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Ike tidal

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Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Sihwa Lake Tidal, nke dị na mpaghara Gyeonggi , South Korea, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa maka etinye ike tidal, nke nwere ike mmepụta ọkụ zuru oke nke 254. MW.
Ọdụ ọkụ Rance Tidal, dị n'obodo Brittany, ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke France, bụ ọdụ ọkụ mbụ buru ibu nke nwere ike ịgba mmiri (afọ 1966), nke nwere ike mmepụta ike zuru oke nke 240 MW.

Ana-ejikari Ike tidal eme ihe site n'ịgbanwe ike sitere na mmiri ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ike bara uru, ọkachasị ọkụ eletrik site na iji usoro dị iche iche.

Ọ bụ ezie na anaghị ejikarịa eme ihe nke ukwuu, Ike eletriki nwere ike imepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọdịnihu. A na-ahụta oke mmiri karịa ifufe na anyanwụ . N'ime isi iyi ike mmeghari ohuru, Ike eletriki na-ata ahụhụ site na oke ọnụ ahịa na obere ebe nwere oke mmiri ma ọ bụ ọsọ mmiri zuru oke, si otú a na-egbochi nnweta ya niile. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mmepe na mmezi teknụzụ na-adịbeghị anya, ma na nhazi (dịka ike mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọdọ mmiri mmiri ) na teknụzụ turbine (dịka ọmụmaatụ turbines axial ọhụrụ, turbines cross flow ), na-egosi na nnweta ike mmiri nwere ike ịdị elu karịa ka e chere na mbụ nakwa na ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịdaba na ọkwa asọmpi.

N'akụkọ mere eme, a na-eji igwe mmiri na-agba mmiri eme ihe ma na Europe ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Ugwu Amerịka. Mmiri nbata dị n'ime nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nchekwa, ka mmiri na-apụkwa apụ , ọ na-agbanwe wiil mmiri ndị na-eji ike igwe arụpụta ọka. [1] Ihe mbụ merenụ malitere site na Oge Etiti, ma ọ bụ ọbụna site n'oge ndị Rom . [2] [3] Usoro nke iji mmiri na-ada ada na turbines na-agbagharị iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik ka ewebatara 'obodoa US na Europe na narị afọ nke 19. [4]

Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere na teknụzụ mmiri mụbara ihe dị ka pasent 16 n'afọ 2018, yana atụmatụ nke pasent 13 n'afọ 2019. [5] A chọrọ iwu ndị na-akwalite nyocha na mmepe iji nweta mbelata nke ọnụ ahịa na mmepe buru ibu. Ebe mbụ buru ibu nke ụwa bụ Rance Tidal Power Station nke obodo France, nke malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'afọ 1966. Ọ bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ruo mgbe Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station meghere na South Korea n'onwa August afọ 2011. Ọdụ Sihwa na-eji ihe mgbochi nchebe mgbidi oké osimiri nke nwere turbines iri na-emepụta 254. MW. [6]

Ụkpụrụ

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Mgbanwe nke mmiri n'ime otu ụbọchị

A na-enweputa ike mmiri site na ebili mmiri nke ụwa. Ike mmiri na-esi na mgbanwe oge na ndọta ndọda nke ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe na-eme. Ike ndị a na-emepụta mmegharị ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo kwekọrọ na oke osimiri ụwa. Nke a na-eme ka oke osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile, na-agbanwe ka ụwa na-agbagharị. Mgbanwe ndị a na-adịkarị mgbe niile ma na-ebu amụma, n'ihi usoro mgbanwe nke ụwa na gburugburu Ọnwa gburugburu Ụwa. [7] Oke na mgbanwe nke mmegharị a na-egosipụta mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke Ọnwa na Anyanwụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ụwa, mmetụta nke ntụgharị nke Ụwa, na ọdịdị ala mpaghara nke ala oké osimiri na ụsọ oké osimiri .

Ike eletriki bụ naanị teknụzụ nke ana-enweta ike dị n'ime njirimara gburugburu nke sistemụ Ụwa-Ọnwa, ma na obere akụkụ na sistemụ nke Ụwa-Anyanwụ. Ike ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike teknụzụ nke mmadụ ji eme ihe sitere na anyanwụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, gụnyere mmanụ ọkụ fosil, hydroelectric nkịtị, ifufe, mmanụ bio, ebili mmiri na ike anyanwụ . Ike nuklia na-eji ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke ihe ndị a na-agbawa agbawa, ebe ike geothermal na-eji okpomọkụ dị n'ime Ụwa, nke sitere na njikọta nke okpomọkụ fọdụrụnụ site na mkpokọta mbara ala (ihe dị ka 20%) na okpomọkụ sitere na ire ere redioaktivu (80%). [8]

