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Hossam el-Hamalawy

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Hossam el-Hamalawy (Arabic: حسام الحملاوى, AKA 3arabawy born 14 July 1977) bụ onye nta akụkọ Ijipt, onye na-ede blọgụ, onye na-ese foto na onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ bụ onye otu Revolutionary Socialists na Center for Socialist Studies.[1]

Mbido ndụ na ọrụ

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El-Hamalawy malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ na 2002 maka Cairo Times nke Bekee, ebe ọ na-akọ akụkọ ngagharị iwe, ikpe ndị na-emegide ọchịchị na akụkọ mmekpa ahụ ndị uwe ojii. O mechara sonyere Los Angeles Times dịka onye nta akụkọ na Cairo. El-Hamalawy rụkwara ọrụ n'onwe ya na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ obodo na mba ofesi, gụnyere Bloomberg News na BBC, ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha maka Human Rights Watch (HRW). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka El-Badeel kwa ụbọchị ma bụrụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Al-Masry Al-Youm' English Edition yana ịbụ otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Ahram Online. [2][3]

El-Hamalawy bụ onye nkuzi nleta na Graduate School of Journalism na UC Berkeley, na 2007. [4]

Mgbalị

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Mgbalị ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme

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Hossam na-ese foto.

El-Hamalawy gara Mahadum Amerịka dị na Cairo (AUC) ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na akụnụba na 1999. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ MA na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mahadum ahụ, na-ede edemede ya na "Mgbasa Achịcha" nke Ijipt nke 1977".[5][6] Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ mahadum na AUC, el-Hamalawy sonyeere ndị otu Revolutionary Socialists na 1998. Ọ so n'ọgbọ nke abụọ nke otu ahụ nke sonyeere mmegharị ahụ n'ọkara nke abụọ nke afọ 1990. A na-enye ndị otu a na-eme ihe ike otuto maka ịkpọlite ​​​​aka ekpe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ogige mahadum, mgbe afọ iri abụọ gachara ebe ndị Islamist meriri.[7] El-Hamalawy e jidere ma mekpọọ ha ọnụ site n'aka onye isi ala Ijipt a chụpụrụ n'ọchịchị Hosni Mubarak's State Security Investigations Service (SSI) n'afọ 2000, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[5] N'ihi ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ ya nwere ịgba mbọ, gọọmentị Ijipt debere faịlụ nchekwa na el-Hamalawy. N'ihi ya, mahadum ndị Ijipt jụrụ ya ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ, a machibidokwara ya ịbanye na ogige AUC ruo otu afọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ MA ya na 2002. E dekwara foto ya n'aka ndị nche AUC ruo ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, e wee nye iwu ka a ghara ịhapụ ya ka ọ banye na kampos ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ngagharị iwe ọ bụla na-aga n'ihu. E mechara kpọọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọbịa na-ekwu okwu na nkuzi na AUC.

Ngagharị iwe megide gọọmentị

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El-Hamalawy sonyere n'usoro ngagharị iwe na Cairo na 2000 na-ekwupụta ịdị n'otu na Palestine al-Aqsa Intifada. Dị ka el-Hamalawy si kwuo, ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ na ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ na-emegide Mubarak nke mere n'afọ ndị sochirinụ. A kpọbatara ya mgbe otu izu gachara site na mmalite nke ngagharị iwe site na (SSI).

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2002, e jidere ya ma jide ya n'ọfịs SS dị na Nasr City, n'oge mmegide a na-emegide ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe tupu ha emee ngagharị iwe maka ndị Palestine na ncheta Nakba.[8]

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2003, ọ gara ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square na-eme mkpesa maka mwakpo ndị Amerịka wakporo Iraq, a na-ekwu na ndị nchekwa Ijipt tiri ya ihe mgbe ha na-agbasa ngagharị iwe ahụ. Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Maachị, ndị uwe ojii anọ yi uwe ọcha jidere el-Hamalawy mgbe ọ na-apụ n'ụlọ nri dị na Cairo. E jidere ya na ndị ntorobịa ndị ọzọ na-akwado ọchịchị n'ọdụ ndị uwe ojii al-Gamaliyya, a tọhapụkwara ya obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.

