Hadiiyya

Hadiyya (ndị na-ekwu okwu na-akpọ ya Hadiyyisa, ndị ọzọ na-akpọ ya Hadiyigna, Adiya, Adea, Aiye, Hadia, Hadiya, Hadya ) bụ asụsụ ndị Hadiya nke Etiopia . Ihe karịrị nde 1.2 na-asụ Hadiyya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime asụsụ iri bụ isi na Etiopia. Ọ bụ asụsụ Kushitic Highland East nke ezinụlọ Afroasiatic . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bi na Hadiya Zone nke South Nations, Nationalities, na People's Region (SNNPR). Asụsụ ahụ nwere olumba anọ a ma ama—Lemo, Badawacho, Shashogo, na Sooro. Ndị a nwere nghọta n'otu n'otu, nwere obere mgbanwe mpaghara.

Asụsụ Libido nwere njikọ chiri anya, nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu na mpaghara Mareko nke Gurage, yiri nke ahụ n'ụzọ lexical mana ọ nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ọdịdị. Site n'ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ede Hadiyya ugbu a site n'iji ederede nke sitere na Latin, nke emepụtara maka iji nkuzi na nhazi. Hadiyya nwere usoro ụda ekwentị dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere nkwụsị glottal na ụda ụda : /ʔr/, /ʔj/, /ʔw/, /ʔl/ .

N'akwụkwọ ha (ụdị bekee 1999), Braukämper na Mishago chịkọtara nchịkọta nwere ezi uche nke egwu egwu Hadiyya na-apụ n'anya ugbu a. Egwu a na-agbaso iwu siri ike nke abụ ọdịnala Hadiyya ebe ụda olu na-apụta na mmalite nke amaokwu ahụ.

A sụgharịala Agba Ọhụrụ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst gaa na Hadiyya, nke Òtù Bible nke Etiopia bipụtara na 1993. Eji syllabary omenala Ethiopic mepụta ya na mbụ. E ji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn ebipụta mechaa. 

fonology

Consonants

Asụsụ fon nke asụsụ Hadiyya, akụkụ nke ngalaba Highland East Cushitic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Afroasiatic, bụ nke e ji mara usoro nkwekọ na ụdaume ya pụrụ iche, usoro mkpụrụokwu, na usoro morphophonemic. Hadiyya nwere fọnịm consonant iri abụọ na atọ ahaziri site n'ebe na usoro nkwuputa:  

		Labial	eze / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Na-egbu egbu / Mmekọrịta	voiceless		t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	g
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ
Nke na-ese okwu	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		h
	voiced		z
Ihu imi	voiced	m	n
	preglottal	ʔm	ʔn
Rhotic			r
Odika	voiced	w	l	j
	preglottal		ʔl

• Enwere ike ịnụ /r/ dị ka ma ọ bụ flap [ɾ] ma ọ bụ trill [r].
• Gemination nwere ike ime n'ọtụtụ consonants okwu-medialy, ewezuga /r, z, h, ʔ/.

Udaume

	N'ihu	Central	Azu
Mechie	i iː		ị ị
N'etiti	eː		o oː
Mepee		a aː

Sistemụ ụdaume

Hadiyya nwere udaume ụdaume ise: /a, e, i, o, u/. Udaume ndị a

• Ogologo ụdaume ụdaume: Ogologo ụdaume na-agbanwe nkọwa okwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụmkpụ /a/ vs. ogologo /aa/).
• Mmachibido nkesa: Ụfọdụ ụdaume na-emekọ naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akọwapụtara.

Ngwunye ụda olu

Hadiyya na-egosipụta usoro ụda olu, ebe pitch nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'okwuokwu ma ọ bụ ụtọ ụtọ. Nke a bụ akụkụ na-akọwapụta asụsụ Highland East Cushitic.