Igwe eji emepụta eletrik na-eme ka ike nke mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọkụ eletrik. Mgbanwe mmiri na-abawanye na ọsọ mmiri na-agba n'elu nwere ike ime ka ohere nke ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agba ọsọ dịkwuo elu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ike mmiri na-agba ọsọ nwere ntụkwasị obi dị elu, njupụta ike dị mma, na ogologo oge dị elu. [9]

N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke ụwa na-abụkarị ihe mmekọrịta ike ndọda Ọnwa na Anyanwụ na ntụgharị nke Ụwa, ike eletriki adịghị agwụ agwụ, ma si otú a na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe ike mmeghari ohuru . Mmegharị nke ebili mmiri na-akpata mfu nke ike igwe na sistemụ Ụwa-Ọnwa: nke a na-esite na mgbapụta mmiri sitere na mmachi ebumpụta ụwa gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri na mfu viscous na-esi na ya apụta n'ala oké osimiri na n'ọgba aghara . Mfu nke ike a emeela ka ntụgharị nke Ụwa belata na 4.5. ijeri afọ kemgbe e guzobere ya. N'ime afọ 620 gara aga nde afọ oge ntụgharị nke Ụwa (ogologo ụbọchị) amụbaala site na 21.9 awa ruo 24 awa; [10] n'oge a, usoro Ụwa-Ọnwa efuola 17% nke ike ntụgharị ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ike mmiri ga-ewe ike ọzọ site na sistemụ ahụ, mmetụta ya adịghị mma ma a gaghị ahụ ya n'ọdịnihu a na-ahụ anya.

Usoro

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Ihe mbụ na-emepụta iyi mmiri nke jikọtara na grid n'ụwa, nke e ji azụmaahịa na grid mee. – SeaGen – na Strangford Lough . [11] Mmụba siri ike na-egosi ike dị na mmiri ozuzo .

Enwere ike ikewaa ike mmiri n'ime ụzọ anọ eji emepụta mmiri:

Igwe na-emepụta iyi mmiri

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Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye Tidal power.

Ndị na-emepụta mmiri iyi na-eji ike kinetic nke mmiri na-ebugharị gaa gbaye igwe eji emeputa ike, n'ụzọ yiri igwe mmeputa ikuku na-eji ikuku eme ihe iji gbaye igwe eji emeputa ike. Enwere ike iwulite ụfọdụ jenerato mmiri n'ime usoro nke àkwà mmiri ndị dị adị ma ọ bụ mikpuo ha kpamkpam, si otú a na-ezere nchegbu gbasara ịma mma ma ọ bụ mmetụta anya. Mkpuchi ala dị ka striats ma ọ bụ inlets nwere ike ịmepụta ọsọ dị elu na ebe ụfọdụ, nke enwere ike ijide site na iji igwe eji emeputa ike. Igwe eji emeputa ike ndị a nwere ike ịbụ kwụ ọtọ, kwụ ọtọ, mepere emepe, ma ọ bụ duct. [12]

Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo

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Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo na-eji ike dị n'ime oke dị elu (ma ọ bụ isi hydraulic ) n'etiti oke mmiri dị elu na nke dị ala. Mgbe a na-eji mgbidi mmiri ozuzo na-emepụta ike, a na-ejide ike dị n'ime mmiri site na itinye ihe mgbochi mmiri pụrụ iche. Mgbe oke osimiri na-arị elu ma mmiri ahụ amalite ịbanye, a na-abanye n'ime nnukwu efere dị n'azụ mmiri ahụ, na-ejide nnukwu ike dị n'ime ya. Site na mmiri na-ebelata, a na-agbanwe ike a ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe ka a na-ewepụta mmiri site na nnukwu Igwe eji emeputa ike nke na-emepụta ike eletrik site na iji jenereta. [13] Mgbidi mmiri bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri n'ozuzu ya n'ofe oke mmiri mmiri.

Ọdọ mmiri mmiri

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Nhọrọ ọhụrụ maka imepụta ike eletriki bụ iwu mgbidi gburugburu nke nwere turbines nke nwere ike ijide ike nke ebili mmiri. Ebe nchekwa mmiri ndị e kere dị ka nke mmiri ozuzo, ma e wezụga na ebe ahụ bụ nke e ji aka rụọ ma ọ nweghị usoro ihe ndị dịbu adị. [12] Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụdị okpukpu abụọ (ma ọ bụ atọ) na-enweghị mgbapụta [14] ma ọ bụ site na mgbapụta [15] nke ga-eme ka mmepụta ike dị larịị. Enwere ike inye ike mgbapụta site na oke ike mmeghari ohuru site na dịka ọmụmaatụ turbines ikuku ma ọ bụ usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ. Enwere ike iji ike mmeghari ohuru karịa ibelata ya ma chekwaa ya maka oge ọzọ. Ọdọ mmiri mmiri ndị a gbasasịrị n'ókèala nwere oge igbu oge n'etiti mmepụta kacha elu ga-eme ka mmepụta kacha elu dị mfe nke na-enye mmepụta dị nso na ibu isi na ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ebe nchekwa ike mmeghari ohuru nke mpaghara. Ọdọ mmiri Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay nke akagburu na Wales, United Kingdom gaara abụ ọdụ ike mbụ nke ụdị a ozugbo e wuru ya. [16]

Ike ebili mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe

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Eserese nke ọdọ mmiri DTP site n'elu ruo ala. Agba anụnụ anụnụ na ọbara ọbara gbara ọchịchịrị na-egosi obere na oke mmiri, n'otu n'otu.