Hamalawy bụ onye isi otu Kefaya, otu ndị isi Ijipt guzobere na 2004 nke haziri ngagharị iwe megide gọọmentị Mubarak n'afọ ndị bu mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 2011.

2006 El-Mahalla el-Kubra strike

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  El-Hamalawy sonyere na ọgbaghara el-Mahalla nke afọ 2006. [9] Site n'iji ikike ya gbasaa akụkọ banyere ọgbaghara ahụ site na blọọgụ ya, o nwere ike inye ọgbaghara ndị ahụ nlebara anya nke bụ otu n'ime isi ihe kpatara ihe ịga nke ọma ha.[10] N'afọ 2008, o kwuru okwu banyere ile ihe ndị mere n'ala na el-Mahalla n'oge ọgbaghara ahụ, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị nke el-Mahala bụ ndị dị mkpa na ndị mbụ na-eduzi ngagharị iwe ahụ ma mee ka ha gbaa ha ume ruo n'ókè nke na ha na-eti mkpu "Ebee ka ndị ikom nọ? Anyị nọ, ndị inyom!" Ọ bụ ezie na el-Hamalawy si n'ezinụlọ dị n'etiti, ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere obi ụtọ na mmasị ya na enyemaka ya, ọbụnadị ịkpọ ya "onye ozi mba ọzọ" El-Hamalawi nyekwara ndị ọrụ ahụ ike ịhazi ihe ọzọ.[11][12][13]

Ọgbaghara zuru oke nke Ijipt n'afọ 2008

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El-Hamalawy na-ekwu maka ngagharị iwe n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008

N'ịchọ ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta, na Febụwarị afọ 2008, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe dị ka Kamal el-Fayoumi bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ akwa nke gọọmentị na el-Mahalla haziri otu n'ime ngagharị iwe kachasị ukwuu megide Mubarak kemgbe Mubarak ghọrọ onye isi ala na 1981, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ 10,000 na-eme mkpesa n'okporo ámá.[14] Ka ọ dịgodị, ndị otu ndị dọkịta vootu ka ha gaa ngagharị iwe mba na 15 Machị na ndị prọfesọ mahadum malitere ngagharị iwe obodo na 23 Machị. [14]

N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, ọtụtụ puku ndị uwe ojii weghaara el-Mahalla ma weghara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mgbalị igbochi ọgbaghara ahụ. Ọtụtụ puku ndị bi n'obodo ahụ gụnyere ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu, ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị ọrụ, na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ sonyeere ngagharị iwe n'okporo ámá, na-eme ngagharị iwe megide Mubarak, a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ nrụrụ aka na gọọmentị ya, na ịrị elu ọnụahịa. El-Hamalawy kwuru na "Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe zutere gas na-agba mmiri nke ndị uwe ojii, mgbọ rọba, na mgbọ ndụ," ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ abụọ nwụrụ. Ngagharị iwe ahụ gara n'ihu ruo ụbọchị abụọ ọzọ na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-atụ nkume na ndị uwe ojii na ụgbọala ndị agha.[14]

Ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị nta akụkọ obodo (gụnyere el-Hamalawi, Wael Abbas, Alaa Abd El-Fattah na ndị ọzọ) jiri Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, blọọgụ na ngwaọrụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ kọọrọ banyere ọgbaghara ahụ, mee ka netwọk ha mara banyere ọrụ ndị uwe ojii, hazie nchebe iwu ma dọta uche na mbọ ha.[15]

Ịchụ blọgụ

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Hossam El-Hamalawy AKA 3arabawy.

Kemgbe Mee 2006, el-Hamalawy nwere blọọgụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ The Arabist . [16] Blog Arabic na Bekee kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche metụtara Ijipt, kamakwa ụwa Arab, lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na ndị ọrụ, Mmetọ ndị uwe ojii, nrụrụ aka na mgbanwe ụwa.[17] N'afọ 2006, ọ hapụrụ The Arabist iji guzobe ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke ya akpọrọ "3arabawy" ("Bedouin") nke bụ otu n'ime blọọgụ ndị a ma ama n'Ijipt.

