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Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa (ọgwụ)

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Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, ikike mgbochi ọrịa bụ ọnọdụ nke ịbụ onye na-adịghị anabata ma ọ bụ onye na-eguzogide ihe ma ọ bụ usoro na-emerụ ahụ, ọkachasị nje na-akpata ọrịa ma ọ bụ Ọrịa na-efe efe. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụtaụwa ma ọ bụ e mepụta ya site na inweta ya enweta ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.

Nke Ebumpụtaụwa na nke E nwetara Enweta

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Atụmatụ nke Onye na-anabata Fc

Usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ndị e bu pụta ụwa na ndị a na-enweta enweta. Ikike mgbochi ọrịabu nke ebumpụtaụwa dị na Metazoans niile, [1] mmeghachi omume nke nguzogide ọrịa: ọzịza nke akụkụ ahụ ọbụla na phagocytosis. Akụkụ ya bụ nke e nwetara enweta, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-agụnye mkpụrụ ndụ lymphatic dị elu karị nke nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe "ndị na-esighi n'ahụ" ndị dị "n'ahụ". A na-akọwa mmeghachi omume nye ihe ndị na-esighi na ahụ dị ka ọzịza ebe a na-akọwakarị adịghị mmeghachi omume na-eme nye ihe ndị si n'ahụ dị ka nguzogide ọrịa. Akụkụ abụọ a nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ike ebe a pụrụ ịhụ "ahụike" dị ka ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ebe a na-echebe onwe onye, wee wepụ ihe dị batara abata site n'ụzọ ọzịza na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. "Ọrịa" nwere ike ibilite mgbe a na-enweghị ike iwepụ ihe ndị batara abata n'ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ahụ adịghị nchekwa.[2]

Ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụtaụwa, nke a makwaara dị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ọnatarachi, bụ ụdị mgbochi ọrịa bụ n'otu akụkụ kpọmkwem maka ụfọdụ nje na-ebute ọrịa na nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe. A na-akọwa ya dị ka akara mbụ nke nchebe megide nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa, na-anọchite anya nzaghachi dị oke egwu nke usoro ahụ iji gbochie ọrịa na ịnọgide na-enwe homeostasis, na-enye aka n'ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ e nwetara enweta.[3] Ọ naghị emeghachi omume nye ihe ụfọdụ na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ ọrịa gara aga, mana ọ na-adabere na njirimara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke usoro ụfọdụ.[4]

Ikike mgbochi ọrịa e nwetara enweta bụ akụkụ nke ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ikike ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ bu nke ebumpụtaụwa, nke lymphocytes na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na antigens na-achịkwa. N'adịghị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa ebumpụta ụwa, ikike mgbochi ọrịa a na-enweta enweta bụ nke a kapịrị ọnụ maka otu nje na-akpata ọrịa, gụnyere mmepe nke ncheta mgbochi ọrịa. Dị ka usoro nke ebumpụta ụwa, usoro e nwetara enweta na-agụnye ma ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa humoral na ihe ndị na'egbochi ọrịa cell.   [citation needed]

Enwere ike inweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta ma ọ bụ 'n'ụzọ okike' (site na ọrịa) ma ọ bụ "n'ụzọ aka mere" (site na omume ndị a kpachapụrụ anya mee dị ka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi). A pụkwara ịhazi ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta dị ka 'nke na-arụ ọrụ' ma ọ bụ 'nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ'. A na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke na-arụ ọrụ site na ikpughe onwe onye nye nje na-ebute ọrịa, nke na-akpali mmepụta nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ime ahụ.[5] A na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na nnyefe nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ T na-arụ ọrụ nke sitere na onye na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ aka mere ma ọ bụ site na placenta; ọ na-adị ndụ mkpụmkpụ, na-achọ booster doses maka ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adị gawa n'ihu.