Ike eletriki na-agbanwe agbanwe (ma ọ bụ DTP) bụ usoro nkà na ụzụ nke ga-erigbu mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike kinetic na mmiri na-asọ asọ. Ọ na-atụ aro na a ga-enwe dam ndị dị ogologo (dịka ihe ọmụmaatụ: 30–50). (a ga-ewu ya site n'ụsọ oké osimiri gaa n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, na-enweghị ihe mgbochi mpaghara. A na-ewebata ọdịiche dị n'usoro mmiri n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eduga na nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọkwa mmiri n'oké osimiri dị omimi - nke nwere oke mmiri siri ike nke na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịka nke dị n' obodo UK, China, na Korea.

Ọmụmụ ihe US na Canada na narị afọ nke 20

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Nnyocha mbụ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri bụ nke US Federal Power Commission mere n'afọ 1924. Ọ bụrụ na e wuo ụlọ ọrụ ike, a gaara enwe ike ịchọta ha n'ókèala ugwu nke steeti Maine nke US na mpaghara ókèala ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ógbè New Brunswick nke Canada, yana ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri, ebe ike dị ike, na mkpọchi ụgbọ mmiri nke gbara Bay of Fundy na Passamaquoddy Bay gburugburu (rịba ama: lee maapụ dị ka ntụaka). Ọ dịghị ihe si na nnyocha ahụ pụta, a maghịkwa ma Kọmishọna Ike Mba Nile nke US gwara Kanada gbasara nnyocha ahụ.

N'afọ 1956, ụlọ ọrụ Nova Scotia gbasara oku na ike nke Halifax nyere iwu ka e mee nnyocha abụọ gbasara ohere mmepe ike mmiri azụmahịa n'akụkụ Nova Scotia nke Bay of Fundy. Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ahụ, nke Stone & Webster nke Boston na Montreal Engineering Company nke Montreal mere, kwubiri n'onwe ha na enwere ike iji Fundy nweta ọtụtụ nde ịnyịnya ike (dịka gigawatts) mana na ọnụ ahịa mmepe ga-abụ ihe mgbochi n'ahịa.

E nwekwara akụkọ gbasara kọmitii mba ụwa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1961 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nnyocha nke Ọrụ Ike Tidal nke Mba Nile nke Passamaquoddy" nke gọọmentị etiti US na Canada mepụtara. Dịka uru na oke ọnụ ahịa si dị, ọrụ ahụ baara mba Amerịka uru mana ọ baghị uru nye mba Canada.

Gọọmentị Canada na Nova Scotia na New Brunswick (Nyocha nke Ike Tidal Fundy) nyere iwu ka e mee nnyocha iji chọpụta ike mmiri ozuzo na Chignecto Bay na Minas Basin - na njedebe nke ọdụ mmiri Fundy Bay. E nwere ebe atọ a chọpụtara na ha ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ ego: Shepody Bay (1550). MW), Cumberland Basin (1085) MW), na Cobequid Bay (3800) MW). E wubeghị ihe ndị a n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ime n'afọ 1977.

Ọmụmụ ihe US na narị afọ nke 21

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Snohomish PUD, mpaghara ọrụ ọha nke dị na Snohomish County, Washington Steeti, malitere ọrụ ike mmiri n'afọ 2007. N'onwa Eprel afọ 2009, PUD họọrọ OpenHydro, ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ireland, ka ha mepụta turbine na akụrụngwa maka nrụnye n'ikpeazụ. Ọrụ ahụ dịka e mere na mbụ bụ itinye akụrụngwa mmepụta n'ebe mmiri na-asọpụta nke ọma ma jiri akụrụngwa ahụ rụọ ọrụ ruo afọ anọ ruo ise. Mgbe oge nnwale ahụ gasịrị, a ga-ewepụ akụrụngwa ahụ. E bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ọrụ ahụ na ngụkọta ego nke $10. nde, ya na ọkara nke ego ahụ nke PUD nyere site na ego nchekwa ihe onwunwe, na ọkara site na onyinye, ọkachasị site na gọọmentị etiti US. PUD kwụrụ ụgwọ maka akụkụ nke ọrụ a site na nchekwa ma nata onyinye $900,000 n'afọ 2009 na $3.5 nde ego enyemaka n'afọ 2010 tinyere iji ihe nchekwa ego kwụọ atụmatụ $4 nde ego. N'afọ 2010, atụmatụ mmefu ego ahụ mụbara ruo $20 nde, ọkara nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-akwụ, ọkara nke gọọmentị etiti ga-akwụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa mmefu na ọrụ a, ma ka ọ na-erule onwa Ọktoba afọ 2014, ọnụ ahịa ya amụbaala ruo ihe dị ka $38. nde ma a tụrụ anya na ha ga-anọgide na-amụba. PUD tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị etiti nye $10 ọzọ nde ego maka mmụba ọnụ ahịa a, na-ekwu maka nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi . Mgbe gọọmentị etiti jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ a, PUD kagburu ọrụ ahụ mgbe o mefuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dọla iri site na ihe nchekwa na enyemaka. PUD hapụrụ nyocha ike niile nke mmiri mgbe a kagburu ọrụ a, ọ nweghịkwa ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla nke ike isi mmiri.

Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri Rance dị na France

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N'afọ 1966, ndị Électricité de France meghere Ọdụ Ike Rance Tidal, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Rance na Brittany . Ọ bụ ọdụ ike mbụ [17] n'ụwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ọdụ ike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa ruo afọ 45 site na ikike etinyere: Turbine ya 24 ruru mmepụta kachasị elu na megawatts 240 (MW) na nkezi 57 MW, ihe ikike nke bụ ihe dị ka pasentị 24.

Mmepe ike ike mmiri na UK

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E guzobere ebe nnwale ike mmiri mbụ n'ụwa n'afọ 2003 iji malite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ebili mmiri na mmiri na UK. Ebe European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) dị na Orkney, Scotland, akwadola itinye ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ike ebili mmiri na mmiri karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. EMEC na-enye ọtụtụ ebe nnwale n'ọnọdụ oké osimiri n'ezie. Ebe nnwale ebili mmiri jikọtara ya na grid dị na Fall of Warness, n'akụkụ agwaetiti Eday, n'ọwa dị warara nke na-eme ka ebili mmiri ahụ na-aga n'etiti Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Oké Osimiri Ugwu. Mpaghara ya nwere oke mmiri siri ike, nke nwere ike ịga ruo 4 m/s (8.9 mph; 7.8 kn; 14 km/h) n'oge mmiri ozuzo.Ndị na-emepụta ike Tidal ndị nwalere na saịtị ahụ gụnyere: Alstom (nke bụbu Tidal Generation Ltd); ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest; Atlantis Resources Corporation; Nautricity; OpenHydro; Scotrenewables Tidal Power; Voith. [18] Akụrụngwa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ 4 TJ kwa afọ. N'ebe ọzọ na UK, enwere ike iwepụta ike TWh 50 kwa afọ ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ikike GW 25 na agụba ndị a na-atụgharị. [19] [20] [21]

Atụmatụ ike mmiri ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu

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Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye Tidal power.
Ntinye nke injin atọ Verdant Power n'okpuru mmiri nke dị kilogram 35 n'elu otu ntọala triangle (a na-akpọ TriFrame) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Roosevelt Island nke New York City na Ọktoba 22, 2020. [22]
  • The Rance tidal power plant built over a period of six years from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France. It has 240 MW installed capacity.
  • 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.[23][24]
  • The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, south of Hangzhou in China has been operational since 1985, with current installed capacity of 3.2 MW. More tidal power is planned near the mouth of the Yalu River.[25]
  • The first in-stream tidal current generator in North America (Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project) was installed at Race Rocks on southern Vancouver Island in September 2006.[26][27] The Race Rocks project was shut down after operating for five years (2006–2011) because high operating costs produced electricity at a rate that was not economically feasible.[28] The next phase in the development of this tidal current generator will be in Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy).[29]
  • A small project was built by the Soviet Union at Kislaya Guba on the Barents Sea. It has 0.4 MW installed capacity. In 2006 it was upgraded with a 1.2 MW experimental advanced orthogonal turbine.
  • Jindo Uldolmok Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is a tidal stream generation scheme planned to be expanded progressively to 90 MW of capacity by 2013. The first 1 MW was installed in May 2009.
  • A 1.2 MW SeaGen system became operational in late 2008 on Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.[30] It was decommissioned and removed in 2016.[31]
  • The contract for an 812 MW tidal barrage near Ganghwa Island (South Korea) north-west of Incheon has been signed by Daewoo. Completion was planned for 2015[23] but project was retracted in 2013.[32]
  • A 1,320 MW barrage was proposed by the South Korean government in 2009, to be built around islands west of Incheon. The project halted since 2012 due to environmental concerns.
  • The Scottish Government has approved plans for a 10 MW ''Òran na Mara'' array of tidal stream generators near Islay, Scotland, costing 40 million pounds, and consisting of 10 turbines – enough to power over 5,000 homes. The first turbine was expected to be in operation by 2013[33] and then once again announced in 2021,[34] but as of 2023 none existed.
  • The Indian state of Gujarat was planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale tidal power station. The company Atlantis Resources planned to install a 50 MW tidal farm in the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast, with construction planned to start 2012,[35] later withdrawn due to high costs.[36]
  • Ocean Renewable Power Corporation was the first company to deliver tidal power to the US grid in September 2012 when its pilot TidGen system was successfully deployed in Cobscook Bay, near Eastport.
  • In New York City, Verdant Power successfully deployed and operated three tidal turbines in the East River near Roosevelt Island, on a single triangular base system, called a TriFrame. The Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project generated over 300MWh of electricity to the local grid, an American marine energy record. The system's performance was independently confirmed by Scotland's European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) under the new International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) international standards. This is the first instance of a third-party verification of a tidal energy converter to an international standard.[37]
  • The largest tidal energy project entitled MeyGen (398 MW) is currently in construction in the Pentland Firth in northern Scotland with 6 MW operational since 2018.[38][39]
  • Construction of a 320 MW tidal lagoon power plant outside the city of Swansea in the UK was granted planning permission in June 2015, however it was later rejected by the UK government in 2018. If built it would have been the world's first tidal power plant based on a constructed lagoon.[40]
  • Mersey Tidal Power, a proposed tidal range barrage within the channel of the Mersey Estuary with a capacity of up to 1 GW is undergoing local consultation by the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.[41]
  • Up to 240 MW of tidal stream generation is proposed at Morlais, Anglesey from multiple developers, with the first turbines expected to be installed in 2026. As of 2024, a total of 38 MW of capacity has been awarded Contracts for Difference to supply power to the GB grid.[42]
  • The West Somerset Lagoon is a proposed tidal lagoon on the south side of the Bristol Channel between England and Wales. The intended power generation is 6.5 TWh/year.

