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Igbochi nje

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Two petri dishes with antibiotic resistance tests
Nnwale iguzogide ọgwụ nje : A na-agbanye nje bacteria na ihe siri ike na efere Petri na diski akwụkwọ na-edobe n'elu, nke ọ bụla na-agbanye ọgwụ nje dị iche iche. Mgbanaka doro anya, dị ka ndị dị n'aka ekpe, na-egosi na nje bacteria etobeghị gburugburu diski, na-egosi na nje bacteria ndị a adịghị eguzogide ọgwụ. Nje bacteria ndị dị n'aka nri na-eguzogide nke ọma atọ n'ime asaa ma na-eguzogide ọgwụ abụọ n'ime ọgwụ nje asaa a nwalere

Mgbochi nje ( AMR ma ọ bụ AR ) na-eme mgbe nje bacteria na-agbanwe usoro ndị na-echebe ha pụọ na ọgwụ nje, nke bụ ọgwụ e ji agwọ ọrịa n'ime mmadụ, anụmanụ, na osisi. [1] [2] Nje bacteria ọ bụla nwere ike inwe iguzogide, gụnyere nje bacteria ( nguzogide nje ), nje virus ( nguzogide nje ), nje bacteria (nguzogide nje ), na fungi ( nguzogide nje ). N'otu aka ahụ, mgbanwe ndị a na-adaba n'okpuru nche anwụ AMR, na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka nye ahụike n'ụwa niile. [3] Iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na njikwa na-ezighi ezi bụ isi ihe na-akpata iguzogide a, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwekwara ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa site na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mgbasa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eguzogide ọgwụ. [4] A na-akpọ nje bacteria ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị iche iche ọgwụ dị iche iche (MDR) ma a na-akpọkwa ha superbugs mgbe ụfọdụ. [5]

Mgbochi ọgwụ nje, obere mpaghara AMR, na-enyere nje bacteria aka ịlanarị ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje, na-akpaghasị njikwa ọrịa na nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ.[3] Nguzogide na-ebilite site na ngbanwe na mberede, mbufe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwụ ọtọ, yana mmụba nke nhọrọ site na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, ma na ọgwụ na ọrụ ugbo, nke na-eme ka mmepe nguzogide dị ngwa ngwa.[6] Usoro mgbochi, dị ka iji ọgwụ nje dị warara na-eme ka usoro ịdị ọcha dịkwuo mma, bu n'obi ibelata mgbasa nke nguzogide.[7]

Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-ekwu na AMR bụ otu n'ime ihe iyi egwu ahụike ọha na eze zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmepe, na-eche na AMR nje na-akpata kpọmkwem maka ọnwụ ụwa 1.27 nde na 2019 ma nyere aka na ọnwụ 4.95 nde. Ibu AMR buru ibu, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ ise na-anwụ kwa afọ metụtara ọrịa na-eguzogide. Ọrịa sitere na microbes AMR na-esiwanye ike ịgwọ ma na-achọkarị usoro ọgwụgwọ ọzọ dị oke ọnụ nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ karịa. Ọzọkwa, WHO na òtù mba ụwa ndị ọzọ na-adọ aka ná ntị na AMR nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ ihe ruru nde 10 kwa afọ ka ọ na-erule 2050 ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị ihe. Atumatu zuru ụwa ọnụ, dị ka oku maka nkwekọrịta AMR mba ụwa, na-ekwusi ike na mbọ achikọtara ọnụ iji gbochie ojiji n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, nweta ego nyocha, na inye ohere ịnweta ọgwụ mgbochi dị mkpa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Agbanyeghị, ọrịa COVID-19 butere akụrụngwa yana nlebara anya sayensị pụọ na AMR, na-eme ka ihe ịma aka ahụ ka njọ.[8]

Nkọwa

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Diagram showing difference between non-resistance bacteria and drug resistant bacteria
Eserese na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ na nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Nje bacteria na-adịghị eguzogide ọgwụ na-amụba, na mgbe ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ gasịrị, nje bacteria na-anwụ. Nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-amụbakwa, ma na ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ, nje bacteria na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa. [9]