Ihe osise dị n'okpuru ebe a chịkọtara nkewa ndị a nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke a na-enweta enweta na-amata usoro dịgasị iche iche. N'adịghị ka ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ebumpụta ụwa, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ncheta nke nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa.[4]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme Nke Echiche Dị Iche Iche Gbasara Ya

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Ihe ngosi nke ọrịa ntiwapụ ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu

Kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ enweela mmasị na ihe na-akpata ọrịa na echiche nke ikike ahụ ji egbochi ọrịa. Echiche tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ na ọ bụ ike karịrị mmadụ kpatara ọrịa, nakwa na ọrịa bụ ụdị ntaramahụhụ theurgic maka "omume ọjọọ" ma ọ bụ "echiche ọjọọ" nke ndị bụ chi ma ọ bụ ndị iro mmadụ tinyere na mkpụrụ obi. [6] N'oge ndị Gris oge ochie, Hippocrates, onye a na-ewere dị ka Nna nke Ọgwụ, kwuru na ọrịa sitere na mgbanwe ma ọ bụ enweghị nkwekọ nke otu n'ime ihe anọ ahụ mejupụtara mmadụ (ọbara, phlegm, mgbiilu odo odo ma ọ bụ mgbiilu ojii). [7] Nkọwa mbụ e dere ede nke echiche nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ịbụ nke onye Atens Thucydides mere, onye, na 430 BC, kọwara na mgbe ihe otiti ahụ dakwasịrị Athens: "ndị ọrịa na ndị na-anwụ anwụ ka a nọ na-elekọta site na nlekọta ọmịiko nke ndị gbakere, n'ihi na ha maara usoro ọrịa ahụ ma ha onwe ha enweghị egwu ya. "[8]

Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nwere ike ịmalite na Mithridates VI nke Pontus (120-63 BC) [9] onye, iji mee ka ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị ike maka nsí agwọ, tụrụ aro iji usoro yiri nke Ọgwụgwọ serum Toxoid nke oge a, site na ịṅụ ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri agwọ na-egbu egbu. A na-ahụta ya na ọ na-eche na anụmanụ ndị ahụ nwetara ụfọdụ ikike iwepụ nsị, nke ga-eme ka ọbara ha nwee nsị agwọ ahụ n'ụdị a gbanwere agbanwe nke nwere ike ime ka o guzogide ya kama inwe mmetụta na-egbu egbu. Mithridates chere na, site na ịṅụ ọbara nke anụmanụ ndị a, ọ nwere ike inweta nguzogide yiri nke ahụ.[9] N'ịtụ egwu nsí igbu ya, ọ nọ na-aṅụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu n'ụdị na-esichaghị ike kwa ụbọchị iji mee ka nnagide dị mma. A na-ekwukwa na ọ gbalịrị ịmepụta 'ọgwụgwọ zuru ụwa ọnụ' iji chebe ya pụọ na nsí niile.[7][10] Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ puku abụọ, a nọ na-eche na nsí bụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa, nke a na-ejikwa ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe dị iche iche, nke a na-akpọ Mithridate, gwọọ nsí n'oge Renaissance. [7][11] E jiiri ụdị ọgwụgwọ a emelitere, Theriacum Andromachi, mee ihe ruo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. A na-ahụkwa okwu ahụ bụ "immunes" n'abụ uri "Pharsalia" nke onye na-ede uri bụ Marcus Annaeus Lucanus dere n'ihe dị ka 60 BC iji kọwaa nguzogide otu agbụrụ North Africa nwere nye nsí agwọ.[7]

Nkọwa n'ụzọ ahụike mbụ banyere ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke sitere na otu nje kpọmkwem na-akpata ọrịa bụ ikekwe A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles ("Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah″, nke a sụgharịrị na 1848[12]) nke onye dọkịnta Alakụba bụ Al-Razi dere na narị afọ nke itoolu. N’akwụkwọ ahụ, Al-Razi kọwara ihe mgbaàmà na ọdịdị ahụike nke smallpox na measles, ma gaa n’ihu ịkọwa na ịnweta ọrịa ndị a kpọmkwem na-enye ahụ́ mmadụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịte aka (ọ bụ ezie na o jighị okwu a bụ “immunity”).

.[7]

Ruo na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a nabatara echiche miasma n'ọtụtụ ebe. Echiche ahụ lere ọrịa ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ ma ọ bụ Black Plague anya dị ka ihe miasma na-akpata, ụdị "ikuku ọjọọ" na-egbu egbu.[6] Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ekpughee onwe ya nye miasma n'ime ala mmiri, n'ikuku mgbede, ma ọ bụ n'ikuku mgbe ọ na-eku ume n'ime ụlọ ebe ndị ahụ na-adịghị na-anọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ, ha nwere ike ibute ọrịa. Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a bịara na-ele ọrịa na-efe efe anya dị ka nke nje / microbes na-akpata.