Nsogbu na ihe ịma aka

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ike eletriki nwere ike imetụta ndụ mmiri. Agụba ndị na-agbagharị agbagharị nke turbines nwere ike igbu ndụ mmiri n'amaghị ama. Ọrụ dịka nke dị na Strangford gụnyere usoro nchekwa nke na-agbanyụ turbine mgbe anụmanụ mmiri na-abịaru nso. Agbanyeghị,ihe a na-akpata nnukwu mfu ike n'ihi oke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri nke na-agafe na turbines. [43] Ụfọdụ azụ nwere ike izere mpaghara ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-agbagharị mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na-eme mkpọtụ na-eyi ya egwu. Ndụ mmiri bụ nnukwu ihe dị mkpa mgbe a na-etinye igwe na-emepụta ike eletrik, a na-emekwa nlezianya iji hụ na ọ bụ anụmanụ mmiri ole na ole ka o kwere mee ka ọ metụta. Banyere ike okpomọkụ ụwa (ya bụ, akara ụkwụ carbon), mmetụta nke teknụzụ mmepụta ike mmiri dị n'etiti 15 na 37 gCO2 -eq/kWhe, nke nwere uru etiti nke 23.8 gCO2 -eq/kWhe. [44] Nke a kwekọrọ na mmetụta nke ihe ndị ọzọ a na-emegharị emegharị dị ka ifufe na ike anyanwụ, ma dịkwa mma karịa teknụzụ ndị e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee. Nchekwa data Tethys na-enye ohere ịnweta akwụkwọ sayensị na ozi izugbe gbasara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmiri. [45]

Ebili mmiri Turbine

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Isi ihe na-echegbu gburugburu ebe obibi maka ike eletriki bụ na ọ na-ejikọta ya na mma agha agụba na njiko nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri ebe mmiri dị elu na-eme ka ohere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nso ma ọ bụ site na ngwaọrụ ndị a. Dịka ọ dị na ike mmeghari ohuru niile dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, enwerekwa nchegbu gbasara otu esi emepụta ubi elektrọnik na mmepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ndụ nwee ike imetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. N'ihi na ngwaọrụ ndị a dị n'ime mmiri, mmepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mma nwere ike ịdị ukwuu karịa nke e ji ike ifufe dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri mepụta. Dabere na ugboro ole na oke ụda nke ngwaọrụ ike mmiri na-emepụta, mmepụta ihe a nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị iche iche na anụmanụ mmiri (karịsịa ndị na -eme ka mmiri dị jụụ iji kwurịta okwu ma na-agagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, dị ka dolphins na whale ). Iwepụ ike mmiri nwekwara ike ibute nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka imebi ịdị mma mmiri dị n'ebe dị anya na imebi usoro ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri . [46] [47] Gbasara na nha ọrụ ahụ, mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịdị site na obere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'akụkụ ngwaọrụ mmiri ruo na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ukwuu. [48]

Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịwụnye ihe mgbidi mmiri nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ mmiri dị n'ime ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ nke osimiri, na-emetụta nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke dabere na oke mmiri . Na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye yana ịpụ na mmiri, enwere ike inwe obere mmiri ozuzo nke mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri, na-akpata mmụba ọzọ (ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị) na obere mmiri nnu, nke nwere ike ibute ọnwụ nke azụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi nri dị mkpa nye nnụnụ na anụmanụ. Azụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ nwekwara ike ghara inwe ike ịnweta iyi ọmụmụ, ma nwee ike ịnwa ịgafe turbines. Otu nchegbu a na-enwe maka ụda olu na-emetụta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Mbelata ohere mbupu nwere ike ịghọ nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, mana enwere ike itinye mkpọchi iji kwe ka ọ gafere nwayọ. Agbanyeghị, mgbochi mmiri ahụ nwere ike ime ka akụ na ụba mpaghara ka mma site n'ịbawanye ohere ịnweta ala dị ka àkwà mmiri. Mmiri dị jụụ nwekwara ike inye ohere ka mma ntụrụndụ n'ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri. [48] Na Ọgọst afọ 2004, otu azụ̀ humpback gwuuru mmiri site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Annapolis Royal Generating Station n'oge mmiri ozuzo, wee daa n'ime ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị tupu o mechaa chọta ụzọ o ga-esi gaa n'Anapolis Basin . [49]

Ọdọ mmiri

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe na-echegbukarị bụ ịkụ azụ̀ n'ime mmiri nke na-achọ ịbanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mmepụta ụda olu sitere na turbines, na mgbanwe na usoro sedimentation. Agbanyeghị, mmetụta ndị a niile dị n'ógbè ha, ha anaghị emetụta oke osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ dum. [48]

Nrụgide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmiri nnu na-akpata ire ere n'akụkụ ígwè. Ọ nwere ike isiri ike ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ndị na-emepụta mmiri iyi n'ihi nha na omimi ha n'ime mmiri. Ojiji nke ihe ndị na-eguzogide nchara dịka ígwè anaghị agba nchara, alloy nickel dị elu, alloy copper-nickel, alloy nickel-copper na titanium nwere ike ibelata nke ukwuu, ma ọ bụ wepụ mmebi nchara. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị mejupụtara ya, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya anaghị emebi emebi ma nwee ike inye ihe owuwu dị mfe, ma sie ike maka ike mmiri. A na-enyocha ihe ndị mejupụtara ya maka ike mmiri. [50]

Mmiri igwe, dị ka mmanụ, nwere ike ịgbapụta, nke nwere ike imebi ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri dị n'akukuya. Nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ kemịkalụ ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ike ịbanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mmebi iwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme mgbe a na-etinye ihe owuwu ọ bụla n'ebe mmiri na-asọ asọ na oke mmiri na-emepụta ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri ga-eme ka ihe owuwu ahụ bụrụ ihe ndabere zuru oke maka ito eto nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri.

Ọnụ ego

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ike Tidal nwere nnukwu ọnụ ahịa dị elu mbụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara na ọ bụghị isi iyi ike mmeghari ohuru a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha egosila na ọha na eze dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ ma kwadokwa nyocha na mmepe nke ngwaọrụ ike tidal. [51] [52] [53] Ụzọ esi emepụta ọkụ eletrik site na ike tidal bụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ike tidal ka dị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na usoro nyocha ahụ, o nwekwara ike ikwe omume ibelata ọnụ ahịa n'ọdịnihu. Ọnụ ego ya na-adịgasị iche dabere na ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agba mmiri si. Otu ihe na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ya dị mma bụ oke Gibrat, nke bụ ogologo nke barrage na mita kewara site na mmepụta ike kwa afọ na awa kilowatt . [54]

Ebe ọ bụ na ike mmiri dị mma a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, Enwere ike ịkọ ogologo oge ọ ga-ewe iji kwụọ ụgwọ dị elu nke ndị na-emepụta ihe. N'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma nke imewe dị mfe nke ukwuu, turbine orthogonal na-enye nnukwu nchekwa ego. N'ihi ya, oge mmepụta nke nkeji mmepụta ọ bụla na-ebelata, ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri ígwè dị ala, arụmọrụ teknụzụ kakwa mma. [55]

Ihe nwere ike ime bụ mmụba nke oke osimiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe àgwà nke ebili mmiri mpaghara ahụ ma belata mmepụta ike n'ọdịnihu. [56] [57]

Nhazi nlekota ahụike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ndị kpatara ibu dị elu sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmiri dị ihe dị ka okpukpu 800 karịa ikuku, na ọdịdị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke ebili mmiri ma e jiri ya tụnyere ifufe, na-eme ka ike ebili mmiri na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka mmepụta ike eletrik. Nlekota ọnọdụ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa iji ya mee ihe nke ọma na ọnụ ahịa. [58]

Leekwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

  • Mmiri eletriki
  • Ike mmiri
  • Ndepụta nke ọdụ ike mmiri
  • Mmiri eletriki na-agba ọsọ na osimiri
  • Nlekota ahụike ụlọ
  • Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo
  • Ugbo mmiri ozuzo
  • Ike mmiri na Kanada
  • Ike mmiri na Niu Ziland
  • Ike ebili mmiri na Scotland
  • Ihe na-emepụta iyi mmiri
  • Ike mmiri
  • Ike mmiri ugbu a
  • Ike ebili mmiri
  • Mgbanwe ike okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri
  • Ike Osmotic
  • Oriri ike ụwa

Edensibịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịgụkwu ihe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Baker, AC 1991, Tidal power, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London.
  • Baker, GC, Wilson EM, Miller, H., Gibson, RA & Ball, M., 1980. "Ọrụ nnwale ike mmiri Annapolis", na Waterpower '79 Proceedings, ed. Anon, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mbipụta Gọọmentị US, Washington, pp 550–559.
  • Hammons, TJ 1993, "Ike Mmiri", Akwụkwọ nke IEEE, [N'ịntanetị], v81, n3, pp 419–433. Dị na: IEEE/IEEE Xplore. [Julaị 26, 2004].
  • Lecomber, R. 1979, "Nyocha nke ọrụ ike mmiri", na Tidal Power and Estuary Management, edits. Severn, RT, Dineley, DL & Hawker, LE, Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, pp 31–39.
  • Jubilo, A., 2019, "Ike Mmiri Na-eme Ka E Nwee Ike Imeghari: Ntọala maka Mmepe Teknụzụ na Mindanao nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ", Mgbakọ Mba nke 80 nke PIchE; Crowne Plaza Galleria, Ortigas Center, Quezon City, Philippines.
  • Mbuli elu nke UK ò nwere ike inye aka mee ka anyị ghara inweta mmanụ ọkụ? . Akụkọ BBC. Ebipụtara na 22 Ọktoba 2023.
  • Ịkwalite Ọkụ Eletriki site na Nchekwa A Na-agbapụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tidal . David JC MacKay, Ụlọ Nyocha Cavendish, Mahadum Cambridge, UK. Ebipụtara ya na Mee 3, 2007.
  • Mgbasa nke Mmiri: Ike Mmiri na UK - Akụkọ sitere na Sustainable Development Commission. Ebipụtara na Ọktoba 2007.
  • 2007 – Akụkọ sitere na Global Energy Survey. Ebipụtara na 2007.
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Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye Tidal power.

 

