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Gertrude B. Elion

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Gertrude "Trudy" [1] Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 - February 21, 1999) bụ onye American biochemist na ọkachamara n'ịzụ ọgwụ, bụ onye keere 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine na George H. Hitchings na Sir James Black maka ojiji nke ụzọ ọhụrụ nke imepụta ọgwụ ezi uche dị na ya maka mmepe ọgwụ ọhụrụ. Usoro ọhụrụ a lekwasịrị anya n'ịghọta ebumnuche ọgwụ ahụ kama iji naanị iji nnwale na njehie. Ọrụ ya mere ka e mepụta ọgwụ mgbochi retroviral AZT, nke bụ ọgwụ mbụ e ji alụso ọrịa AIDS ọgụ. Ọrụ ya a ma ama na-agụnyekwa mmepe nke ọgwụ mbụ nke immunosuppressive, azathioprine, nke a na-eji alụso ndị a jụrụ ajụ na transplants akụkụ ahụ, na ọgwụ mbụ na-aga nke ọma nke antiviral, acyclovir (ACV), nke a na-eji agwọ ọrịa herpes.[2]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

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A mụrụ Elion na New York City na Jenụwarị 23, 1918, [3]nye ndị nne na nna Robert Elion, onye Juu kwabatara na Lithuania na dọkịta ezé, na Bertha Cohen, onye Juu kwabatara na Poland. Ezinụlọ ya tụfuru akụ na ụba ha mgbe Mkpọka Wall Street nke 1929 gasịrị. [4] : 64 Elion bụ nwa akwụkwọ magburu onwe ya nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Walton High School mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise.[1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, nna nna ya nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa afọ, na ịnọnyere ya n'oge ikpeazụ ya kpaliri Elion ịchụso ọrụ na sayensị na ọgwụ na kọleji.[5][6] [7] Ọ bụ Phi Beta Kappa na Hunter College, nke o nwere ike ịga n'efu n'ihi akara ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ summa cum laude na 1937 na nzere na chemistry. [1][8][9] Enweghị ike ịchọta ọrụ nyocha na-akwụ ụgwọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị, Elion rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ akwụghị ụgwọ na ụlọ nyocha kemịkalụ. N'ikpeazụ, ọ kpakọbara ego zuru ezu iji gaa Mahadum New York wee nweta M.Sc. na 1941, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ụbọchị.[10]Avery (2008-12-12). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 — 21 February 1999" (in en). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 54: 161–168. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051. ISSN 0080-4606. </ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ mgbe ọ natara onyinye Nobel ya, o kwuru na ya kwenyere na naanị ihe mere o ji nwee ike ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ bụ n'ihi na o nwere ike ịga Hunter College n'efu.[11] A jụrụ arịrịọ enyemaka ego ya iri na ise maka ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihi ajọ mbunobi nwoke na nwanyị, ya mere ọ debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ odeakwụkwọ, ebe ọ gara naanị izu isii tupu ọ chọta ọrụ.[4] : 65 : 65 

N'enweghị ike inweta ọkwa nyocha gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nri na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa A&amp;P [4]: 65na maka ụlọ nyocha nri na New York, na-anwale acidity nke pickles na agba nkochi ime akwa na-abanye na Mayonezi. Ọ kwagara n'ọkwa na Johnson & Johnson nke o nwere olile anya na ọ ga-akawanye mma, mana n'ikpeazụ gụnyere ịnwale ike nke sutures.[6] N'afọ 1944, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere George H. Hitchings aka na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Burroughs-Wellcome (nke bụ GlaxoSmithKline ugbu a) na Tuckahoe, New York.[12][13][14][15][16] Hitchings na-eji ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ịmepụta ọgwụ, site na ịkpachara anya iṅomi ihe ndị sitere n'okike kama site na nnwale na njehie. N'ụzọ doro anya, o nwere mmasị na ijikọta ndị na-emegide ya na nucleic acid derivatives, na ebumnuche na ndị na-eguzogide ya ga-abanye n'ime ụzọ ndụ.[6][10] O kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere ike ịghọ aghụghọ mkpụrụ ndụ kansa ka ha nabata ihe ndị aka mere maka uto ha, enwere ike ibibi ha n'emeghị ka ha bibie mkpụrụ ndụ nkịtị.[4] : 65 Elion mepụtara anti-metabolites nke purines, na 1950, ọ mepụtara ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa Tioguanine na mercaptopurine. [4][6] : 66 : 66 

