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Gertrude Foster Brown

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Gertrude Foster Brown (Ozizi Arthur Raymond Brown, Julaị 29, 1867 – Maachị 1, 1956) bụ onye pianist, onye nkuzi na onye nhọpụta. N'ịgbaso ngafe nke ụmụ nwanyị ịsọ mpi na steeti New York na 1917, ma na-eche njedebe nke ndezigharị nke iri na itoolu na iwu United States, [1] Brown dere Vote gị na otu esi eji ya, nke e bipụtara na 1918.[2][3] Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Women's Overseas na France, nke ndị na-eme ntuli aka hiwere, na 1918. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na New York suffrage movement, o nyeere aka ịchọta National League of Women Voters. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị site na 1921-1931 [1]

Afọ ndị mbụ

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A mụrụ Gertrude Foster na July 29, 1867, na Morrison, Illinois, nwa William Charles Foster na Lydia Anne Drake.[2]

Foster gụrụ piano na New England Conservatory of Music na Boston, Massachusetts. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ afọ anọ n'ime afọ abụọ, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na August 1885. Mgbe ọ kụzichara ihe otu afọ na Dayton, Ohio, ọ gara Europe, soro Xaver Scharwenka na Berlin na Élie-Miriam Delaborde na Paris[1] mụọ ihe n'etiti 1886 na Paris. 1889. [2]

Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri

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Na Jenụwarị 25, 1889, Foster mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye na-akpọ piano na Philharmonic Orchestra na Berlin. [1] Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 1889, ọ laghachiri na United States, sonyeere Chicago Conservatory of Music, ebe ọ kụziri ma rụọ ọrụ ruo 1896. [3][4]

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1893, Gertrude Foster lụrụ Arthur Raymond Brown (1865-1944), onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi nke na-arụ ọrụ na Chicago Evening Post. N'afọ 1896, ha kwagara New York City, ebe Raymond Brown rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Hawley.[2] A maara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta nka.[5] Gertrude Foster Brown gara n'ihu na-egwu egwu ma na-ekwu okwu banyere Richard Wagner na opera ya. [2]

Ọrụ nke suffrage

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Gertrude Foster Brown haziri otu nwanyị Suffrage Study Club na New York na 1909, [1] nke mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke Carrie Chapman Catt's Woman Suffrage Party. Brown gara mgbakọ National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) na 1910.[2] A họpụtara ya onye isi oche nke New York State Woman Suffrage Association na 1913.[3] Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-eme bụ nhazi nke ịtụ vootu na New York City.[4] Otú ọ dị ịbụ di nke Suffragette, nke e bipụtara na 1915 na-amaghị aha ya, [5] ka ekwuru na ọ bụ di ya. [6][5][7]

Brown na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mkpọsa na New York maka ịgafe ikike ụmụ nwanyị. [8][9] Mmeri e nwere n'ebe ahụ na Nọvemba 6, 1917, bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa iji mee ka Ndezigharị nke Iri na itoolu gaa na Iwu Iwu United States.[10][11][12][13] N'ịgbaso ikike ụmụ nwanyị na New York State na 1917, na-echere ka a gafee Ndezigharị nke Iri na itoolu, Brown dere Vote gị na otu esi eji ya. [14][15] Harper & Brothers bipụtara ya na Febụwarị 1918, :: verso  ma New York State Women Suffrage Party kwadoro ya.[16][17][17]: vi N'ime ya, ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị New York ume ka ha bụrụ ezigbo ụmụ amaala ma jiri ikike ọhụrụ ha ịtụ vootu mee ihe.[8][18][19] N'imeso ndị obodo "site n'echiche nke nwanyị na-atụ vootu", a gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume "ile vootu ha anya dị ka ntụkwasị obi a ga-eji mee ihe ọ bụghị iji kwalite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kama iji kwalite ọdịmma mmadụ".[18]

Vote gị na otu esi eji ya eme ihe Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ "akwụkwọ ntuziaka ụmụ amaala" na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ikike na ibu ọrụ ọhụrụ ha ma na-agba ha ume iwere ọrụ ọhụrụ ha n'ụzọ siri ike.[20][8] A na-ejikwa ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ya mee ihe dị ka ihe ndabere nke akwụkwọ ozi maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka, nke New York State Women Suffrage Party kesara.[19] E depụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ya dị ka ndị na-atụ aro ịgụ akwụkwọ maka Girl Guides ndị chọrọ inweta Citizen's Badge, na akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke 1920 Scouting for Girls . [21]

Gertrude Foster Brown (1919)

N'afọ 1918, mgbe òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị haziri Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ nwanyị na France, Gertrude Foster Brown ghọrọ Director-General, [1] [22] na-eje ozi na France.[23] E zigara ndị ọrụ nwanyị iri asaa na anọ site na United States gaa ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ.[10]

Brown nyere aka guzobe National League of Women Voters, na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke otu ahụ dere atụmatụ nhazi ya. "Onye dị mfe, nke ziri ezi, nke na-arụ ọrụ, ọ kpasuru ụzọ sara mbara na-enweghị ihe isi ike. " [24] E ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi jaa Brown mma maka mbọ ya.[10][24]

O sokwa na New York Woman's City Club . [1] Site na 1921 ruo 1931, Brown bụ onye isi njikwa nke The Woman's Journal, nke a kpọrọ The Woman Citizen. N'ịbụ nke Lucy Stone na Henry B. Blackwell guzobere na 1870, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 1931 na Great Depression. [1]