  1. ↑ Ocean Energy Council (2011). "Tidal Energy: Pros for Wave and Tidal Power". Archived from the original on 2008-05-13.
  2. ↑ "Microsoft Word – RS01j.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  3. ↑ Minchinton, W. E. (October 1979). "Early Tide Mills: Some Problems". Technology and Culture. 20 (4): 777–786. doi:10.2307/3103639.
  4. ↑ Dorf, Richard (1981). The Energy Factbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  5. ↑ "Ocean power – Tracking Power 2020 – Analysis". IEA (in Bekee ndị United Kingdom). Archived from the original on 2020-06-19. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  6. ↑ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness world records 2014. Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
  7. ↑ DiCerto, JJ (1976). The Electric Wishing Well: The Solution to the Energy Crisis. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 9780025313200.
  8. ↑ Turcotte, D. L. (2002). "Chapter 4". Geodynamics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4.
  9. ↑ Chowdhury, M. S. (2021-06-01). "Current trends and prospects of tidal energy technology". Environment, Development and Sustainability (in Bekee). 23 (6): 8179–8194. doi:10.1007/s10668-020-01013-4. ISSN 1573-2975. PMID 33041645.
  10. ↑ George E. Williams (2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (1): 37–60. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016.
  11. ↑ Douglas, C. A. (2008). "Life cycle assessment of the Seagen marine current turbine" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 222 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1243/14750902JEME94.
  12. 1 2 "Tidal – Capturing tidal fluctuations with turbines, tidal barrages, or tidal lagoons". Tidal / Tethys. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  13. ↑ Evans, Robert (2007). Fueling Our Future: An Introduction to Sustainable Energy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  14. ↑ "Hydrological Changing Double Current-typed Tidal Power Generation". YouTube. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original (video) on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  15. ↑ "Enhancing Electrical Supply by Pumped Storage in Tidal Lagoons" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  16. ↑ Elsevier Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1 GB, United Kingdom. "Green light for world's first tidal lagoon". renewableenergyfocus.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.{{cite cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ "Wyre Tidal Energy". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015.
  18. ↑ "EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre". emec.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27.
  19. ↑ "Norske oppfinneres turbinteknologi kan bli brukt i britisk tidevannseventyr". Teknisk Ukeblad. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  20. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-15.{{cite cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ↑ "Tidal Lagoon May Be Cheaper Than Hinkley, Government Report Says". Bloomberg.com. 2017-01-12. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
  22. ↑ Deign, Jason (20 October 2020). "New York City Is About to Get an Injection of Tidal Power. Is This Time Different?". Greentech Media. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  23. 1 2 "Hunt for African Projects". Newsworld.co.kr. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  24. ↑ "Tidal power plant nears completion". yonhapnews.co.kr. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25.
  25. ↑ "China Endorses 300 MW Ocean Energy Project". Renewableenergyworld.com. 2 November 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  26. ↑ "Race Rocks Demonstration Project". Cleancurrent.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  27. ↑ "Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy". Racerocks.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  28. ↑ "Tidal Energy Turbine Removal". Race Rocks Ecological Reserve- Marine mammals, seabirds (in Bekee ndị Canada). 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  29. ↑ "Information for media inquiries". Cleancurrent.com. 2009-11-13. Archived from the original on 2007-06-03. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
  30. ↑ "Tidal energy system on full power". BBC News. December 18, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Strangford tidal energy turbine to be removed". BBC News (in Bekee ndị United Kingdom). 2016-01-27. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  32. ↑ "Tidal Power in South Korea". SAVE International (in Bekee). 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
  33. ↑ "Islay to get major tidal power scheme". BBC. March 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
  34. ↑ "Islay project to produce Scotch whisky by tidal power". Scottish Construction Now (in Bekee). 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  35. ↑ "India plans Asian tidal power first". BBC News. January 18, 2011.
  36. ↑ "India's tidal power potential hampered by high costs and environmental risks". Mongabay-India (in Bekee ndị America). 2021-08-20. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
  37. ↑ "Turbines Off NYC East River Will Create Enough Energy to Power 9,500 Homes". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  38. ↑ "Scotland unveils world's largest tidal stream power project". Financial Times. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  39. ↑ "MeyGen". SAE Renewables (in Bekee ndị United Kingdom). Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  40. ↑ "£1.3bn Swansea Bay tidal lagoon project thrown out". BBC News website. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  41. ↑ "Mersey Tidal - Liverpool City Region Combined Authority - Citizen Space". Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. 2024-09-25. Archived from the original on 2024-09-25. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  42. ↑ Maksumic, Zerina (2024-09-05). "Industry welcomes boost to tidal stream projects following latest UK renewables auction results". Offshore Energy (in Bekee ndị America). Retrieved 2024-10-12.
  43. ↑ "Tidal Energy Technology Brief" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  44. ↑ Kaddoura, Mohamad (2020). "life cycle assessment of electricity generation from an array of subsea tidal kite prototypes". Energies. 13 (2): 456. doi:10.3390/en13020456.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  45. ↑ "Tethys". Tethys. PNNL.
  46. ↑ Li, X. (2019-11-25). "Three-dimensional modelling of suspended sediment transport in the far wake of tidal stream turbines" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 151: 956–965. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.096.
  47. ↑ Martin-Short, R. (2015-04-01). "Tidal resource extraction in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential impacts on flow regime and sediment transport in the Inner Sound of Stroma". Renewable Energy. 76: 596–607. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.079.
  48. 1 2 3 "Tethys". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25.
  49. ↑ "Whale still drawing crowds at N.S. river". The Globe and Mail.
  50. ↑ Lusty, Ariel F (2024). "Submerged Fatigue Testing of Marine Energy Advanced Materials" (in Bekee). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34441.25445. {{cite cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ↑ Polis, Hilary Jacqueline (2017-06-01). "Public Willingness to Pay and Policy Preferences for Tidal Energy Research and Development: A Study of Households in Washington State". Ecological Economics (in Bekee). 136: 213–225. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.024. ISSN 0921-8009.
  52. ↑ Dreyer, Stacia J. (July 2017). "Changing Tides: Acceptability, support, and perceptions of tidal energy in the United States". Energy Research & Social Science (in Bekee). 29: 72–83. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.04.013.
  53. ↑ Jenkins, Lekelia Danielle (2018-12-01). "Human dimensions of tidal energy: A review of theories and frameworks". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (in Bekee). 97: 323–337. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.036. ISSN 1364-0321.
  54. ↑ "Tidal Energy – Ocean Energy Council". Ocean Energy Council (in Bekee ndị America). Retrieved 2018-05-04.
  55. ↑ Sveinsson, Níels. "Profitability Assessment for a Tidal Power Plant at the Mouth of Hvammsfjörður, Iceland" (PDF).
  56. ↑ Johnson, Doug (18 April 2023). "As Sea Levels Rise, Tidal Power Becomes a Moving Target". Undark Magazine. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  57. ↑ Khojasteh, Danial (15 January 2022). "Sea level rise changes estuarine tidal stream energy". Energy (in Bekee). 239. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.122428. ISSN 0360-5442.
  58. ↑ "Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Tidal energy converters". Archived from the original on 2014-03-25.
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