Hawu
Asụsụ Hawu (Hawu: Lii Hawu) bụ akara nke Ndị Savu nke Savu Island na Indonesia na nke Raijua Island na nssotụ-azụ azụ nke Savu. A na-akpọkarị Hawu aha dị iche iche dị ka Havu, Savu, Sabu, Sawu, ndị si n'ụdị àgwà ya dị ka Savu ma ọ bụ Sabu (ya mere Havunese, Savunese, Swunese).[1][2] Hawu sitere na alaka Malayo-Polynesian nke aha Ili" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian, ọ bụkwa ihe nna ya na Dhao (nke a na-asụ na Rote) na bụ Sumba.[3] A na-ewere Dhao dị ka olumba nke Hawu, mana enwere abụọ ahụ malite ibe ha..
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Seba (Mèb'a na Hawu) na-achịkwa, na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ Savu Island na isi obodo Seba. A na-asụ Timu (Dimu na Hawu) n'ebe ọmụmụ, Mesara (Mehara na Hawu), n'ebe ọmụmụ, na Liae na nsõtụ nke mmalite ahụ. A na-asụrụ Raijua n nwaetiti nke otu aha ahụ (Rai Jua 'Jua Island'), n'oké osimiri n'ebe ahụ ike Savu..
Ọdịdị Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa na-esonụ dabere na Walker (1982) na Grimes (2006).
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hawu *s, nke e sere n'Oge ndị Portugal na-achị, emeela ka ọ /h/, bụrụ nke na-eme eme na Dhao. obere akụkụ nke Dhao:
| Labial | Apical | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ||
| Fricative | v~β | (s) | h | |||
| Liquid | l, r | |||||
| Approximant | (w) | (j) | ||||
Ndị na-asụ ya na kọlụm /n/ bụ apical, ndị nke /ɲ/ kọlụm laminal. N'asụsụ a na-ama, a na-ede ihe ndị na-egosighị ìhè bụ Ọb', d', j', g'O. A na-akpọ [v], [β], ma ọ bụ [w]. A na-ahụ so wye /j/ (nke e dere) na akụkụ nke okwu ụfọdụ n'asụsụ Seba ebe akara Timu na Raijua nwere /z/.
Mkpụrụedemede bụ /i u e ə o a/, na /ə/ edere na orthography nkịtị. Phonetic long vowel na diphthongs bụ usoro ụdaume. A na-ekwusi ike na mkpụrụedemede / ụdaume nke abụọ. (Mkpokọta ụdaume ọ bụla mejupụtara nkeji okwu.) Schwa a na-ekwusi ike na-eme ka ụdaume ndị a dị ogologo:
/ŋa/ [ŋa] 'na', /niŋaa/ [niˈŋaː] 'ihe?', /ŋaʔa/ [ˈŋaʔa] 'eri, nri', /ŋali/ [ˈŋali] 'onye agadi', /ŋəlu/ [ˈñəlːu] 'ikuku'.
Mkpụrụ okwu bụ ụdaume (CV) ma ọ bụ ụdaume naanị (V).
Hawu na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke Lesser Sundas, fim Bimanese, Kambera, Komodo, Li'o, Ngad'a, na Riung na-ekerịta egwuregwu implosive (ma ọ bụ ma emu anya pre-glottalized). Ọ bụ ebe na ndị ọzọ dị nso na mpaghara, ha njikọ enwe njikọ chiri anya. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere n'òtù dị iche iche dị elu nke Austronesian. N'ihi ya, ihe na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe dị n'inye - ikike site na iwu na mbelata nke ike homorganic n'asụsụ ụfọdụ - ma e jiri ya iso ihe ọhụrụ..[1]
Otú ọ dị, Hawu bụ naanị asụsụ dị na mpaghara ahụ nwere ihe anọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na ndepụta ụdaume ya. Ihe anọ niile nwere ike ịpụta ma okwu-na mbido ma intervocalically.