Ndị Brown gara Europe na North Africa n'afọ ndị 1930. [1] Gertrude Foster Brown ghọrọ onye na-akwado Njikọ Mba.[25] N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Kọmitii Ọrụ Ụmụ nwanyị maka Mmeri na Udo Na-adịgide Adịgide. N'afọ 1945, ọ nọchitere anya kọmitii ahụ na nzukọ United Nations Conference on International Organization na San Francisco, California . [26]

Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ya bụ akụkọ ndụ ya, Suffrage and Music: My First Eighty Years . [1]

Ndụ e mesịrị

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Ndị Brown enweghị ụmụ.[1] Raymond Brown nwụrụ n'April 30, 1944, n'ụlọ ha dị na New York na 1883 Imperial Flats-Nos. 55-57 East 76th Street.[2] Nwunye ya lekọtara ya ara mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa.[1] Gertrude gara n'ihu na-ebi n'ime ụlọ, ma hazie otu egwu ụlọ na-egwu ebe ahụ.[2] Gertrude nwụrụ na Machị 1, 1956, na Westport, Connecticut. [27]

Hụkwa

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  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị
  • Ndepụta nke suffragists na suffragettes

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Brown, Gertrude Foster, 1867-1956. Papers of Gertrude Foster Brown, 1822-1978 (inclusive), 1910-1949 (bulk): A Finding Aid. Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved on 2016-10-31.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brown, Gertrude Foster, 1867-1956. Additional papers of Gertrude Foster Brown, 1732-1956 (inclusive), 1815-1956 (bulk): A Finding Aid. Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved on 2016-10-31.
  3. ↑ "Miss Foster returns from Europe", The Musical Courier, July 31, 1889. Retrieved on 1 November 2016.
  4. ↑ (1918) "Brown, Gertrude Foster". Who's Who in New York 7. Retrieved on 31 October 2016. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The 1883 Imperial Flats -- Nos. 55-57 East 76th Street. Daytonian in Manhattan (2 April 2016). Retrieved on April 2, 2016.
  6. ↑ (September 25, 1915) "How it feels to be the husband of a suffragette". Friends' Intelligencer 72. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. 
  7. ↑ Chapman (2011). Treacherous texts : U.S. suffrage literature, 1846-1946. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813549590. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Your Vote and How to Use It", The Oregon Daily Journal, Portland, Oregon, March 17, 1918, p. 52. “"Your Vote and How to Use It is the title of the book by Mrs. Raymond Brown, published by the Harpers. Your Vote and How to Use It answers all the questions which women who are to use the vote for the first time are asking. Mrs. Raymond Brown is one of the most active and important woman suffrage leaders and is chairman of organisation of state forces of the New York state Woman Suffrage party."”
  9. ↑ "Fine lecture at suffrage meeting", Scarsdale Inquirer, 14 March 1917. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hannan (2008). Illinois biographical dictionary, 2008-2009, Hamburg, MI: State History Publications, 95–96. ISBN 978-1878592606. Retrieved on 1 November 2016. 
  11. ↑ Goodier (2013). No Votes for Women : The New York State Anti-Suffrage Movement.. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 71–72, 113–116. ISBN 978-0252078989. Retrieved on 1 November 2016. 
  12. ↑ Harvey (1998). Votes without leverage : women in American electoral politics, 1920-1970, 1st, Cambridge, MA.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 75–77. ISBN 0521597439. Retrieved on 1 November 2016. 
  13. ↑ Women Win the Right to Vote in New York State. New York Rediscovered (6 November 2013). Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
  14. ↑ "Your vote and how to use it", The Woman Citizen, May 24, 1919, p. 1135. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
  15. ↑ Brown (1918). Your vote and how to use it. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. “"The National Amendment for Woman Suffrage: An amendment to the Federal Constitution is pending which provides that the right to vote shall not be denied on account of sex. While New York State has given the vote to its women, this permission does not extend beyond its borders."” 
  16. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Brown (1918). Your vote and how to use it. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. 
  17. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Brown (1918). "Preface", Your vote and how to use it. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. 
  18. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lima (July 13, 1918). "Book Reviews". The Survey 40. Retrieved on 7 November 2016. 
  19. ↑ Brown (2010). The Education of the Woman Citizen, 1917-1918. Bowling Green, Ohio: State University, Ohio LINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, 2–4, 43–49. Retrieved on 2 November 2016. 
  20. ↑ Girl Scouts and the Women's Movement. Girl Scouts University. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
  21. ↑ "The Contributor's Column", The Bookman, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1922, p. 719. Retrieved on 31 October 2016.
  22. ↑ (April 1919) "CHEERFUL TO LAST WRITES THE SURGEON OF WINIFRED FAIRFAX WARDER. Comforting Letters Received by Parents Wrote Them Day Before She Died.". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 12: 101–103. Retrieved on 31 October 2016. 
  23. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Blackwell. "Board of the National League of Women Voters", The Woman Citizen, February 28, 1920, pp. 919, 925. Retrieved on 7 November 2016.
  24. ↑ Brown. "A letter to the President", The Woman Citizen, July 30, 1921, pp. 12–13. Retrieved on 31 October 2016.
  25. ↑ Lanset (March 8, 2016). Listen to a 101-Year-Old Clarion Call for Women's Suffrage Preserved in Shellac. NYPR Archives and Preservation. Retrieved on 31 October 2016.
  26. ↑ "GERTRUDE BROWN, SUFFRAGIST, DIES; A Founder of Women Voters Unit Was Concert Pianist, Teacher and Editor Impetus to Efforts Studied Music in Europe", The New York Times, March 3, 1956, p. 19. Retrieved on 31 October 2016.
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