Okwu nke oge a bụ "ikike mgbochi ọrịa" sitere na okwu Latịn bụ immunis, nke pụtara nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọrụ ndị agha, ịkwụ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ.[8]

Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ mepụtara echiche zuru oke gbasara ikke mgbochi ọrịa bụ Ilya Mechnikov [13] onye kpughere phagocytosis na 1882. Site na echiche nje na-ebute ọrịa nke Louis Pasteur, sayensị na-eto eto nke immunology malitere ịkọwa etu nje bacteria si akpata ọrịa, na otu, mgbe ọrịa gasịrị, ahụ mmadụ nwetara ikike iguzogide ọrịa ndị ọzọ.[8]

Louis Pasteur na ụlọ nnyocha ya, 1885, nke Albert Edelfelt sere

N'afọ 1888, Emile Roux na Alexandre Yersin wepụtara nsị diphtheria, ma na nsochi nke nchọpụta nke afọ 1890 nke Behring na Kitasato mere gbasara ikike mgbochi ọrịa diphtheria na tetanus dabeere na anti-toxin, antitoxin ahụ ghọrọzi ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nke oge a.[7]

Na Europe, induction nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ pụtara na mgbalị iji gbochie kịtịkpa. Igbochi ọrịa adịla n'ụdị dị iche iche ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu puku afọ, na-ejighị okwu ahụ egosipụta ya.[8] A maghị ojiji mbụ nke okwu a bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, mana, n'ihe dị ka 1000 AD, Ndị China malitere ime ụdị dịka ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi site n'ịmịkpọ na ikuru n'imi ajịrịja sitere na mkpocha nke ọrịa kịtịkpa.[8] N'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na ise na India, Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, na ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, omume nke inoculation (iji ụdị ya dị ntụ ntụ sitere na mkpocha kịtịkpa na-etinye akpụkpọ ahụ) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.[8] Ọ bụ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu bu ụzọ webata omume a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'afọ 1721.[8] N'afọ 1798, Edward Jenner webatara usoro ka dị nchebe nke gụnyere ịkpachara anya bute nje cowpox, (bụ ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa), nke webatara obere nje nke mekwara ka e nwee ike igbochi ọrịa kịtịkpa. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1800, e bidoro na-akpọ usoro ahụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi. Iji zeere inwe mgbagwoju anya, a nọ na-akpọ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa dị ka variolation, ọ ghọkwara ihe a na-emekarị iji okwu a n'echebaraghị usoro iheomume echiche. Ihe ịga nke ọma na nnabata zuru oke nke usoro Jenner ga-emecha mee ka ọdịdị ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi nke Pasteur na ndị ọzọ mepụtara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na itolu dị izugbe.[7] N'afọ 1891, Pasteur gbasara nkọwa nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi iji sọpụrụ Jenner, ọ ghọkwara ihe dị mkpa ịkọwaru okwu ahụ n'ozuzu site n'izo aka na ọgwụ mgbochi polio, ọgwụ mgbochi kịtịkpa wdg.

Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ

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Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa e nwetara site na mbufe nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ na ahụ site n'otu onye gaa na onye ọzọ. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere ike ime n'ụzọ ebumpụtaụwa, dịka mgbe a na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke nne nye nwa e bu n'afọ site na placenta, a pụkwara ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe aka mere, mgbe a na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke mmadụ (ma ọ bụ nke ịnyịnya) nke bụ maka nje na-ebute ọrịa kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ nsí n'ebe ọ dị elu bunye ya ndị na-enweghị ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ. A na-eme ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe enwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa na mgbe oge ezughi oke maka ahụ iji mepụta ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ya, ma ọ bụ iji belata mgbaàmà nke ọrịa na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ nke na-abịatu ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ.[14] Ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-enye nchebe ozugbo, mana ahụ anaghị echeta, ya mere onye ọrịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute otu nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa mgbe e mesịrị.[15]

Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ E Nwetara N'ụzọ Ọnatarachi

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Nwa e bu n'afọ na-enweta ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site n'aka nne ya n'oge ọ dị ime. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke nne bụ ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nọ n'etiti ya. A na-ebufe ihe ndị na-alụso nne ọgụ nke nne (MatAb) site na Placenta gaa na nwa e bu n'afọ site na ihe nnabata FcRn ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ placenta. Nke a na-eme n'ihe dị ka ọnwa nke atọ nke ịdị ime. IgG bụ naanị di n'otu ụdị ka ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ nke nwere ike ịgafe placenta.

