Hamer

Hamer

asụsụ, modern language

obere ụdị nke	Aroid languages
mba/obodo	Ethiopia
ụmụ amaala ka	Oromia Region
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	6a Vigorous

  

Enwere ụdị pidginized dị iche iche na ojiji mpaghara. [ 2 ]

fonology

Consonants

Enwere consonant fọnịm iri abụọ na isii n'asụsụ Hamar. [ 3 ] Hamer nwere ebe okwu isii maka consonants, na usoro iri na otu nke ikwu okwu, n'agbanyeghị na usoro ahụ abụghị nke ọma.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvula	Glottal
Nkwụsị Pulmonic	pb	td		n'arọ	q	ʔ
Nkwụsị ime ihe ike	ɓ	ɗ		ɠ
Apụghị		t'	tʃʼ
Nke na-ese okwu		sz	ʃ	x		h
Mmekọrịta		t	tʃ dʒ
Ihu imi	m	n	ɲ
Mpịakọta		ɾ
N'akụkụ		l
Semivowel	w		j

Enwere ụda n'asụsụ Hamar bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ha na-anọchi anya njirimara ụda ụda na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ọtụtụ asụsụ: 

ɓ: Bilabial implosive (geɓí 'ọtụtụ')

ɠ: A na-ahụ velar implosive n'otu okwu ( ɠiá 'kụrụ') ma a na-ewere ya dị ka obere. Ọ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ngwaa ọkụ ọkụ, dị ka waakí ɠiá nke pụtara "ìgwè ehi" (n'ụzọ nkịtị "kụrụ ehi"), na ɲuurí ɠiá nke pụtara "churn na bọta" (n'ụzọ nkịtị "kụọ bọta akpa"), n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

ɗ: Dental alveolar implosive (ɗánga 'akpịrị')

t': Alveolar ejective (déet'a 'arọ')

ɲ: Palato-alveolar nasal (háɲa 'fat-tailed sheep')

c': Palato-alveolar ejective (pac' 'ọtụtụ')

Ekwentị iri na isii, gụnyere /p/, /b/, /t/, /j/, /k/, /q/, /ɓ/, /cʼ/, /s/, /z/, /sh/, /x/, /m/, /n/, /l/, na /r/, ka a na-ahụ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, /d/, /c/, /g/, /ɗ/, /ɠ/, /tʼ/, na /ɲ/ ahụbeghị n'ọnọdụ a.

/p/ nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ [ɸ] n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ma e wezụga dị ka /pp/ na /mp/, nke a na-achọpụta mgbe niile dị ka [p]. Ọtụtụ fọnịm nwere nghọta n'etiti okwu ma ọ bụ nke izizi:

/VbV/	[β]
/Vka/	[x]
/#qa/	[q']
/#qo/, /#qu/	[ʔ]
/VɓV/	[b], [β]
/VʉV/	[d], [ʔ]
/#t'a/, /#t'i/	[ʦʼ]
/VtʃʼV/	[tʃ]

/n/ jikọtara ya na velar na-esote (ntụgharị, dị ka [ŋ]).

Ogologo consonant pụrụ iche na-abụghị nke mbụ. Ogologo / ɾ/ na-achọpụta dị ka ihe a na-atụgharị /r/.

Ngwunye consonant

Ihe karịrị 24 consonant fọnịm, 14 ka agbanyere na emebiela (/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /c/, /k/, /g/, /ɓ/, /ɗ/, /s/, /sh/, /n/, /m/, /l/))

Na grammatically, gemination na-apụta mgbe agbakwunyere suffixes nke nwanyị na ọtụtụ /-no/ na /-na/ na mgbọrọgwụ aha nke na-ejedebe na mpaghara sonorant (dị ka /n/, /l/, wdg). Usoro a na-eme ka consonant ikpeazụ nke mgbọrọgwụ wee ghọọ osisi, nke pụtara na a na-akpọ ya ogologo oge karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ. 

Ọmụmaatụ:

qulí kála = "otu ewu" ( n'ụzọ nkịtị: "ewu otu")

gáu toɓɓá = "mgbaaka ígwè asaa"

Ya mere, na Hamar, aha na-abịa n'ihu ọnụọgụgụ, na-agbaso usoro aha-ọnụọgụ .