Ọkpụkpụ

The Hadiyya (Hadiyyisa) language alphabet

Letter	Name (IPA)	Example(s)
A a	[a]	mato (one), Waa’aa (God)
B b	[ba]	baxo (work), lobakata (much, many)
C c	[tʃ’a]	maceesee (hear me), cawoomoo (I’ll be silent)
CH ch	[tʃa]	manchoo (man), heechaa (life)
D d	[da]	daddaraanchoo (merchant), danaamoo (good, beautiful)
E e	[e]	neesee (us), eranee (well, good)
F f	[fa]	hoffanee (small), fatakimaa or fatahimaa (to release)
G g	[ga]	gatisima (to save, to secure), gaga (self)
H h	[ha]	hasee (find it), halichoo (donkey)
I i	[i]	iihanee (mine), hinkid (how)
J j	[dʒa]	joraa (bad), jagara (small residence usually next to a bigger one)
K k	[ka]	ka (‘you’ for male), kuk (this)
L l	[la]	lelee (play), laroo (cows)
M m	[ma]	ma’ccee (ear), maree (go)
N n	[na]	nafaraa (meadow in front area), neesee (us)
NY ny	[ɲa]	adapted for loan words such as "sanyo" (monday) of Amharic
O o	[o]	meenticcoo (woman or the woman), woroon (below)
P p	[pa]	adapted for loan words such as "politics" from English, and "police" from Amharic/English. However, monolingual Hadiya actually change the sound to [ba] in their speech
PH ph	[p’a]	aphisee (hit it), ccoophaaroo’o (food – minsed meat/greens in butter & spices)
Q q	[k’a]	qoxaraa (strong), ha’qaa (wood)
R r	[ra]	hurbaata (food), woro’nee (in)
S s	[sa]	lasagee (later), so’oo (barley)
SH sh	[ʃa]	shokkiissoohanee (hot, burning), bashillaa (far)
T t	[ta]	diinatee (money or cattle), matayanoo (being busy)
TS ts	[s’a]	adapted for loan words such as ‘tsom’ (fasting) of Amharic
U u	[u]	Uulla (earth or one’s plot/plat), hundam (all of it)
V v	[va]	adapted for loan words such as ‘university’ of English
W w	[wa]	weeraa (cedar tree), wo’oo (water)
X x	[t’a]	wiximaa (seeding), iix (he)
Y y	[ya]	iiyyimaa (carrying), malayyee (strength, force)
Z z	[za]	zara (race or ethnic group)
ZH zh	[ʒa]	adapted for loan words such as ‘gezhii’ (governor) of Amharic
’ (no allograph)	[ʔa]	ki’aakka’a (rising), liira’imito’oo (they rejoiced)

Ụtọ asụsụ 

Akụkụ izugbe nke ụtọasụsụ hadiyyan

Usoro Okwu: Hadiyya na-agbaso usoro okwu isiokwu-Object-Verb (SOV).

Agglutinative Morphology: A na-ewu okwu site na mgbakwunye nke suffixes na infixes, akara akara, akụkụ, ikpe, nọmba, na ndị ọzọ.

Akara Okwu: Akara aha na nnọchiaha aha maka okwu dị iche iche, na-egosipụta ọrụ ụtọasụsụ ha n'ahịrịokwu.

Ngwunye ụda olu: Hadiyya na-eji sistemụ ụda ụda olu, ebe mgbanwe na ụda olu nwere ike ịmata ihe pụtara okwu ma ọ bụ ụdị ụtọasụsụ.

Aha aha

Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

Hadiyya na-ejikwa postposition (dị ka prepositions na bekee) na-ejikọta na ụfọdụ ikpe, dị ka genitive ma ọ bụ dative, iji kwupụta mmekọrịta dị ka ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ. Ụdị ntugharịgharị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ebe suffix na-egosi na aha bụ nke isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu (dịka, "ụlọ nke ya").

