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Hu Shih

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Hu Shih
mmádu
Ụdịekerenwoke Dezie
Mba o sịTaiwan, Republic of China, Qing dynasty Dezie
Aha ọmụmụ胡嗣穈 Dezie
Aha enyereShi Dezie
Aha ezinụlọ yaHu Dezie
Aha nkwanye ugwu適之, 希彊 Dezie
Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya17 Disemba 1891 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụ上海 Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya24 Febụwarị 1962 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụTaipei Dezie
Ebe oliliDr.Hu Shih Park Dezie
ŃnàHu Chuan Dezie
NwaHu Sidu Dezie
Asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaChinese, English Dezie
Asụsụ ọ na-edeChinese, English Dezie
Ala nna ochieJixi County Dezie
Ụdị ọrụ yaákọ na uche Dezie
Onye were ọrụPeking University, Fu Jen Catholic University Dezie
Ọkwá o jiRepublic of China representative to the United States, member of the National Political Assembly, member of the National Assembly of the Republic of China, president Dezie
Ebe agụmakwụkwọNational University, Cornell University, Columbia University, Teachers College Dezie
Onye ndụmọdụ doctoralJohn Dewey Dezie
Onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịKuomintang Dezie
So naQ17031417 Dezie
Ọrụ ama amaAn Outline History of Chinese Philosophy, A Preliminary Discussion of Literature Reform, History of Vernacular Literature Dezie
Archive naInstitute of Modern History, Academia Sinica Dezie
Nwere ọrụ na mkpokọtaShanghai Museum Dezie
IjeNew Culture Movement, Q10264717 Dezie
Onye òtù nkeRoyal Prussian Academy of Sciences, German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, Academia Sinica, Crescent Moon Society, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Dezie
Onye nlereranyaJohn Dewey Dezie
Ahọpụtara makaNobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize in Literature Dezie
Ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okikeỌrụ nwebiisinka chekwara Dezie
 

Hu Shih[a] (Chinese: 胡適; 17 Disemba 1891 - 24 Febụwarị 1962) bụ onye China gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye edemede, onye nnọchi anya mba na mba ọzọ, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Hu tinyere aka na nnwere onwe na Mgbanwe asụsụ nke China, ma bụrụkwa onye isi nkwado iji asụsụ China edere ede eme ihe.[1] O sonyere na May Fourth Movement yana New Culture Movement nke China. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Peking na Academia Sinica [2] [3][4][5] {

Hu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Free China Journal, nke e mechiri maka ịkatọ Chiang Kai-shek. N'afọ 1919, ọ katọkwara Li Dazhao. Hu kwadoro ka ụwa nabataỌchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ụdị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọzọkwa, Hu katọrọ nkwupụta Sun Yat-sen na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịchị onwe ha. Hu katọrọ gọọmentị mba ahụ maka ịgọnarị ebumnuche nke Constitutionalism na The Outline of National Reconstruction . [8]

Hu dere ọtụtụ edemede na-ajụ ajụjụ maka inwe ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iwu kwadoro nke Mao Zedong yana òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Communist nke China. N'ụzọ doro anya, Hu kwuru na usoro ọchịchị aka ike nke òtù CCP bụ "nke na-abụghị ụdị nke China" ma megide akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 1950, Mao na ndị òtù Communist nke China malitere mkpọsa na-akatọ echiche Hu Shih. [9] Mgbe Mao nwụsịrị, aha Hu lọghachiri. A maara ya ugbu a maka ntinye ya nwèrè mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụmakwụkwọ nke China.

Akụkọ ndụ

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Ndụ Mmalite

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A mụrụ Hu Shih na 17 Disemba 1891, na Shanghai nye Hu Chuan (胡傳), na nwunye ya nke atọ Feng Shundi.[6] Hu Chuan bụ onye na-ere tii ọňụňụ nke ghọrọ onye ọrụ gọọmentị, na-eje ozi n'ebe ugwu China, Hainan, na Taiwan. N'oge alụmdi na nwunye ha, Feng Shun-di dị ntorobịa karịa ụfọdụ ụmụ Hu Chuan.[6] Mgbe amuchara Hu Shih, Hu Chuan kwagara Taiwan ịrụ ọrụ na 1892, ebe nwunye ya na Hu Shih sonyeere ya na 1893. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ Hu Chuan na 1895, nwunye ya Feng na nwa okorobịa Hu Shih hapụrụ Taiwan gaa n'ụlọ nna nna ha na Anhui.[7]