El-Hamalawy kwuru na blọọgụ ndị Ijipt enweela mmụba ngwa ngwa na echiche dị iche iche kemgbe ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ijipt nke afọ 2005. Ọ na-ele mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta anya dị ka ụzọ isi gwa ndị na-eme ihe ike n'èzí ụwa site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Ijipt yana ngagharị iwe n'okporo ámá megide gọọmentị. N'agbanyeghị ewu ewu nke blọọgụ el-Hamalawy, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole n'ime ndị na-agụ ya bụ ndị ọrụ Ijipt n'ihi enweghị ohere ịntanetị na mba ahụ na n'ihi na edere ọtụtụ n'ime ozi ya n'asụsụ Bekee. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eso ụzọ ya n'Ijipt bụ ndị na-eto eto, ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ (Ọkara nke okporo ụzọ ịntanetị na-abịa na blọọgụ ya sitere na Cairo) . Ka o sina dị, akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Bekee nke ọdịda anyanwụ na-achọ ihe el-Hamalawy dere na blọọgụ. Akụkụ ndị dị mkpa nke mgbasa ozi ọdịda anyanwụ na-adabere na ndị na-ede blọgụ n'ógbè ahụ - ọkachasị el-Hamalawy onye nọrọ oge dị ka onye nta akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke ọdịda anyanwụ - maka akụkọ ozugbo na nke mbụ nke ihe omume na Ijipt nke mgbasa ozi ndị Ijipt na-akọghị. El-Hamalawy kwenyere na ọ bụ n'ihi nnwere onwe ya site na ndị isi nchịkọta akụkọ ọ bụla, na ya, n'etiti ndị na-ede blọgụ ndị ọzọ, nwere ike ide ma bipụta ebubo nke ịta ahụhụ site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Ijipt na mmụba nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ na mwakpo na Ijipt. Ojiji nke foto na vidiyo mere ka o sie ike maka gọọmentị Ijipt ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị ịgọnahụ ebubo ahụ.[18]

Mgbanwe ọchịchị Ijipt nke afọ 2011

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Hossam El-Hamalawy na Tahrir Square.

N'ihi ahụmịhe ya na ngagharị iwe ndị gara aga megide gọọmentị Mubarak, el-Hamalawy bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ sonyere na ndị na-ahazi Mgbanwe Ijipt nke malitere na Jenụwarị 25, 2011. N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ngagharị iwe ahụ, el-Hamalawy gwara Al-Jazeera na ngagharị iwe ndị ahụ "dị mkpa iziga ozi na ọchịchị Ijipt na Mubarak abụghị ihe dị iche na Ben Ali na anyị chọrọ ka ọ hapụkwa. " Onye isi ala Tunisia Zine el-Abedine Ben Ali ka a chụpụrụ na Jenụwarị 18 n'ihi ngagharị iwe ọha na eze megide ọchịchị ya. Ọ gwakwara Al-Jazeera, "Ndị mmadụ na-agwụ ike na Mubarak na ọchịchị aka ike ya na ụlọ mmekpa ahụ ya na iwu akụ na ụba ya dara ada. Ọ bụrụ na ewepụghị Mubarak echi mgbe ahụ ọ ga-abụ ụbọchị na-esote. " Mubarak gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na 11 Febụwarị, na-ebufe ikike ya na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Ndị Agha (SCAF).

El-Hamalawy kwuru na mgbanwe ahụ bụ n'ihi "usoro na-eme ọtụtụ afọ". Ọ na-ekwu na iwepu Mubarak na-akpali akpali n'oge 2002, mgbe ọgba aghara na-akwado Ndị Palestine na Mahadum Cairo lụsoro Ndị uwe ojii etiti ọgụ na-eti mkpu: "Hosni Mubarak dị ka Sharon". [19] El-Humalawy gara n'ihu kwuo na "ndị na-eme ihe ike si n'obere ìgwè na-akpasu iwe maka ụbọchị ndị a ... mana ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ịsị na ya [mgbanwe ahụ" .