A na-enyekwa ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ site na mbufe nke ihe na-egbochi ọrịa IgA dị na mmiri ara nke a na-ebufe na eriri afọ nke nwa ọhụrụ na-aṅụ ara, na-echebe ya megide nje bacteria, ruo mgbe nwa ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa nke ya. Colostrum dị na mmiri ara ndị nne bụ ihe atụ nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ.[15]

Otu n'ime karama mbụ nke diphtheria antitoxin e mepụtara (nke e dere n'afọ 1895)

Ikike Mgbochi Ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ E Nwetara N'ụzọ Aka Mere

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Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ e nwetara n'ụzọ aka mere bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa dị mkpirikpi nke a na-ebute site na mbufe nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa n'ahụ, nke enwere ike inye n'ụdị dị iche iche; dị ka plasma ọbara mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke anụmanụ, dị ka immunoglobulin mmadụ maka ịgbanye ya n'akwara (IVIG) ma ọ bụ ịgbanye ya n'uru anụ (IG), yana n'ụdị monoclonal antibodies (MAb). A na-eji nnyefe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ eme ihe n'ụdị prophylactic n'ihe gbasara ọrịa immunodeficiency, dị ka hypogammaglobulinemia.[16] A na-ejikwa ya agwọ ọtụtụ ụdị ọrịa siri ike, na iji gwọọ nsị.[14] Ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke sitere na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na-adịru naanị obere oge, e nwekwara ihe ize ndụ maka mmeghachi omume hypersensitivity, na Ọrịa serum, ọkachasị site na gamma globulin nke na-abụghị nke si na mmadụ.[15]

E jirila ntinye n'ụzọ aka mere nke ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike mee ihe ihe ihe karịrị otu narị afọ iji gwọọ ọrịa na-efe efe, na tupu ọbịbịa nke ọgwụ nje, ọ na-abụkarị naanị ọgwụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka ọrịa ụfọdụ. Ọgwụgwọ immunoglobulin nọgidere na-abụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa iku ume siri ike ruo n'afọ ndị 1930, ọbụlagodi mgbe eweputacharara ọgwụ nje sulfonamide.[16]

Mbufe nke mkpụrụ ndụ T na-arụ ọrụ

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Mgbochi ọrịa na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike, ma ọ bụ “mbufe mgbochi ọrịa site n’ịnabata mkpụrụ ndụ” nke mgbochi ọrịa nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwa, ka a na-enweta site n’ibufe mkpụrụ ndụ T ndị “a kpaliri ịrụ ọrụ” ma ọ bụ ndị rụwalara ọrụ site n’otu onye gaa n’ahụ onye ọzọ. A naghị eji usoro a eme ihe ugboro ugboro n’ebe mmadụ nọ, n’ihi na ọ chọrọ ndị na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ nwere histocompatible (ndị ahụ́ ha kwekọrọ), ndị na-esikarị ike ịchọta. N’ebe ndị na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị ekwekọ, ụdị mbufe a nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft_versus_host_disease" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Graft versus host disease" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="192">graft versus host</a>.[14] Otú ọ dị, ejirila ya agwọ ụfọdụ ọrịa, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị ọrịa kansa na erughị eru nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa (immunodeficiency) . Ụdị mbufe a dị iche na mbugharị ụmị ọkpụkpụ, nke a na-ebufe mkpụrụ ndụ stem hematopoietic (nke na-adịbeghị iche n’ọrụ ha) n’ime ahụ.   [citation needed]

Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa Na-arụ Ọrụ

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Oge nke mmeghachi omume nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. N'ihi mmepụta nke ihe ncheta nke immunological, ibute ọrịa ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị na-eduga na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ na mmepụta nke antibody na ọrụ T cell. Ọrịa ndị a na-esote nwere ike ịdị nro ma ọ bụ ọbụna ghara ịdị.