Ọ gara akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị na Mahadum New York Tandon School of Engineering (nke bụ Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute n'oge ahụ), mana mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke njem dị anya gasịrị, a gwara ya na ọ gaghịzi enwe ike ịga n'ihu na doctorate ya na nwa oge, mana ọ ga-achọ ịhapụ ọrụ ya wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ oge niile. Elion mere mkpebi dị oke mkpa na ndụ ya, wee nọgide na ọrụ ya ma kwụsị ịchụso doctorate ya.[9] Ọ nwetụbeghị Ph.D. n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mana e mechara nye ya Ph.D nke nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum New York Tandon School of Engineering (nke bụ mgbe ahụ Mahadum Polytechnic nke New York) na 1989 na nzere S.D. nke nsọpụrụ na Mahadim Harvard na 1998.[17]

Ndụ onwe onye

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N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hunter College, Elion zutere Leonard Canter, nwa akwụkwọ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na City College of New York (CCNY). Ha mere atụmatụ ịlụ di na nwunye, mana Canter dara ọrịa. Na June 25, 1941, ọ nwụrụ site na endocarditis bacteria, ọrịa nke valves nke obi ya.[18] N'ajụjụ ọnụ Nobel ya, o kwuru na nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ onye sayensị na-eme nchọpụta na onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ.

Elion alụghị di ma ọ bụ mụọ ụmụ.[4] : 65 O depụtara ihe omume ntụrụndụ ya dị ka foto, njem, opera na ballet, na ige egwu.[19] Mgbe Burroughs Wellcome kwagara Research Triangle Park na North Carolina, Elion kwagara Chapel Hill dị nso. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1983 site na Burroughs Wellcome iji nwetakwuo oge na-eme njem na ịga opera. Ọ gara n'ihu na-enye onyinye sayensị dị mkpa mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.[6] Otu n'ime ihe na-atọ ya ụtọ n'oge a bụ ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ume ịchụso ọrụ na sayensị.[20]

Elion nwụrụ na North Carolina na 1999, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81.[4] : 76 : 76 

Ọrụ na nyocha

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Ọ bụ ezie na Elion nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya ma tinye onwe ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Elion rụkwara ọrụ maka National Cancer Institute, American Association for Cancer Research, na World Health Organization, n'etiti òtù ndị ọzọ. Site na 1967 ruo 1983, ọ bụ onye isi nke ngalaba nke ọgwụgwọ nnwale maka Burroughs Wellcome. Ọ lara ezumike nká na Burroughs na Wellcome na 1983.

Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Duke dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ọgwụ na nke ọgwụ nnwale site na 1971 ruo 1983 na prọfesor nyocha site na 1983 ruo 1999.[21] N'oge ọ nọ na Duke, o lekwasịrị anya n'ịduzi ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ. O bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ọ zụrụ na Duke.[20]Colvin (May 28, 1999). "Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999)". Science 284 (5419): 1480. DOI:10.1126/science.284.5419.1480. PMID 10383327. Colvin, Michael (May 28, 1999). "Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999)". Science. 284 (5419): 1480. doi:10.1126/science.284.5419.1480. PMID 10383327. S2CID 45055062.</ref>

Ọbụna mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Burroughs Wellcome, Gertrude gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ oge niile na ụlọ nyocha ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke AZT, otu n'ime ọgwụ ndị mbụ e ji gwọọ HIV na AIDS.[10] Ọ dịkwa mkpa na mmepe nke nelarabine, nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1999. [6]

Kama ịdabere na ikpe na njehie, Elion na Hitchings chọpụtara ọgwụ ọhụrụ site na iji usoro ọgwụgwọ ezi uche dị na ya, bụ nke ji ọdịiche dị na biochemistry na metabolism dị n'etiti sel mmadụ nkịtị na pathogens (ọrịa na-akpata ọrịa dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ cancer, protozoa, nje bacteria na nje) iji chepụta ọgwụ ndị nwere ike igbu ma ọ bụ gbochie mmepụta nke ụfọdụ nje na-emerụghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị ha mepụtara agwọ ọrịa dị iche iche, dị ka leukemia, ịba, lupus, ịba ọcha n'anya, ogbu na nkwonkwo, gout, [22] ịjụ transplantation (azathioprine), yana herpes (acyclovir, nke bụ ọgwụ mbụ ahọrọ ma dị irè nke ụdị ya). [23] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ Elion sitere na ojiji na mmepe nke purine derivatives. Nnyocha Elion nyere aka na mmepe nke:  

Ọrụ ndị Gertrude B. Elion họọrọ

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Onyinye na nsọpụrụ

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N'afọ 1988, Elion nwetara Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine, ya na Hitchings na Sir James Black maka nchọpụta nke "ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ dị mkpa nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ".[24] Elion bụ nwanyị nke ise nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na Medicine na nke itoolu na sayensị n'ozuzu ya, yana otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole nwetara ihe nrise na-enweghị nzere doctoral.[22] Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị e nyere onyinye Nobel n'afọ ahụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Academy of Sciences na 1990, onye otu Institute of Medicine na 1991 na Fellow nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences kwa na 1991.[25][26]