Na Jenụwarị 1904, mgbe Hu dị afọ iri na otu, nne ya haziri alụmdi na nwunye ya na Chiang Tung-hsiu (江冬秀). N'otu afọ ahụ, Hu na otu nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye kwagara Shanghai na-achọ agụmakwụkwọ "ọgbara ọhụrụ".[8]

Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ

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Hu ghọrọ "onye ọkà mmụta mba" site na ego e wepụtara site na Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program. N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1910, e zigara ya ịmụ ọrụ ugbo na Mahadum Cornell dị na United States.[9] N'afọ 1912, ọ gbanwere isi ọmụmụ ya gaa na nkà ihe ọmụma yana akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, a họpụtakwara ya ịbụ Phi Beta Kappa. Ọ bụkwa onye òtù ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche nke klọb Cosmopolitan, òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ mba ụwa.[9] Mgbe ọ nọ na Cornell, Hu duziri mkpọsa iji kwalite ụdị asụsụ China nke oge a dị ọgbaraọhụrụ, dịkwa mfe ịmụta nke nyere aka ịgbasa ịgụ na ide na China.[10] O nyekwara aka guzobe nnukwu nchịkọta akwụkwọ ndị si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia n'ọbá akwụkwọ Cornell.[10]

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya, ọ gara ịmụ nkà ihe ọmụma na Teachers College, Mahadum Columbia, dị na New York City, ebe prọfesọ ya, John Dewey, nwere mmetụta n'ebe ọ nọ ma malite nnwale edemede.[16] Hu ghọrọ onye nsụgharị Dewey na onye na-akwado Mgbanwe evolushọn, na-enyere Dewey aka na usoro nkuzi ya na 1919 ruo 1921 na China. Hu laghachiri ikuzi na Mahadum Peking. N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ natara nkwado site n'aka Chen Duxiu, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama New Youth, e sikwa ebe ahụ nụwa aha ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ngwa ngwa. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Hu ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi ụbụrụ na-ahọ nkọ ndị nwere mmetụta n'oge May Fourth Movement na mgbe e mesịrị New Culture Movement.

Hu hapụrụ New Youth na 1920s wee bipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na ndị enyi ya. Ihe ntinye ya kachasị mkpa bụ ịkwalite asụsụ Chinese n'akwụkwọ ọgụgụ iji dochie anya asụsụ Chinese oge ochie, nke e bu n'uche ime ka ọ dịrị ndị nkịtị mfe ịgụ. Hu Shih kwuru n'otu oge, "Asụsụ nwụrụ anwụ enweghị ike ịmepụta akwụkwọ ọgụgụ dị ndụ. " Ihe nke a pụtara maka ọdịbendị China dị ukwuu - dịka John Fairbank si kwuo ya, "ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị oge ochie emebiela." [11] Hu tinyere ume dị ukwuu iji mee ka mgbanwe asụsụ ndị o wetara gbaa mgbọrọgwụ na ọdịbendị ọdịnala China kama ịdabere na ihe ndị e wetara site n'owụwa anyanwụ [18] Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya Jerome Grieder si kwuo ya, ụzọ Hu si eme "mmepeanya pụrụ iche" nke China bụ "nke nkatọ zuru oke mana o nweghị ka ọ di nlelị". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị oge ochie nke China, ọkachasị akwụkwọ akụkọ narị afọ nke iri na asatọ Dream of the Red Chamber, dị ka ụzọ isi guzobe asụsụ maka asụsụ izugbe ọgbara ọhụrụ. [12] Onye ọrụ ibe ya na Mahadum Peking Wen Yuan-ning kpọrọ Hu Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma maka ibu ọdịmma mmadụ ibe ya n'obi yana nkà ya. Na mahadum, Hu ghọrọ prọfesọ a hụrụ n'anya nke ọma, nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ya kachasị mee ofụma gụnyere onye na-enweta ihe nrite na physics bụ Chien-Shiung Wu.[13] 

Hu so na ndị mere mgbanwe nke New Culture Movement bụ ndị nabatara nleta Margaret Sanger mere na China na 1922. O ji aka ya sụgharịa okwu nwanyị ahụ kwuru na Mahadum Mba Beijing nke kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị igbochi ọmụmụ aghara aghara. Akwụkwọ akụkọ The Ladies' Journal na The Women's Review bipụtara nsụgharị Hu. [14]

A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 1932 na American Philosophical Society na 1936. [15][16]

Ọrụ ọha na eze

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Hu bụ onye nnọchi anya Republic of China na mba United States site na 1938 ruo 1942.[17][18][29] A kpọghachiri ya na Septemba 1942 ma jiri Wei Tao-ming dochie ya. Hu jere ozi dị ka onye isi ndị isi nke Mahadum Peking, nke a na-akpọ n'oge ahụ National Peking University, n'etiti 1946 na 1948. N'afọ 1957, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke atọ nke Academia Sinica dị na Taipei, ọkwa ọ nọgidere na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Free China Journal, nke e mechara mechie maka ịkatọ Chiang Kai-shek.