Mgbe Mkpụrụ ndụ B na Mkpụrụ ndụ T ka a kpaliri ị na-arụ ọrụ site na nje na-ebute ọrịa, ncheta mkpụrụ ndụ B na mkpụrụ ndụT- na-etolitekwa, mmeghachi omume mbụ nke usoro ilụso ọrịa ọgụ nke ahụ na-apụta. N'oge ndụ niile nke anụmanụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ncheta ndị a niile "ga-echeta" nje na-ebute ọrịa nke ọ bụla o zutere, ma nwee ike ịmalite nzaghachi siri ike ma ọ bụrụ na achọpụta nje ahụ na-ebute ọrịa ọzọ. Nzaghachi mbụ na nke abụọ ka onye Bekee na-ahụ maka ahụike Alexander Glenny kọwara na 1921 [17] ọ bụ ezie na achọtaghị usoro ahụ dị na ya ruo mgbe e mesịrị. Ụdị mgbochi a na-arụ ọrụ ma na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na usoro mgbochi ọrịa nke ahụ na-akwadebe onwe ya maka ihe ịma aka n'ọdịnihu. Ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ na-agụnyekarị ma akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-achịkwa na nke humoral nke mmegide yana ntinye sitere na usoro ahụike ebumpụta ụwa.Templeeti:Immune system

Ihe e nwetara n'ụzọ aka Mere

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Enwere ike ịkpali ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke e nwetara n’ụzọ aka mere site n’iji ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa (vaccine), nke bụ ihe nwere antigen n’ime ya. Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-akpali nzaghachi mbụ nke usoro mgbochi ọrịa megide antigen ahụ n’enweghị ịkpata ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ.[14] Ọ bụ Richard Dunning, onye ya na Edward Jenner, na-arụkọ ọrụ, chepụtara okwu “vaccination”, ma Louis Pasteur mechara were okwu ahụ mee ihe n’ọrụ ya a ma ama banyere ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa. Usoro Pasteur jiri gụnyere ịgwọ ma ọ bụ imezi ihe ndị na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe ka ha ghara inwezi ike ịkpata ọrịa siri ike. Pasteur jiri aha “vaccine” mee ihe dịka okwu izugbe iji sọpụrụ nchọpụta Jenner, nke ọrụ Pasteur wuru.

Ihe ngosi nke tupu mkpochapụ nke kịtịkpa na 1979, na-akwalite ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi

N'afọ 1807, Bavaria ghọrọ otu mbụ chọrọ ka a gbaa ndị agha ha ọgwụ mgbochi megide kịtịkpa, ebe mgbasa nke kịtịkpa ka e jikọrọ ya na agha.[18] N'ikpeazụ, omume ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ga-abawanye na mgbasa nke agha.

E nwere ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ọdịnala anọ: [19]

  • Ọgwụ mgbochi ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nwere nje ndị e ji kemịkal na/ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ gbuo ma bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ebufenwuzi ọrịa. Ihe atụ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi megide influenza, ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ, Ihe otiti, na ịba ọcha n'anya A. Ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi nke ụdị a nwere ike ịchọ mmụba.
  • Ọgwụ mgbochi dị ndụ, nke e belatara ikike ya, bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nke e ji ụmụ nje ndị a zụlitere n’ọnọdụ pụrụ iche mee, nke mere ka ha ghara inwe ike ịkpata ọrịa. Nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa ndị a na-adịte aka karịa; Otú ọ dị, mmadụ nwere ike ịchọ ịgba ọgwụ nkwado. Ihe atụ gụnyere yellow fever, measles, rubella, na mumps.
  • Toxoids bụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu sitere n’ime ụmụ nje ndị a kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ, n’ọnọdụ ebe ihe ndị a—kama ịbụ nje ahụ n’onwe ya—na-akpata ọrịa. A na-eji ha eme ihe tupu mmadụ ezute nsị nke nje ahụ. Ihe atụ nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa sitere na toxoid gụnyere tetanus na diphtheria.
  • Ọgwụ mgbochi Subunit, recombinant, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Polysaccharide" class="cx-link" data-linkid="258">polysaccharide</a>, na conjugate bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ndị e ji obere akụkụ ma ọ bụ iberibe sitere n’ahụ́ nje na-akpata ọrịa mee. [20] Ihe atụ doro anya bụ ọgwụ mgbochi subunit megide nje Hepatitis B.