Iguzogide antimicrobial pụtara na microorganism na-eguzogide ọgwụ antimicrobian nke nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa site na microorganisme ahụ.[3] Mgbochi bụ ihe onwunwe nke nje, ọ bụghị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ na-ebute nje.[10] Ụdị nje niile nwere ike ịzụlite iguzogide ọgwụ. Ya mere, e nwere ọgwụ nje, antifungal, antiviral na antiparasitic resistance.[4][11]

Mgbochi nje bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje. Nguzogide a nke a na-ahụkarị na nje bacteria ma si otú a kewaa ya n'ime ihe abụọ ọzọ, microbiological na clinical. Nguzogide nje bacteria bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-esi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nke gbanwere ma ọ bụ nke e ketara eketa, nke na-enye nje bacteria ohere iguzogide usoro igbu nje bacteria ndị metụtara ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje. Nguzogide ahụike na-egosi ọdịda nke ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ebe nje bacteria ndị na-adịkarị mfe ịnweta ọgwụgwọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbe ha lanarịrị nsonaazụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ. N'ọnọdụ abụọ nke nguzogide enwetara, nje bacteria nwere ike ịgafe ihe mkpali mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka nguzogide site na nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwụ ọtọ: njikọ, transduction, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe. Nke a na-enye ohere ka nguzogide gbasaa n'otu ụdị nje bacteria ma ọ bụ ọbụna nje bacteria yiri ya.[12]

Nchịkọta

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Akụkọ WHO wepụtara n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014 kwuru, sị, "ihe iyi egwu a dị oke njọ abụghịzi amụma maka ọdịnihu, ọ na-eme ugbu a n'akụkụ ụwa niile ma nwee ike imetụta onye ọ bụla, n'afọ ọ bụla, na mba ọ bụla. Mgbochi ọgwụ nje—mgbe nje bacteria gbanwere ka ọgwụ nje ghara ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ndị chọrọ ka ha gwọọ ọrịa—bụzi ihe iyi egwu dị ukwuu nye ahụike ọha na eze ugbu a. "

Kwa afọ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ ise nwụrụ anwụ na AMR n'ụwa niile. [13] Na 2019, ọnwụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sitere na AMR ruru nde 1.27 na 2019. N'otu afọ ahụ, AMR nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ nde mmadụ ise, otu n'ime mmadụ ise nwụrụ n'ihi AMR bụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise. [14]

N'ime afọ 2018, WHO lere iguzogide ọgwụ nje anya dị ka otu n'ime ihe iyi egwu kachasị ukwuu nye ahụike ụwa, nchekwa nri na mmepe. [15] Ọnwụ ndị sitere na AMR dịgasị iche iche site na mpaghara:

Ebe Ọnwụ maka 100,000 nke AMR [14]
Ebe Ugwu Africa na Middle East 11.2
Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ọwụwa Anwụ Eshia, na Oceania 11.7
Latin America na Caribbean 14.4
Ebe etiti na Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe na Ebe etiti Eshia 17.6
Ndịda Eshia 21.5
Ebe ndịda Sahara nke Afrịka 23.7

Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mgbochi na Njikwa Ọrịa nke Europe mere atụmatụ na n'afọ 2015, e nwere ọrịa 671,689 na EU na Mpaghara Akụ na ụba Europe nke nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje kpatara, nke butere ọnwụ 33,110. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwetara n'ebe nlekọta ahụike. [16] [17] Na 2019, e nwere ọnwụ 133,000 nke AMR kpatara. [18]

Echiche Ahụike Otu

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A maara iguzogide nje bacteria (AMR) nke ọma dị ka otu okwu ahụike, na-egosipụta njikọ dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. [19] Mmepe nke iguzogide nje bacteria a jikọtara ọnụ ma na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, gụnyere ọgwụ mmadụ, ọgwụ anụmanụ na ọrụ ugbo. Ya mere, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa. [20] Ụdị ngalaba dị iche iche dị mkpa iji ghọta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na AMR nwere na ahụike mmadụ n'ụwa niile. Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyekwa aka na ịnọgide na-enwe na mgbasa nke AMR, ebe ihe fọdụrụ na nje bacteria na ihe ndị na-eguzogide nje nwere ike ịbanye n'ala na sistemụ mmiri site na mmiri ọrụ ugbo, mwepụ mmiri mkpofu, na iwepụ ọgwụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. [21] Ịgwọ mgbochi nje bacteria site na otu usoro ahụike dị mkpa maka ibelata mmetụta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ ya, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