Ihe nrite ya gụnyere Garvan-Olin Medal (1968), [27] Sloan-Kettering Institute Judd Award (1983), [1] American Chemical Society Distinguished Chemist Award (1985), [28] American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award (1989), [3] American Association for Cancer Research Award Cain (1985), [29] American Cancer Society Medal of Honor (1990), [4] National Medal of Science (1991), [4] na Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award (1997).[30] N'afọ 1991, Elion ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a nabatara na National Inventors Hall of Fame. [31] A nabatara ya na National Women's Hall of Fame kwa na 1991.[32] N'afọ 1992, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye Injinia na Ụlọ Nzukọ Sayensị.[33] A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mba ọzọ nke Royal Society (ForMemRS) n'afọ 1995. [3]

Hụkwa

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  • Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị
  • Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel

Edemsibia

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. Retrieved on 2019-04-09.
  2. ↑ Kresge (May 9, 2008). "Developing the Purine Nucleoside Analogue Acyclovir: the Work of Gertrude B. Elion". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (19). DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)59806-2. 
  3. 1 2 Avery (2008). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 – 21 February 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 54: 161–168. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051. Avery, Mary Ellen (2008). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 – 21 February 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 54: 161–168. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stille (1995). Extraordinary Women Scientists. Childrens Press. Stille, Darlene R. (1995). Extraordinary Women Scientists. Childrens Press.
  5. ↑ Gertrude Elion, M.Sc. Biography and Interview. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Koeing (2006). "The Legacy of Great Science: The Work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion Lives On". The Oncologist 11 (9): 961–965. DOI:10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961. PMID 17030634. Koeing, Rick (2006). "The Legacy of Great Science: The Work of Nobel Laureate Gertrude Elion Lives On". The Oncologist. 11 (9): 961–965. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.11-9-961. PMID 17030634.
  7. ↑ Larsen. Gertrude Elion 1918–1999. Jewish Women's Archive Encyclopedia. Retrieved on November 1, 2016.
  8. ↑ Colburn. "PATHWAY TO THE PRIZE", Washington Post, October 25, 1988. Retrieved on 25 November 2019.
  9. 1 2 Elion. Les Prix Nobel. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on February 21, 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 Avery (2008-12-12). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 — 21 February 1999" (in en). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 54: 161–168. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051. ISSN 0080-4606. Avery, Mary Ellen (December 12, 2008). "Gertrude Belle Elion. 23 January 1918 — 21 February 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 54: 161–168. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0051. ISSN 0080-4606.
  11. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 (en-US). NobelPrize.org. Retrieved on 2019-04-23.
  12. ↑ Autobiography of Elion at NobelPrize.org. Nobel.se. Retrieved on March 2, 2019.
  13. ↑ Biographical Memoirs Home. nasonline.org. Retrieved on March 2, 2019.
  14. ↑ Gertrude Elion - Jewish Women's Archive. JWA.org. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved on March 2, 2019.
  15. ↑ Altman. "Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81", The New York Times, February 23, 1999. Retrieved on March 2, 2019.
  16. ↑ Bouton. "The Nobel Pair", The New York Times, January 29, 1989. Retrieved on 25 November 2019.
  17. ↑ George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion. Science History Institute (June 2016). Retrieved on 20 March 2018.
  18. ↑ McDowell (2002). "A lifetime quest for a cure". Modern Drug Discovery (October): 51–52. Retrieved on February 14, 2018. 
  19. ↑ Staff (1988). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988: Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on October 20, 2012.
  20. 1 2 Colvin (May 28, 1999). "Gertrude Belle Elion (1918-1999)". Science 284 (5419): 1480. DOI:10.1126/science.284.5419.1480. PMID 10383327. 
  21. ↑ Wayne (October 11, 2010). American Women of Science Since 1900: Essays A–H. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598841589. 
  22. 1 2 Gertrude Elion | Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org. Archived from the original on 2018-05-19. Retrieved on 2019-04-09.. jwa.org. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  23. ↑ Wasserman (2000). The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06568-9. 
  24. ↑ Wasserman (2000). The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06568-9. 
  25. ↑ Gertrude B. Elion. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved on July 26, 2014.
  26. ↑ Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter E. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved on July 25, 2014.
  27. ↑ Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal. American Chemical Society. Retrieved on 14 February 2018.
  28. ↑ Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  29. ↑ Staff. The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details: Gertrude B. Elion. National Science Foundation. Retrieved on October 20, 2012.
  30. ↑ $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award Winners. MIT Technology Review Custom + Lemelson-MIT Program. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved on 14 February 2018.
  31. ↑ Staff. Invent Now: Hall of Fame: Gertrude Belle Elion. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved on October 20, 2012.
  32. ↑ Elion, Gertrude Belle. National Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved on March 2, 2019.
  33. ↑ Wasserman (2000). The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06568-9. 
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