Mgbe Mubarak gasịrị

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Hossam el-Hamalawy na Alaa Abd El-Fatah.

Mgbe ọdịda Mubarak n'oge mgbanwe ahụ, el-Hamalawy so n'ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe wakporo ma weghara ọfịs nke State Security Investigations Service (SSI) na Nasr City ma nwee ike ileta ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ, mgbe e mesịrị dee na Twitter ya na ọ pụghị ịkwụsị ibe ákwá.[20] O dere "Bataara n'obere ogige ebe a kpọchiri m. Nwoke, enweghị m ike ikwere na ya ka... Ọtụtụ ndị na-ebe ákwá n'ụzọ nkịtị. Anyị enweghị ike ịchọta ụlọ ajụjụ ọnụ. " Nke a bụ obodo ukwu. " [21] Kemgbe ọ wakporo ụlọ ọrụ SSI, el-Hamalawy aghọwo isi ike n'azụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ "na-akpọ aha na ihere" " (Piggipedia) [2] na-elekwasị anya na ndị bụbu ndị ọrụ SSI na-etinye aka na mmekpa ahụ a na-ebo ndị na ndị na-emegide ya.[22] A na-ejikọta aha ha na ebubo na foto.[23]

Na 30 Mee 2011, e nyere el-Hamalawy na onye na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn Reem Maged akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù na 30 Mee 2011 ka ha pụta n'ihu ndị agha mgbe Maged wetara el-Hamahwy na ihe ngosi ya ebe ọ katọrọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii agha; na-agbakwụnye, sị: "M na-ejide onyeisi ndị uwe ojii ndị agha maka ịta ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ahụhụ". [24] O kwuru na ọtụtụ ikpe nke ndị uwe ojii agha tara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ahụhụ na banyere mwakpo iji kpughee ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke, nke e welitere n'ọtụtụ ebe n'echiche ọha na eze Ijipt mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.[25][26] El-Hamalawy katọkwara enweghị nghọta banyere ego ndị agha, na-ekwu na "ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla dị na mba ahụ nke na-anabata ụtụ isi n'aka anyị kwesịrị ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ga-ajụ ajụjụ". A tọhapụrụ ha abụọ na Tuesday mgbe ha na ndị ọkàiwu ndị agha "kparịta ụka" ma gwa el-Hamalaway ka ọ nye ndị ọchịchị akụkọ banyere mmegbu ndị agha. [27]

SCAF mere ka ụda ya megide ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'Ijipt ebe ọ bụ na Mubarak kwụsịrị. Ha gwara ndị Ijipt banyere mgbalị "ịkwado steeti ahụ," dịka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị kwuru na achọpụtala atụmatụ.[28] Hossam el-Hamalawy kwuru na nkwupụta ahụ nwere ike igosi njide ọhụrụ megide ndị otu mgbanwe dị ka ndị Revolutionary Socialists, nke na-ahazi òtù ndị ọrụ. Otu nke Hossam bụ onye otu ya, batara n'okpuru nkatọ na mgbasa ozi steeti mgbe ihe nkiri nke nzukọ otu gosipụtara, [28] Sameh Naguib na-ekwu na a ghaghị iwulite nrụgide ọha na eze megide ndị agha iji wepụ ndị na-akwado Mubarak. [29] Hossam kwuru na ha hụrụ njem a site na SCAF na-abịa obere oge gara aga ma ga-aga n'ihu n'ihi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na-apụ n'okporo ámá. o kwuru. "Nke ahụ agaghị emenye anyị egwu. "Ọ gbakwụnyere na "Ndị agha bụ ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ọchịchị aka ike. Ha bụ ndị na-achị mba a kemgbe afọ 1952".[28]