5. Ụdị ajụjụ

N'asụsụ Hamar, a na-agbanwe usoro okwu ka ọ bụrụ ajụjụ. Dabere n'ụdị ajụjụ (ee-enweghị ajụjụ ma ọ bụ wh-ajụjụ), usoro okwu nwere ike ịgbanwe.

a. Ee- Mba Ajụjụ

• búno dá-u?
• ( Isiokwu - Verb - Ihe): Ntụgharị: "Enwere kọfị?"
  • búno = "kọfị" (Isiokwu)
  • dá-u = "dị adị" ( Verb)
• búno há=sa dá-u?
• (Ihe - Isiokwu - Ngwaa): Ntụgharị: "Ị nwere kọfị?"
  • búno = "kọfị" (ihe)
  • há=sa = "2SG=GEN" (nkara nwere na-egosi "nke gị")
  • dá-u = "dị adị" ( Verb)

b. Ajụjụ-ajụjụ:

• hamó ki=yiʔ-á?
• (Ajụjụ - Isiokwu - Ngwaa): Ntụgharị: "Ebee ka ọ gara?"
  • hamó = "ebee" (Wh-okwu)
  • ki=yiʔ-á = "ọ gara" ( Isiokwu na ngwaa n'oge gara aga)
• han=is-óno har?
• ( Isiokwu - Verb - Gịnị): Ntụgharị: "Gịnị ka i riri?"
  • han = "Ị" (Isiokwu)
  • is-óno = "iri" (Ngwaokwu n'oge gara aga)
  • har = "ihe" (Wh-okwu)

• Maka ee-ọ dịghị ajụjụ, usoro okwu a na-abụkarị Isiokwu-Verb-Object (SVO), mana ọ nwere ike ịgbanwe gaa na Ihe-Subject-Verb (OSV) mgbe ị na-ajụ maka ihe onwunwe.
• Maka ajụjụ wh-ajụjụ, okwu ajụjụ (wh-okwu) na-abịakarị na mbido, isiokwu na ngwaa sochiri ya.

Nke a na-egosi na usoro okwu na Hamar na-agbanwe agbanwe dabere n'ụdị ajụjụ a na-ajụ.

6. Oghere Usoro ngwaa ewu

Asụsụ Hamar na-eji usoro ngwaa arụ ọrụ iji gosipụta omume ndị na-eme n'usoro n'usoro ma ọ bụ metụtara ibe ha n'otu mmemme. Ihe owuwu ndị a na-enyere aka ibuga omume dị mgbagwoju anya na-enweghị mkpa njikọ ma ọ bụ nkebiokwu ndị ọzọ.

• wongá diibá-ise wóon ki=dees-é Translation: "Ha zuru ehi anyị na-egbu anyị." Gbarie:
  • wongá = "cows:PL" (isiokwu)
  • diibá-ise = "ohi-CNV1" (ngwaa nke mbụ, na nhazi usoro)
  • wóon = "anyị" (akara akara)
  • ki=dees-é = "3= igbu-PRES" (ngwaa nke abụọ dị ugbu a)

N'okwu a, a na-ejikọta ngwaa "ohi" na "egbu" n'usoro ngwaa, ebe ha na-akọwa omume abụọ na-eme n'usoro: buru ụzọ zuo ehi, wee gbuo ndị mmadụ.

• guní ɓaaɓá-ise, dongár-ɗan gaʔá-tte dees-idí Translation: "Agwọ weliri isi ya, gbuo Elephant." Gbarie:
  • guní = "agwọ" (isiokwu)
  • ɗaaɓá-ise = "kwụ ọtọ-CNV1" (ngwaa nke mbụ, na nhazi usoro)
  • dongár-ɗan = "elephant-ACC" (ihe)
  • gaʔá-tte = "bite-SE" (ngwaa nke abụọ, usoro ihe owuwu)
  • dees-idí = "kill-PF" (ngwaa nke atọ, akụkụ zuru oke)

N'ebe a, usoro nke ngwaa "guzo ọtọ", "ta" na "egbu" na-etolite usoro ngwaa nke na-akọwa omume agwọ na-aga n'ihu n'ihe gbasara enyí.

7. Nkebiokwu metụtara

N'asụsụ Hamar, a na-emepụta nkebiokwu ikwu site n'ịkpọ aha ngwaa, nke pụtara ịtụgharị ngwaa ka ọ bụrụ ụdị aha, wee tinye ya na aha ọ na-agbanwe (isi aha). A na-eme nke a site n'itinye akara nrịbama aha kpọmkwem na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa. Ihe nrịbama aha a na-eji maka nhọpụta ngwaa bụ otu ihe mgbagharị aha mgbe niile

Nhọpụta suffixes

	Dị ugbu a	Gara aga
M	-ɛ̂	-â
F	-ịnọ	-ọnọ
PL	-ịna	-ana

Ihe ndetu

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Ntụaka

• Lydall, Jean (1976): "Hamer" na: Bender, M. Lionel (ed.): Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Juu nke Etiopia . East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 393–438.
• Lydall, Jean (1988): okike, ọnụọgụ na nha na Hamar. na: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne na Fritz Serzisko (eds.): Cushitic-Omotic: Akwụkwọ sitere na International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6–7, 1986 . Hamburg. peeji 77–90.
• Lydall, Jean (2005): ụyọkọ olumba Hamär. na: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2 . Wiesbaden. pp 981–982.

Njikọ mpụga

• World Atlas of Language Structures ozi na Hamer
• Ọrụ Rosetta: Hamer-Banna Swadesh Ndepụta