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AMR na-akpatakarị site n'iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe gabiga ókè . [13] Ha na-amụpụta ma na-agbasa ngwa ngwa, ha nwekwara ike imeghari gburugburu ebe obibi ha ma gbanwee otú ha ga-esi dị ndụ nke ọma. (NIAID, 2025) . [22] Ma, n'otu oge ahụ, ọtụtụ mmadụ gburugburu ụwa enweghị ike ịnweta ọgwụ nje dị mkpa. [13] Nke a na-eduga na nje bacteria ma na-agbanwe ihe nchebe megide ọgwụ eji agwọ ha, ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria ndị nwere ihe mgbochi ebumpụta ụwa megide ọgwụ nje na-aghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị karịa ndị a na-emeri ngwa ngwa site na ọgwụ. Mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwekwara ike ime, nke ga-ekwe ka nje bacteria ahụ dị ndụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe mgbochi nje na-eme n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa ka oge na-aga, ojiji nke ihe mgbochi nje n'ọtụtụ ebe ma n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ma n'èzí emeela ka iguzogide nje na-aghọwanye ihe a na-ahụkarị. [23]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-enwe ike iguzogide ọgwụ nje ka oge na-aga site na mgbanwe eke, ịkọ ọgwụ nje gabigara ókè na ọgwụ nje na-ekwesịghị ekwesị emeela ka nsogbu ahụ ka njọ. N'oge mgbanwe, mgbe mgbanwe ahụ mere, mgbanwe ndị a na-enyere nje bacteria aka ịlanarị ikpughe. (NIAID, 2025) O kwere omume na ihe dị ka 1 n'ime ọgwụ atọ e dere maka ọgwụ nje adịghị mkpa. [24] Kwa afọ, a na-ede ihe dị ka nde 154 ọgwụ nje. N'ime ndị a, ihe ruru nde 46 adịghị mkpa ma ọ bụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ọnọdụ onye ọrịa nwere. [24] Microbes nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide site na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-eme n'oge nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ, ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe ndị a na-enweghị usoro dị ụkọ, ọtụtụ nje bacteria na-amụpụta ugboro ugboro na ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka ohere nke ndị bi na ya nweta mgbanwe nke na-eme ka iguzogide dịkwuo elu. [25] N'adịghị ka nke ahụ, nnyocha na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na, n'adịghị ka ụdị ọdịnala nke mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ngwa ngwa, mycobacteria na-anọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike dị elu n'okpuru nrụgide ọgwụ nje, na-adabere na nnabata phenotypic na usoro ndozi DNA maka ndụ. [26] [27] Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-akwụsị ịṅụ ọgwụ nje mgbe ha malitere inwe mmetụta dị mma. Mgbe nke a mere, o kwere omume na nje ndị na-adịghị mfe ọgwụgwọ ka na-anọgide n'ime ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na nje ndị a enwee ike ịnọgide na-amụ nwa, nke a nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na nje bacteria ndị na-adịghị mfe ịnweta ma ọ bụ ọbụna iguzogide ọgwụ nje. [25] Ụmụ nje nwekwara ike ịnweta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site n'aka ibe ha, nke na-eme ka ha ghara iguzogide ọgwụ. Bakteria ndị nwere DNA na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-ebufekarị otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a na nje bacteria ndị ọzọ. Ha nwere ike ịmụba ma too nke ọma. [28] [29] Usoro a, nke a maara dị ka nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwụ ọtọ, na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ gbasaa ngwa ngwa n'etiti ụdị nje bacteria dị iche iche site na usoro dị ka njikọ, mgbanwe, na transduction. [30]