El-Hamalawy kwụsịrị Ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ijipt nke 2011-2012 nke e mere site na Nọvemba 2011 ruo Jenụwarị 2012. Ọ kọwara ha dị ka "ihe nkiri" nke ga-eme ka ndị nche ochie sie ike, mana ha nwere ihu dị iche iche. El-Hamalawy kwuru na ngagharị iwe na-aga n'ihu, nnupụisi obodo na ọgbaghara ga-eweta ezigbo mgbanwe. Ọ kwụsịrị Ntuli aka nke 2012 Egyptian Shura Council (nke e mere site na 29 Jenụwarị ruo 22 Febụwarị 2012) ma kwụsịrị ntula aka onye isi ala nke 2012 na-ekwu maka otu ihe ahụ.

Ọnọdụ na echiche

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Mgbanwe nke Arab Spring

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Ị pụghị iwulite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ebe oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri nke ọchịchị aka ike gbara gị gburugburu.

- Hossam el-Hamalawy 

Philip Rizk & Hossam el-Hamalawy na-ekwu maka Arab Spring.

N'oge Agha Obodo Libya, el-Hamalawy lere ọrụ NATO na-arụ n'inye mpaghara na-enweghị ụgbọ elu na enyemaka agha ndị ọzọ maka ndị nnupụisi Libya megide Muammar Gaddafi anya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mkpa, na-ekwu na "N'ọnọdụ niile, ndị Libya gaara enwe ihe ịga nke ọma, ọbụlagodi na ọ were oge karịa". N'ikwu okwu banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị otu National Transitional Council (NTC) - nke jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya nke ndị na-emegide Gaddafi, el-ahọrọ ya ka ọ ga-akwado ndị Libya. Otú ọ dị, ọ megidere mmekọrịta ọ bụla n'ọdịnihu n'etiti NTC na NATO.

El-Hamalawy katọrọ nkwado nke ndị otu aka ekpe na ndị Arab na Lebanọn maka ọchịchị Bashar al-Assad n'oge mgbanwe Siria. Ọ na-ekwu na otu ndị ahụ na-emekarị njehie nke ịdabere na gọọmentị aka ike maka ịkwado mmegide agha megide Israel. El-Hamalawy na-azọrọ na, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị Arab enyeghị aka n'ụzọ dị mma n'ihe kpatara Palestine ma bụrụ n'ezie ihu abụọ, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-eme naanị maka ọdịmma onwe ha. N'adịghị ka ndị Arab ndị ọzọ aka ekpe, ọ naghị atụ egwu na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Siria na ndị na-emegide Israel na-ekwu na "ọdịnihu nke nguzogide ahụ dabere na ndị Siria, ndị na-eguzogide Zionist n'ọtụtụ n'ime ha. " N'izo aka na nkwado onye ndú Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah maka gọọmentị Siria, el-Hamalawy kwenyere na Nasrallah mebiri ntụkwasị obi ya na mkpebi ahụ.

Banyere nnupụisi Bahraini, el-Hamalawy weere ya dị ka òtù ndị na-abụghị nkewa, mana ọ bụghị mgbanwe. Ọ katọrọ nkọwa nke onye ụkọchukwu Alakụba a ma ama Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi banyere nnupụisi ahụ dị ka nnupụise Shia Muslim megide ọchịchị Sunni Muslim.

Gọọmentị SCAF

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El-Hamalawy akatọwo Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi a họpụtara ọhụrụ Mohamed Abdel Aziz el-Gendy, maka njikọ ya na onye isi ala Mubarak a chụpụrụ n'ọchịchị, n'ihe gbasara ijide akụ nke onye ọchịchị aka ike ahụ a chụpụ.[30]

Ọchịchị Ọchịchị

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Hossam El-Hamalawy na Cairo

El-Hamalawy kwuru na otu n'ime isi ihe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwado aka ekpe n'Ijipt chọrọ bụ ịmegharị ndị na-emepụta ihe niile. Ọ gbakwụnyere na a ga-enye ndị ọrụ Ijipt nnwere onwe zuru oke iji guzobe òtù ọrụ onwe ha. O kwuru, sị: "M na-ekwu, ndị ọrụ nọ na ngalaba ụfọdụ ka na-eche ndị njikwa ochie ihu, ndị na-anwa imebi mbọ ha na-agba iji guzobe òtù ndị nweere onwe ha na ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta nke mba anyị. "[31]

