụ ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Niger ozugbo n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Chadawa, Sokoto Steeti.
- Ebe kachasị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Cameroon n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Munyego, Borno Steeti.
- Ebe ndịda kachasị n'ebe ndịda bụ ala a na-akpọghị aha n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Egeregere, Bayelsa State.
- Ebe kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ bụ ebe a na-akpọghị aha n'ókè ya na Benin Republic ozugbo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Beninoise nke Jabata, Oyo State.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ nationsonline.org. Nigeria - Country Profile - Nations Online Project (en-US). www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved on 2022-10-03.
- ↑ nationsonline.org. Nigeria - Country Profile - Nations Online Project (en-US). www.nationsonline.org. Retrieved on 2022-10-03.
- ↑ Monsoon - meteorology. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ↑ Climate | Cometonigeria.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved on 2011-05-27.
- ↑ Adedoyin, J. A. (1989). "Initiation of West African squall lines". Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 41 (2): 99–103. DOI:10.1007/BF01043455.
- ↑ Geography of Nigeria | Naija Motion (en-US). Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved on 2022-09-01.
- ↑ Maiduguri residents: How we cope under harsh 48 degree celsius. sunday.dailytrust.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-30.
- ↑ Nigeria: Late dust (harmattan) storm covers the country (Google / AP). wordpress.com (25 March 2010).
- ↑ College Park MD (SPX) (Jun 11, 2004). EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons. SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS. Retrieved on 27 May 2011.
- ↑ About the Country Nigeria. CANUK (2011). Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved on 27 May 2011.
- ↑ Nigeria Weather. Archived from the original on 2011-03-26. Retrieved on 2011-05-03.
- ↑ Klimatafel von Lagos-Ikeja (Flugh.) / Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure.
- ↑ Lagos Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Station Murtala (fr). Meteo Climat.
- ↑ Climate & Weather Averages in Lagos, Nigeria. Time and Date.
- ↑ Monthly weather forecast and climate in Lagos, Nigeria. Weather Atlas.
- ↑ World Weather Information Service – Port Harcourt. World Meteorological Organization.
- ↑ Port Harcourt Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Klimatafel von Abuja. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ↑ World Weather Information Service – Kano. World Meteorological Organization.
- ↑ Stations Number 65046. Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved on 8 November 2022.
- ↑ Kano Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ↑ Murray (2019). "The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats". Nature 565 (7738): 222–225. DOI:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8. PMID 30568300.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria. Geographical Alliance of Iowa. University of Northern Iowa. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ↑ Onefeli (2014-06-23). "Early Growth Assessment of Selected Exotic and Indigenous Tree Species in Nigeria" (in en). South-East European Forestry 5 (1): 45–51. DOI:10.15177/seefor.14-06. ISSN 1847-6481.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kallah (2000-04-10). "Nutrient composition of native forbs of semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannas of Nigeria" (in en). Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (1): 137–145. DOI:10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00131-5. ISSN 0377-8401.
- ↑ GISD. www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved on 2020-03-16.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Invasive Alien Species. In: African Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth
- ↑ Olaoye (2010-02-15). "Evaluation of new generations of maize streak virus (msv) resistant varieties for grain yield, agronomic potential and adaptation to a southern guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria". Agro-Science 8 (2). DOI:10.4314/as.v8i2.51107. ISSN 1119-7455.
- ↑ Agbaire (2009). "Air Pollution tolerance indices (apti) of some plants around Otorogun Gas Plant in Delta State, Nigeria." (in en). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 13 (1). DOI:10.4314/jasem.v13i1.55251. ISSN 1119-8362.