Nje bacteria na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje site n'ịgbanwe onwe ha ma ọ bụ inweta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iguzogide nje bacteria ndị ọzọ. N'ime afọ 20 gara aga, iguzogide nje (AMR) etoola, na-eme ka ọrịa ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka ọrịa iku ume, ọrịa urinary tract, STDs, na ụkwara nta sie ike ịgwọ. A naghị emepụta ọgwụ nje ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị emee ihe ọ bụla, anyị nwere ike ịbanye "oge mgbe ọgwụ nje gasịrị" ebe a na-apụghị ịgwọ ụfọdụ ọrịa. [31]

AMR na-eme ka ọrịa sikwuo ike ma dị oke ọnụ iji gwọọ. Ojiji ọgwụ nje kwesịrị ekwesị—ọgwụ ziri ezi, dose, na oge ọ ga-ewe—na ịdị ọcha siri ike n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị mkpa. Ịlụso AMR ọgụ chọrọ mmekorita n'etiti gọọmentị, ndị ọrụ ahụike, ndị nchọpụta, ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ọha na eze site na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma, nlekota iguzogide, igbochi ọgwụ nje n'ime anụmanụ, na imeziwanye ohere ịnweta ọgwụ, ọgwụ mgbochi, na ule. [31]

Mgbochi bụ usoro kachasị dị irè. Tinyere iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma, ọ dị mkpa maka ọgwụ ọhụrụ, ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, nchọpụta ka mma, na ọgwụ mgbochi. Ọ bụrụ na a naghị eme ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọma, usoro ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa dịka ịwa ahụ, mgbanwe akụkụ ahụ, nlekọta ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ, na ọgwụgwọ kansa nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ. [31]cbi.nlm.nih.gov/37444780 37444780].</ref>

Ihe ndị sitere n'okike

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Ihe omuma CDC banyere otu ihe mgbochi nje si eme ma gbasaa

AMR bụ usoro ebumpụta ụwa. [1] Mgbochi nje nwere ike ịmalite n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-aga n'ihu na-enweta ọgwụ nje. Nhọrọ ebumpụta ụwa pụtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike imeghari na gburugburu ha, dị ndụ, ma nọgide na-amụ ụmụ. [32] N'ihi ya, ụdị nje ndị na-adị ndụ ka oge na-aga site n'aka ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje ga-aghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị na-enweghị mgbochi a ga-aghọkwa ndị na-adịghịzi arụ ọrụ. [23]

Ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi nje nke oge a agbanweela n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa tupu e jiri ọgwụ nje ndị mmadụ na-eji eme ihe n'ụlọọgwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụ mgbochi methicillin gbanwere dị ka ọgwụ nje nke hedgehogs, ikekwe dị ka mgbanwe nke nje ahụ na hedgehogs nke dermatophyte nke na-emepụta ọgwụ nje na-ebute. [33] Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ero na nje bacteria dị n'ala bụ ndị na-asọmpi n'okike, penisilini ọgwụ nje mbụ nke Alexander Fleming chọpụtara furu efu ngwa ngwa n'ịgwọ ụmụ mmadụ, nakwa na ọ dịghị penisilini ndị ọzọ e kere eke (F, K, N, X, O, U1 ma ọ bụ U6) a na-eji ugbu a n'ụlọ ọgwụ. [ achọrọ ntụaka ]

Enwere ike inweta nguzogide nje site na nje ndị ọzọ site na ịgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'usoro a na-akpọ nnyefe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwụ ọtọ. Nke a pụtara na ozugbo mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka iguzogide ọgwụ nje pụtara n'ime obodo nje, ọ nwere ike gbasaa gaa na nje ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ahụ, nke nwere ike isi na nje ndị na-abụghị ọrịa pụta gaa na nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Usoro a na-akwalite nke ukwuu site na usoro nhọrọ ebumpụta ụwa nke na-eme n'oge ojiji ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. [34]

Ka oge na-aga, ọtụtụ nje bacteria na ọrịa ndị dị na ya ga-abụ ụdị nke na-eguzogide ọgwụ nje a na-eji agwọ ha, nke na-eme ka ihe a ghara ịdị irè ugbu a imeri ọtụtụ nje bacteria. Site n'iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu, a na-eme ka usoro okike a dịkwuo ngwa ngwa.[35]