El-Hamalawy nwere echiche na ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Ijipt tọrọ n'ihe nketa "Stalinist", nke bụ ihe megidere ozizi Trotsky nke Mgbanwe Na-adịgide Adịgide nke na-ekwu na ọrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ndị bourgeois na mba ndị nwere mmepe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-egbu oge nwere ike imezu naanị site na ntọala steeti ndị ọrụ, nakwa na ịmepụta steeti ndị ọrụ ga-agụnye ịbanye n'ihe onwunwe ndị isi obodo. Ya mere, mmezu nke ọrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ndị bourgeois na-agafe n'ọrụ ndị proletarian. [32][33]

Agha Israel na Palestine

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Hossam na-akwado ngwọta otu steeti (otu steeti ụwa, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nke na-abụghị nke okpukpe) iji dozie esemokwu Israel-Palestine, karịa ngwọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị abụọ.

Ọchịchị Alakụba

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El-Hamalawy kwenyere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị otu aka ekpe na ndị otu Muslim Brotherhood ka mma nke ukwuu site na afọ 1990, mgbe otu ndị ahụ lụrụ ọgụ n'anụ ahụ n'ogige mahadum, ruo 2005–2006, mgbe ndị otu aka ekpe na ndị otu Muslim Brothers haziri ngagharị iwe n'okporo ámá ọnụ. O kwuru na nke a bụ maka otu Revolutionary Socialist Organization na "obodo ikike mmadụ na-eto eto nke na-adabere na aka ekpe" nke mejupụtara isi "aka ekpe ọhụrụ na Ijipt" na nke abụọ nke Palestine Intifada, nke "megharịrị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okporo ámá Ijipt" ma manye mgbanwe ọgbọ na "aka ekpe ọhụrụ" na Muslim Brotherhood. [7] Mgbe mgbanwe ọchịchị na 2011, el-Hamalawy katọrọ Muslim Brotherhood na ndị Islamist maka mmekọrịta ha na ndị agha, na mgbe e mesịrị mgbe a họpụtara Morsi.[34] Ọ katọrọ ogbugbu Rabaa ma guzogide mmegide ndị uwe ojii na-emegide Brotherhood. [35][36]

Ọ bụ ezie na el-Hamalawy na-emegide okpukpe Islam dị ka echiche, n'oge agha, o lere otu ndị Lebanọn na ndị otu Islamist Hezbollah na Hamas, anya dị ka ndị na-agbachitere mba ha, na-arụ ọrụ megide ọchịchị eze. Mana ọ na-akatọ amụma okpukpe nke Hezbollah na ọrụ ya na Syria.[37]