Metathesis nke ụdaume akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Hawu bụ nke a na-ahụ ahụkebe, mana ọ bụ nke a zuru oke, nke na-emetụta usoroume Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *uCa / *uCə na *iCa / *iCə. Nke mbụ na agbanwe n'ime əCu, nke ikpeazụ n'imeəCi, dị ka egosiri na onye na-esonụ.[2]
| PMP | Hawu | Nkọwa |
|---|---|---|
| *buta | ɓədu | kpuru ìsì |
| *Rumaq | əmu | ụlọ |
| *um-utaq | mədu | ịgbọ agbọ |
| *qulun-an | nəlu | isi ike |
| *ŋuda | ŋəru | ụmụaka |
| *bulan | wəru | ọnwa, ọnwa |
| *pusəj | əhu | ụgbọ mmiri |
| *kudən | əru | ite nri |
| *lima | ləmi | ise |
| *pija | əri | ole ha |
| *ma-qitəm | mədi | ojii |
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hawu bụ la nwere ihe nnọchiteanya preposition ri (asụsụ Seba), ro (Dimu), ma ọ bụ la (Raijua). [1] bere na- mbu ngwaa mbụ. Otú ọ dị, ikwu nke ihe nnọchiteanya preposition na-enye ọhọrọ maka usoro okwu nweere onwe ya. N'etiti ngwaa monovalent, S nwere ike ịpụta tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe ngwaa. Dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu si, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'ihe ọ bụ n'etiti ihe a na-esonụ. Na enweghị nnọchiaha ergative, ihe owuwu bivalent nwere usoro okwu AVO siri ike. Mgbe nnọchiaha ergative dị, usoro okwu na-aghọ nke nweere onwe ya. Na mgbakwunye, site na ọnụnọ nke nnọchiaha ergative, ọtụtụ ngwaa na-agafe agafe nwere ụdị pụrụ iche iji gosipụta ọnụ ọgụgụ pụrụ iche nke ihe ahụ site na iji "-e" dochie ụdaume ikpeazụ nke ngwaa mgbe ngwaa na -i/, /o/, ma ọ bụ /a/ (dịka ɓudʒu 'emetụ ha aka', ɓudʒe 'emetụ ya aka') ma ọ bụ "-o" mgbe ngwaa kwụsịrị na /u/ (bəlu, bəlo 'ichefu'). Ngwaa ndị na-agwụ na /e/ enweghị mgbanwe. Ihe atụ ndị na-esonụ (site n'asụsụ Seba) gosipụtara nhọrọ ole na ole dị, ma gosikwa mgbanwe nke ngwaa nga'a 'iri' na nga'e mgbe ri dị.[3] N'ime ahịrịokwu aha, ndị na-agbanwe aha na-agbaso aha ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ụfọdụ okwu ndị ọzọ, dị ka ae dəu 'ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ' (iji ya tụnyere Dhao ɖʐəu ae 'ọtụtụ ndị').
Ewezuga nke a, na n'adịghị ka Dhao, nnọchiaha niile na-eji nnọchiaha onwe ha. Ndị a bụ:
| M | Seba: ʄaa-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"hvn"},"2":{"wt":"jaa"}},"i":0}}]}' ʄaa-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAYk" title="Sabu-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">jaa Dimu: Xia, dʒoo |
anyị (gụnyere) | dii |
|---|---|---|---|
| anyị (ma e wezụga) | ʄii | ||
| gị (sg.) | ou="#mwt163" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"hvn"},"2":{"wt":"əu"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAaM" title="Sabu-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">əu, au, ma ọ bụ | gị (pl.) | muu |
| s/ya | noo | ha | roo Raijua: naa |
Ihe ngosi ndị ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ ndị a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma. Enwere ike iji ọnụ ọgụgụ tụnyere ha (lee Walker 1982), mana Grimes akwadoghị ya.
| naanị nke a | ɗii |
|---|---|
| nke a | nee |
| na | na-adị |
| nke ahụ | nəi |
| yon | nii |
En ike ime ka ndị a bụrụ locative (ebe a, ugbu a, ebe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, n'ebe ọzọ) site n'ibute ụdị n na na; ụdị na-anọpụ iche na-ahọrọ ịbịakọta na əne. 'Dị ka n a / nke ah' na-eji mi ma ọ bụ mi na akara, na n na-aghọ h na ụdị na-anọpụ iche na-apụta n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma dị ka mi (na) əne.
ike ihe atụ (Grimes 2006). (Tụlee ihe ndị yiri Dhao na Asụsụ Dhao#Grammar.)
Ihe ndị na-asụ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]akwụkwọ ozi Alan T. Walker [1] nwere ọtụtụ ihe ozi izi ozi site na akwụkwọ ozi Hawu, ngosi ngosi, ederede aka, na ederede . E Finding Aid and Inventory maka nchịkọta ahụ iji mee ka ọ pụta ìhè mfe ịnya iwu ya na ebe nchekwa PARADISEC.[4]
Nchịkọta "Results of Linguistic Fieldwork and Documentation Training Program in East Nusa Tenggara", nke a na-echekwa na PARADISEC, nwere ndekọ ọdịyo nke mkparịta ụka Hawu, akụkọ, elicitation, usoro ọmụmụ, na ndepụta okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-esonyere faịlụ vidiyo.[5]
Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Blust (1980). "More on the origins of glottalic consonants". Lingua 52 (1–2): 125–156. DOI:10.1016/0024-3841(80)90021-2.
- ↑ Blust (2012). "Hawu Vowel Metathesis". Oceanic Linguistics 51 (1): 207–233. DOI:10.1353/ol.2012.0009.
- ↑ Walker (1982). A Grammar of Sawu. NUSA.
- ↑ Vaughan (2020). "Finding Hawu: Legacy data, finding aids and the Alan T. Walker Digital Language Collection" (in en-US). Language Documentation & Conservation 14: 357–422. ISSN 1934-5275.
- ↑ Yanti. Results of Linguistic Fieldwork and Documentation Training Program in East Nusa Tenggara. PARADISEC Catalog. Retrieved on 21 February 2022.
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Capell (1975). "The "West Papuan Phylum": General, and Timor and Areas Further West", in Wurm: New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study. Canberra: Pacific Linguisticss, The Australian National University, 667–716. DOI:10.15144/PL-C38. ISBN 9780858831322.
- Walker (1982). A Grammar of Sawu, NUSA Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages of Indonesia, Volume 13. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa, Universitas Atma Jaya.