Ọgwụ onwe onye

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N'ọtụtụ mba, naanị dọkịta nwere ike ịnye ọgwụ nje, ụlọ ọgwụ na-enyekwa ya. [36] A na-akọwa ọgwụ ndị ahịa na-aṅụ n'onwe ha dị ka "ịṅụ ọgwụ n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ n'uche onye ọzọ, onye na-abụghị ọkachamara ahụike nwere asambodo", a chọpụtakwala ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi kpatara mmepe nke iguzogide nje nje. [37] Ịgwọ onwe onye site na iji ọgwụ nje bụ ụzọ na-adịghị mma iji ha mana ọ bụ ihe a na-emekarị na mba ndị nwere oke akụrụngwa. Omume a na-ekpughe ndị mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke nje bacteria ndị mepụtara iguzogide nje nje. [38] Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-eji nke a eme ihe n'ihi mkpa, mgbe enweghị ohere ịgakwuru dọkịta, ma ọ bụ mgbe ndị ọrịa nwere obere oge ma ọ bụ ego iji hụ dọkịta. [39] Mmụba a na-eme ka ọ dị mfe inweta ọgwụ nje. Ihe atụ bụ India, ebe na steeti Punjab, 73% nke ndị mmadụ malitere ịgwọ obere nsogbu ahụike ha na ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ala ala site na ọgwụ onwe onye. [37]

Ọgwụ onwe onye dị elu karịa n'èzí ụlọ ọgwụ, nke a na-ejikọkwa ya na iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu, ebe a na-eji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'obodo kama iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụ onwe onye na mba ndị nwere obere ego na etiti (LMICs) sitere na 8.1% ruo 93%. Nnweta, ọnụ ahịa, na ọnọdụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ, yana omume ịchọ ahụike, bụ ihe ndị na-emetụta ọgwụ onwe onye na mba ndị nwere obere ego na etiti. [38] Nsogbu abụọ dị mkpa na ọgwụ onwe onye bụ enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere ọha na eze na, nke mbụ, mmetụta dị ize ndụ nke ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje (dịka ọmụmaatụ ciprofloxacin nke nwere ike ibute tendonitis, mgbawa akwara na mwepụ aorta ) [40] [41] na, nke abụọ, iguzogide nje bacteria sara mbara na mgbe a ga-achọ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ anaghị ehichapụ. Iji chọpụta ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na echiche ha nwere banyere iguzogide ọgwụ nje, e mere nyocha nke isiokwu 3,537 e bipụtara na Europe, Asia, na North America. N'ime mmadụ 55,225 a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ n'isiokwu ndị a, pasentị iri asaa (70%) anụla maka iguzogide ọgwụ nje na mbụ, mana pasentị iri asatọ na asatọ (88%) n'ime ndị ahụ chere na ọ na-ezo aka n'ụdị mgbanwe anụ ahụ n'ahụ mmadụ. [37]

Iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmebi iwu nke ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike na-eme bụ ihe ọzọ na-akpata mmụba nke iguzogide ọgwụ nje. Nnyocha emere na US na-egosi na ihe ngosi maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ nje, nhọrọ nke ọgwụ ejiri mee ihe, na oge ọgwụgwọ ezighi ezi ruo 50% nke ikpe ndị a mụrụ. [42] N'ime afọ 2010 n'afọ 2011 ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọgwụ nje na-enye n'ebe ndị na- anaghị anabata ọgwụ na United States adịghị mkpa. [43] Nnyocha ọzọ emere n'otu ngalaba nlekọta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na France egosila na pasentị 30 ruo 60 nke ọgwụ nje e nyere ọgwụ adịghị mkpa. [42] Ojiji ndị a na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ọgwụ nje na-akwalite mmepe nke iguzogide nje site n'ịkwado nje bacteria na mmepe nke mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke na-eduga na iguzogide. [44]