Hụkwa

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Revolution 2.0: Interview with Hossam el-Hamalawy. MRZine (8 February 2011). Retrieved on 10 February 2011.
  2. ↑ "Hossam el-Hamalawy | Al-Masry Al-Youm: Today's News from Egypt", Al-Masry Al-Youm. Retrieved on 25 December 2011.
  3. ↑ Working for Al-Ahram. Twitter (28 February 2012). Retrieved on 28 February 2012.
  4. ↑ The Muslim Brotherhood Official English Website. Ikhwanweb (16 April 2008). Retrieved on 25 December 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Students of Egypt's American University question its ties to Mubarak's regime. Ahram Online (7 April 2011). Retrieved on 12 April 2011.
  6. ↑ el-Hamalawy (23 January 1977). 1977 Bread Uprising. Scribd.com. Retrieved on 21 February 2012.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hossam el-Hamalawy (March 2007). Comrades and Brothers. Merip.org. Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved on 9 February 2012.Hossam el-Hamalawy (March 2007). "Comrades and Brothers". Merip.org. Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  8. ↑ 2002 Detention. Twitter (28 February 2012). Retrieved on 28 February 2012.
  9. ↑ Hossam el-Hamalawy (26 May 2008). Egyptian Strikes: More than bread and butter. Socialistreview.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved on 29 April 2012.
  10. ↑ Joel Beinin (29 September 2007). The Militancy of Mahalla al-Kubra | Middle East Research and Information Project. Merip.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2012.
  11. ↑ Yoshie Furuhashi (18 August 2008). Hossam el-Hamalawy, "Resistance in Egypt". Mrzine.monthlyreview.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2012.
  12. ↑ PAUL SCHEMM (19 February 2011). Veteran Egypt activist sees revolution as ongoing | The News-Review. NRtoday.com. Retrieved on 29 April 2012.
  13. ↑ Veteran Egypt activist sees revolution as ongoing. Fox News (7 April 2010). Retrieved on 29 April 2012.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Revolt in Mahalla. International Socialist Review (25 May 2008). Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved on 23 February 2012.
  15. ↑ Radsch (Fall 2008). "Core to Commonplace: The evolution of Egypt's blogosphere". Arab Media & Society. Retrieved on 15 February 2008. 
  16. ↑ Bloggers say Egypt's revolution not just about tweeting. What is it about, then?. Alarabiya.net (25 July 2011). Retrieved on 21 February 2012.
  17. ↑ 3arabawy goes online... – Blog. The Arabist (6 September 2006). Retrieved on 21 February 2012.
  18. ↑ Evan Hill. When reporting becomes activism – Egypt Election. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved on 21 February 2012.
  19. ↑ "Egypt's revolution has been 10 years in the making", Guardian, 2 March 2011. Retrieved on 14 May 2011.
  20. ↑ "Egyptians Get View of Extent of Spying", The New York Times, 9 March 2011. Retrieved on 12 April 2011.
  21. ↑ A first step towards prosecutions?. Al Jazeera (6 March 2011). Retrieved on 12 April 2011.
  22. ↑ موسوعة الجلادين (@Piggipedia) | Twitter (en). twitter.com. Retrieved on 26 February 2017.
  23. ↑ "Egypt's activists turn tables on tormentors", The Washington Post, 13 May 2011. Retrieved on 13 May 2011.
  24. ↑ Egyptian journalists to be questioned tomorrow by military for denouncing the torture of activists – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online. English.ahram.org.eg. Retrieved on 30 May 2011.
  25. ↑ Staff. "Egyptians decry 'virginity tests' on protesters", msnbc.com, 31 May 2011. (in en)
  26. ↑ "Egyptian journalists to be questioned by military for denouncing the torture of activists – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online", 16 November 2017.
  27. ↑ Blogger asked to hand reports of army abuses to authorities. Thedailynewsegypt.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved on 7 June 2011.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Egypt's army rulers hike tone against protesters. NewsOK.com. Retrieved on 9 February 2012.
  29. ↑ Gigi Ibrahim (14 December 2011). Sameh Naguib: Tahrir, the elections and the future of the revolution. YouTube. Retrieved on 9 February 2012.
  30. ↑ "Egypt says U.S. dragging its feet on freezing Mubarak assets", The Washington Post, 30 March 2011. Retrieved on 12 April 2011.
  31. ↑ Egypt Celebrates International Workers' Day for First Time Since 1952. Democracy Now (2 May 2011). Retrieved on 14 May 2011.
  32. ↑ Youssef Darwish passes away. The Arabist (7 June 2006). Retrieved on 1 May 2011.
  33. ↑ el-Hamalawy, Hossam (12 February 2011). Jan25: The workers, middle class, military junta and the permanent revolution. Arabawy.org. Retrieved on 25 February 2012.
  34. ↑ Speech by Hossam el-Hamalawy in 2011. YouTube.
  35. ↑ Statement by the Egyptian Revolutionary Socialists.
  36. ↑ Hossam el-Hamalawy's Twitter.
  37. ↑ مُنعطف حزب الله الطائفي.

Akwụkwọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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