Ọnwụ na ihe ncheta Ya

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Ụlọ ọgbakọ Hu Shih na Mahadum Cornell

Ọrụ Hu Shih dara n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ na China ruo mgbe otu edemede nke Ji Xianlin dere na 1986, "A Few Words for Hu Shih", kwetara na Hu Shih mehiere. Isiokwu a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenye nke na o dugara n'ịtụleghachi mmepe nke akwụkwọ ndị China nke oge a. Nhọrọ 15 nke Putonghua Proficiency Test bụ akụkọ banyere Hu Shih ebe ọ na-arụrịta ụka banyere uru nke Asụsụ Chinese e dere ede karịa akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Chinese.

Hu kwukwara na India meriri China n'ọdịbendị ruo afọ puku abụọ site na okpukpe. N'otu oge ahụ, Hu katọrọ okpukpe ndị India maka ịdọla China azụ na sayensị.[19]

Gụnyere redology, o nwere mmasị dịgasị iche iche na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, nkà ihe ọmụma, akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkatọ ederede, na nkuzi. Feng Youlan katọrọ Hu maka ịnakwere usoro pragmatist na ileghara ụlọ akwụkwọ niile nke nkà ihe ọmụma China anya tupu oge ịlụ ọgụ nke ndị steeti. Kama ịkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe ọmụma China, Feng na-ekwu na Hu mere ka onye na-agụ ya chee na "mmepe niile nke China nọ kpamkpam n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi." [20] Tupu Feng, Hu nwere ike ịbụ onye mbụ kọwara echiche nke Tao site na nkà ihe ọmụma ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a.

Dị ka "otu naa ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell nke China a ma ama", [10] Hu nwere ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ n'ebe ahụ, gụnyere Hu Shih Prọfesọ na Hu Shih Distinguished lecture. Ụlọ ọgbakọ Hu Shih, ụlọ ọgbakọ dị 103,835-square-foot (9,646.6 m2) nwere ebe obibi, ka a gbapere na Cornell na 2022. [10][21][10]

Inwe Obi abụọ

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Nye Hu Shih, a pụghị ikewa inwe obi abụọ na ịdị ichu. N'ederede ya "Introducing My Thoughts"[22], ọ na-ekwu na Thomas H. Huxley bụ otu onye kacha nwee mmetụta n'otu o si eche echiche.Agnosticism nke Huxley bụ ọnọdụ adịghị mma nye igbo mkpa nke ịdị uchu n'ọrụ Dewey. Usoro "genetic method" nke Huxley n'edemede Hu ghọziri "akparamagwa akụkọ ihe mere eme", akparamagwa na-ahụ nkwụrụ-onwe nke amamihe mmadụ nke na-edugakwa na ịtọ mmadụ n'agbụ yana nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

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Iwu Ụwa

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Hu na Albert Einstein, so na ndị kwadoro Peoples' World Convention (PWC), nke a makwaara dị ka Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), nke mere site na 1950 ruo 1951 na Palais Electoral na Geneva, Switzerland.[23][24]

Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ

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Ndị so n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ nke Hu Shih bụ:

  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà ihe ọmụma China. Izu ohi 1 (1919).
  • The Chinese Renaissance: The Haskell Lectures, 1933. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).
  • Hu Shih's Recent Writings on Scholarship. (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1935). Gụnyere edemede "Introducing My Thoughts" (na-akọwa echiche nke m).
  • "The Conflicts of Ideologies" na The Annuals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 218, Nọvemba 1941.[25]

Akụkọ ndụ Onwe Onye

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Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya dị peeji otu narị na iri asatọ na anọ 'Autobiography at Forty' bụ naanị Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke Hu Shih dere n'onwe ya.[64]

Edensibịa

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Ebe ndị e si Nweta ihe E dere