Dịka nnyocha e mere na mba Amerịka si kwuo, nke bu n'obi inyocha echiche na ihe ọmụma ndị dọkịta nwere gbasara iguzogide nje na ebe a na-agagharị agagharị, naanị pasentị iri isii na atọ nke ndị a nyochachara kọrọ na iguzogide nje bụ nsogbu n'ọrụ ha n'ógbè ahụ, ebe pasentị iri abụọ na atọ kọrọ na ọgwụ nje na-enye ọgwụ nje dịka ọ dị mkpa iji zere ịghara inye nlekọta zuru oke.[45] Nke a na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-eleda mmetụta nke àgwà ha na-enye ọgwụ anya na-enwe n'igbochi nje n'ozuzu ya. Ọ na-egosikwa na ụfọdụ ndị dọkịta nwere ike ịkpachara anya nke ukwuu ma nye ọgwụ nje maka ihe gbasara ahụike ma ọ bụ iwu, ọbụlagodi mgbe a naghị akwado ihe ngosi ahụike maka iji ọgwụ ndị a mgbe niile. Nke a nwere ike ibute ojiji ọgwụ nje na-enweghị isi, usoro nke nwere ike ịka njọ n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.[46][47]

Nnyocha egosila na nghọtahie a na-enwekarị gbasara irè na mkpa ọgwụ nje dị iji gwọọ ọrịa ndị dị mfe na-eme ka ojiji ha gabiga ókè. [48] [49]

Ihe dị mkpa n'okwu gbasara ojiji ọgwụ nje bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ. Iwu chọrọ nlekọta anụmanụ maka ọgwụ nje niile dị mkpa maka ahụike.[50] Ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-eji usoro Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model (PK/PD) iji hụ na e zigara ọgwụ ahụ n'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. [51]

Edensibịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
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  2. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO) (November 21, 2023). Antimicrobial resistance..
  3. 1 2 3 Antimicrobial resistance Fact sheet N°194. who.int (April 2014). Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved on 7 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 (2014) "Multidrug resistance: an emerging crisis". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2014. DOI:10.1155/2014/541340. PMID 25140175. 
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  6. ↑ (December 2016) "Global antibiotic resistance is mostly periodic". Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 7: 132–134. DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2016.09.003. PMID 27788414. 
  7. ↑ (2014) Swedish work on containment of antibiotic resistance – Tools, methods and experiences. Stockholm: Public Health Agency of Sweden, 16–17, 121–128. ISBN 978-91-7603-011-0. Retrieved on 23 July 2015. 
  8. ↑ (March 2021) "Key considerations on the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance research and surveillance". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 115 (10): 1122–1129. DOI:10.1093/trstmh/trab048. PMID 33772597. 
  9. ↑ What is Drug Resistance?. niaid.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved on 26 July 2015.
  10. ↑ CDC: Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work. Cdc.gov (29 May 2018). Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved on 12 June 2013.
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  12. ↑ (1 October 2017) "Antibiotic resistance". Medicine 45 (10): 622–628. DOI:10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.07.006. 
  13. 1 2 3 Better use of vaccines could reduce antibiotic use by 2.5 billion doses annually, says WHO. World Health Organization (10 October 2024). Retrieved on 11 October 2024.
  14. 1 2 (February 2022) "Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" (in English). Lancet 399 (10325): 629–655. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. PMID 35065702. 
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  21. ↑ (2015-05-20) "STAT!Ref". Choice Reviews Online 52 (10): 52–5379-52-5379. DOI:10.5860/choice.189510. ISSN 0009-4978. 
  22. ↑ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2025). Antimicrobial resistance: Causes..
  23. 1 2 (January 2016) "Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance". Lancet 387 (10014): 176–87. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00473-0. PMID 26603922. Retrieved on 5 December 2021. 
  24. 1 2 CDC Newsroom. CDC (2016-01-01). Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved on 2023-02-28.
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  27. ↑ Molnar (15 November 2024). "Assessing the Impact of Bedaquiline, Clofazimine, and Linezolid on Mycobacterial Genome Integrity". Biomolecules 14 (1451). DOI:10.3390/biom14111451. PMID 39595627. 
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