Na mgbakwunye, e nwere ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụrụ a na-eji eme ihe:

  • Ọgwụ mgbochi Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) bụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nwere akpụkpọ mpụta (outer membrane) nke nje bacteria, na-enweghị akụkụ dị n’ime nje ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. N’ihi ya, n’ụzọ zuru oke, ha na-akpali usoro mgbochi ọrịa ka o nwee ike ịlụso nje bacteria mbụ ahụ ọgụ, n’enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa.[21]
  • Ọgwụ mgbochi sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ebunye nucleic acid nke nwere koodu maka antigen n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke onye a na-agwọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ na-emepụtazi antigen ahụ, nke na-akpalite nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa. Ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi a gụnyere Ọgwụ mgbochi DNA, [22] Ọgwụ mgbochi RNA, [23] na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Viral vector vaccine" class="cx-link" data-linkid="272">Ọgwụ mgbochi viral vector</a>, [24] [25] ụ́ ndị dị iche n’ụdị kemịkalụ nke nucleic acid ha na ụzọ e si ebufe ya n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ onye a na-agwọ.

Ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi dị iche iche ka na-emepe emepe; lee Ụdị ọgwụ mgwọ ọrịa ndị a ka na-anwale.

A na-enye ọtụtụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa site n’ịgba ọgwụ n’okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ime uru anụ n’ihi na eriri afọ anaghị anabata ha nke ọma mgbe niile. A na-enye ọgwụ mgbochi Ọrịa polio dị ndụ nke e mebelatara ike ya yana ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa typhoid na ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ site n'ọnụ iji mepụta mgbochi ọrịa nke na-adabere n’usoro mgbochi ọrịa dị n’ime eriri afọ.

Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ikike Mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta bụ njikọta nke ikike mgbohi ọrịa nke ọnatarachi na ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke aka mere. Nnyocha nke ndị nwere ikike mgbochi ọrịa nke ngwakọta chọpụtara na ọbara ha nwere ike igbochi Beta na ụdị SARS-CoV-2 ndị ọzọ karịa ndị na-enwetụbeghị ọrịa, ndị gbara ọgwụ mgbochi.[26] Ọzọkwa, na 29 Ọktọba 2021, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kwubiri na "Ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere na ntọala dị iche iche egosila na nje SARS-CoV-2 na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'otu n'otu na-ebute obere ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ka e mesịrị na ụdị ndị yiri ya ruo ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa isii. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gbasara usoro mgbochi ọrịa, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọmụmụ gbasara mgbasa na nkesa ọrịa n’obodo (epidemiology), egosila na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nye ndị mmadụ bu ọrịa ahụ mbụ na-eme ka nzaghachi usoro mgbochi ọrịa ha sie ike nke ukwuu, ma na-ebelata nke ọma ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ọzọ, gụnyere n’ọnọdụ ebe ụdị nje ndị na-efe efe ngwa ngwa na-agbasawanye.[27]

Ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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A na-ekpebi ikike mgbochi ọrịa site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Genome ndị dị n'ime ụmụ mmadụ na Ụmụ anụmanụ na-edepụta ihe ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ahụ na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ na-emeghachi omume nye ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-achọkarị ọtụtụ n'ime Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a maka ikike mgbochi ọrịa na-arụ ọrụ na nke na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike (lee ngalaba ndị dị n'elu), e nwekwara ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke yiri ka a chọrọ ha maka mmeghachi omume ahụike pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chọrọ Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) maka nchebe pụọ na ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. Ndị nwere nkwarụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na TNF nwere ike ịnata ọrịa na-egbu egbu na nke na-abịaghachị ugboro ugboro ndụ na nje ụkwara nta (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) mana ha nwere ahụike. O yikwara ka ha na-emeghachi omume nye ọrịa ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mma. Ya mere, a na-akpọ ọnọdụ ahụ Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) na ụdị ya nwere ike e bute ya site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ metụtara mmepụta ma ọ bụ mgbaàmà interferon (dịka site na mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_gamma" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Interferon gamma" class="cx-link" data-linkid="306">IFNG</a>', IL12B, IL12RB1, 'IL12RB2', IL23R, ISG15, MCTS1, RORC, TBX21, TYK2, CYBB, JAK1, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, USP18, IRF1, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF8" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="IRF8" class="cx-link" data-linkid="323">IRF8</a>, NEMO, SPPL2A).[28]