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  1. ↑ Ji'an (March 2006). "Hu Shi and Zhang Shizhao". Chinese Studies in History 39 (3): 3–32. DOI:10.2753/CSH0009-4633390301. ISSN 0009-4633. 
  2. ↑ Department of State bulletin (10 June 1944). “The representative of the National University of Peking is Dr. Chen-sheng Yang, who has been acting dean of the College of Arts and Literature in the absence of Dr. Hu Shih.”
  3. ↑ Introduction. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved on 27 June 2019. “The Hu Shih Memorial Hall located on the Nankang campus was the residence where Dr. Hu Shih (1891–1962) lived from 1958 to 1962, during his tenure as the president of Academia Sinica.”
  4. ↑ (August 1940) "The Bureau at the Fair". Abmac Bulletin 2 (7). 
  5. ↑ Nomination Database – Literature. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 3 February 2012.
  6. 1 2 O'Neill (2022). China's Great Liberal of the 20th Century – Hu Shih: A Pioneer of Modern Chinese Language. Hong Kong: Sanlian Bookstore. ISBN 978-962-04-4918-5. 
  7. ↑ Grieder (1970). Hu Shih and the Chinese Renaissance: Liberalism in the Chinese Revolution, 1917–1937. Harvard University Press, 3–8. 
  8. ↑ Mair (2013). Chinese Lives: The people who made a civilization. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-25192-8. 
  9. 1 2 Chou (2022). Power of Freedom: Hu Shih's Political Writings. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-07526-3. 
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Friedlander. "Residence hall names honor McClintock, Hu, Cayuga Nation", Cornell Chronicle, Cornell University, 23 March 2021. Retrieved on 27 June 2023.
  11. ↑ Fairbank [1948] (1979). The United States and China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 232–233, 334. 
  12. ↑ Vale: David Hawkes, Liu Ts'un-yan, Alaistair Morrison. China Heritage Quarterly of the Australian National University.
  13. ↑ Chiang (2014). Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4374-84-2. 
  14. ↑ Rodriguez (2023). Reproductive realities in modern China: birth control and abortion, 1911–2021. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-00-902733-5. 
  15. ↑ Shih Hu. American Academy of Arts & Sciences (9 February 2023). Retrieved on 30 May 2023.
  16. ↑ APS Member History. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved on 30 May 2023.
  17. ↑ "PRESIDENT ASSURES CHINA'S NEW ENVOY; Tells Dr. Hu Shih We Will Keep Foreign Policy Based Upon Law and Order DIPLOMAT VOICES THANKS He Declares His People Will Fight On for Peace With Justice and Honor President Gives Assurance Will Fight On Indefinitely", The New York Times, 29 October 1938. Retrieved on 16 May 2019.
  18. ↑ "Ambassador Hu Shih Recalled by China; Wei Tao Ming, Formerly at Vichy, Will Be His Successor", The New York Times, 2 September 1942. Retrieved on 16 May 2019.
  19. ↑ Deepak (2020). India and China: Beyond the Binary of Friendship and Enmity. Springer. ISBN 978-9811595004. 
  20. ↑ Mou (2008). The Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-24938-1. 
  21. ↑ Hu Shih Hall. Student & Campus Life, Cornell University. Retrieved on 24 October 2022.
  22. ↑ 胡適 (2023-06-15). 介紹我自己的思想：文學傳承，思想成長 (in zh). 千華駐科技. ISBN 978-626-368-751-6. 
  23. ↑ Einstein (1968). Einstein on peace. Schocken, 539, 670, 676. 
  24. ↑ [Carta 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus.]. BND: Archivo del Escritor.
  25. ↑ Shih (1941-11-01). "The Conflict of Ideologies" (in EN). The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 218 (1): 26–35. DOI:10.1177/000271624121800104. ISSN 0002-7162. 

Ebe e si nweta ya

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Ndị Mgbakwunye

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Ndị bu isi

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Ịgụrụ Gawa

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Ederede Gasị

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Njikọ mpụga

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  • "The Chinese Renaissance": usoro nkuzi Hu Shih nyere na Mahadum Chicago n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1933. (Lee akwụkwọ Reference depụtara n'elu)
  • "Hu Shih Study" na newconcept.com (n'asụsụ Chinese)
  • "Hu Shih na The Chinese Student Club At Teachers College" [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] na pk.tc. Columbia.edu 
  • Hu Shih Memorial Hall E debere ya na Wayback Machine na Nangang District, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Hu Shi: Foto nke Kong Kai Ming Sète dowe na Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

Templeeti:S-start Templeeti:S-dip Templeeti:S-bef Templeeti:S-ttl Templeeti:S-aft Templeeti:S-npo Templeeti:S-bef Templeeti:S-ttl Templeeti:S-aft

|}Templeeti:China Ambassadors to USTempleeti:Chinese philosophyTempleeti:LitcritTempleeti:Dream of the Red Chamber

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