Adjectives na Hadiyya na-adakọkarị n'aha ha na-akọwa na okike, ọnụọgụgụ, na nkọwapụta, mana ha anaghị ewere suffixes ma ọ bụrụ na ahaghị aha ahụ pụtara. A na-ejikwa suffixes pụrụ iche mepụta aha ndị emetụtara, dị ka ndị na-akọwa ngwa ọrụ, ndị na-eme omume, ma ọ bụ echiche nkịtị. Usoro a na-eme Hadiyya ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ bara ụba na nke na-ekwupụta, nke a na-ahụkarị na ezinụlọ Highland East Cushitic.

Nkpọaha

Hadiyya nwere usoro nnochiaha zuru oke nke dị mkpa maka igosipụta mmekọrịta, nwe na imepụta ajụjụ. N'okpuru bụ ntụle nke ụdị isi okwu nnọchiaha.

Nkpọaha onwe onye na Hadiyya na-egosi onye na-ekwu okwu, onye na-ege ntị, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ. A na-ekewa ha site na mmadụ (nke mbụ, nke abụọ, nke atọ), ọnụọgụ (otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ), na mgbe ụfọdụ okike.

• Ọmụmaatụ:
  • Onye mbụ: ane ('M'), neen ('anyị')
  • Onye nke abụọ: att ('gị' otu), ateen ('unu niile')
  • Onye nke atọ: isu ('he'), isa ('she'), isen ('ha')

Mgbe 100 gachara, ndị na-ekwu okwu Hadiyya na-ejikọta ọnụọgụgụ nke 100 na iri afọ na nkeji nke ọnụọgụgụ gara aga.

142: ʃíha sóore lámo ("100 na 40 na 2")

Ihe ndetu

Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

Ntụaka

• Korhonen, Elsa, Mirja Saksa, na Ronald J. Sim. 1986. "Ọmụmụ olumba nke Kambaata-Hadiyya (Ethiopia) [akụkụ 1]." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 5: 5-41 .
• Korhonen, Elsa, Mirja Saksa, na Ronald J. Sim. 1986. "Ọmụmụ olumba nke Kambaata-Hadiyya (Ethiopia), akụkụ 2: Mgbakwunye." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 6: 71-121.
• Leslau, Wolf. 1985. Mmiri mmiri l na Hadiyya na West Gurage. Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Maxime Rodinson (Comptes rendus du groupe linguistique d'études chamito-sémitiques supplément 12), 231-238. Paris: Ụlọ akwụkwọ Orienttaliste Paul Geuthner.
• Perrett, Denise Lesley. 1993. Ihe ngbanwe ntụgharị aka na Hadiyya: Ntụle usoro nbipụta aha akpọrọ, tesis MA, Univ. nke London.
• Perrett, Denise Lesley. 2000. Ọnọdụ ike nke arụrụ arụ na Hadiyya, Ph.D. akwụkwọ edemede, Univ. nke London.
• Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma. 1960. Die Hadiya-Sprache. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 16.38-76.
• Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma. 1961. Texte der Hadiya-Sprache. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 17.83-115.
• Plazikowsky-Brauner, Herma. 1964. Wörterbuch der Hadiya-Sprache. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 20.133-182.
• Sim, Ronald J. 1985. "The morphological Ọdịdị nke ụfọdụ isi ngwaa ụdị na Hadiyya." N'ime ngwaa morphophonemics nke asụsụ Cushitic ugwu ugwu ise, gụnyere Burji, 10-43. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 2. Cologne: Institut für Afrikanistik.
• Sim, Ronald J. 1988. "Mmebi nke mmachi consonant abụọ na Hadiyya." Asụsụ na Omenala Africa 1: 77-90.
• Sim, Ronald J. 1989. Predicate conjoining na Hadiyya: ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ PS na-achị. Ph.D. tesis. Mahadum Edinburgh.
• Stinson, D. Lloyd. 1976. Hadiyya. N'asụsụ dị na Etiopia, ML Bender et al., ed. , 148-154. London: Mahadum Oxford University Press.
• Tadese Sibamo Garkebo. 2015. Akwụkwọ na nkọwa nke Hadiyya . Akwụkwọ mmụta doctoral University nke Addis Ababa. Nweta webụ