Hụkwa

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Edensibịa

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Njikọ mpụga

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  1. ↑ (1 January 2004) "Molecules, cells, and tissues of immunity". Immunology Guidebook: 1–15. DOI:10.1016/B978-012198382-6/50025-X. 
  2. ↑ (February 2010) "Innate immunity". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 125 (2 Suppl 2): S24-32. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.016. PMID 19932920. 
  3. ↑ Riera Romo (2016). "Innate immunity in vertebrates: an overview". Immunology 146 (2): 125–139. DOI:10.1111/imm.12597. PMID 26878338. 
  4. 1 2 (February 2006) "Pathogen recognition and innate immunity" (in en). Cell 124 (4): 783–801. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015. PMID 16497588. 
  5. ↑ Immunity types. cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2 November 2021).
  6. 1 2 Introduction to the History of disease.. Disease and Immunity. Rhodes College (Spring 2006). Archived from the original on 2006-07-21.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (1989) History of Immunology (Hardcover). Academic Press.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Silverstein" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications.. Immunology Course Medical School. University of Pavia. Archived from the original on 2007-01-02. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gheradi" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. 1 2 Jean Tardieu de Maleissye (1991). {Histoire du poison} (in fr). Paris: Francois Bourin. ISBN 2-87686-082-1. 
  10. ↑ Mayor (2019). "Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote". Toxicology in Antiquity: 161–174. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-815339-0.00011-1. 
  11. ↑ Chambers (1728). "Mithridate", History of Science: Cyclopædia. Retrieved on 4 October 2020. 
  12. ↑ Rāzī (1848). A Treatise on the Small-pox and Measles (in en). Sydenham Society. 
  13. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908. NobelPrize.org.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook. USC School of Medicine. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "USC" defined multiple times with different content.
  15. 1 2 3 (2001) Immunobiology, Fifth, New York and London: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4101-7. . Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Janeway" defined multiple times with different content.
  16. 1 2 (October 2000) "Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (4): 602–14. DOI:10.1128/CMR.13.4.602-614.2000. PMID 11023960.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Keller" defined multiple times with different content.
  17. ↑ (October 1921) "Notes on the Production of Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin". The Journal of Hygiene 20 (2): 176–220. DOI:10.1017/S0022172400033945. PMID 20474734. 
  18. ↑ Variolation. Smallpox – A Great and Terrible Scourge. National Institutes of Health.
  19. ↑ Immunization: You call the shots.. The National Immunization Program. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29.
  20. ↑ Vaccine Types. www.vaccines.gov. Retrieved on 2020-08-07.
  21. ↑ Acevedo (2014). "Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and vaccine applications". Frontiers in Immunology 5. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00121. PMID 24715891. 
  22. ↑ Liu (April 27, 2016). "DNA immunization as a technology platform for monoclonal antibody induction". Emerging Microbes & Infections 5 (4): e33. DOI:10.1038/emi.2016.27. PMID 27048742. 
  23. ↑ Pardi (April 2018). "mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 17 (4): 261–279. DOI:10.1038/nrd.2017.243. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 29326426. 
  24. ↑ (July 2019) "Recombinant vector vaccine evolution". PLOS Computational Biology 15 (7). DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857. PMID 31323032. 
  25. ↑ (January 2017) "Multivalent and Multipathogen Viral Vector Vaccines". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 24 (1): e00298–16, e00298–16. DOI:10.1128/CVI.00298-16. PMID 27535837. 
  26. ↑ Callaway (2021-10-14). "COVID super-immunity: one of the pandemic's great puzzles" (in en). Nature 598 (7881): 393–394. DOI:10.1038/d41586-021-02795-x. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 34650244. 
  27. ↑ Staff. "Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Infection-induced and Vaccine-induced Immunity", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 October 2021. Retrieved on 12 November 2021.
  28. ↑ Arias (2024-09-12). "Tuberculosis in otherwise healthy adults with inherited TNF deficiency" (in en). Nature 633 (8029): 417–425. DOI:10.1038/s41586-024-07866-3. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 39198650. 
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