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Indigenous astronomy

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Astronomy ụmụ amaala bụ aha e nyere iji na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mbara igwe na mmegharị ha site n'aka otu ụmụ amaala. Mpaghara a gụnyere omenala, ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, na mbara igwe. Ndị otu ụmụ amaala na-eme nyocha mbara igwe iji mepụta kalenda mbara igwe nke na-akọwa ihu igwe, njem ụgbọ mmiri, mbugharị, ọrụ ugbo, na gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] N'akụkụ ojiji nke calendric, ìgwè kpakpando nwere aha na akụkọ na-eme ka emume na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere nkọwa omenala dị omimi na nke miri emi maka otu ụmụ amaala..[1][2]

Usoro ihe ọmụma

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Astronomy ụmụ amaala bụ akụkụ nke usoro ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala, nke a na-eji akọwa na ịkọ ọdịdị.[1] Ọ na-agụnye echiche nke mmekọrịta dị ndụ na mbara igwe, ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe na usoro.[2]. Mmekọrịta a dị ndụ bụ ngwaahịa sitere n'ọdịnala nleba anya na itinye aka na ogologo oge, na-amata ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na njikọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ..[3]

Nnyocha banyere ihe ọmụma, ọdịnala na omume sitere na nkà mmụta mbara igwe nke ụmụ amaala ekpughere ozi sayensị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ha nwere.[4] Nchịkọta ndị Europe gbalịrị igbochi ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ìgwè nọgidere na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma, na-edebe ọdịbendị ha na nnyefe ihe ọmụma n'etiti ọgbọ.[5][3] N'ìgwè ụfọdụ, a na-ewere ozi dị ka ihe dị nsọ, ma ọ bụ naanị n'oge ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ site n'aka ndị otu obodo, afọ, ma ọ dị ka nwoke na nwanyị. [5][3] Ya mere, ịkekọrịta ụfọdụ ihe ọmụma banyere mbara igwe na ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, na ozi gbasara mbara igwe dịnụ bụ naanị nke ndị nwe obodo nyere ndị nchọpụta n'efu.[5]

Ihe atụ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche

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Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe dị iche iche na nkọwa ha, mana ha na-ahụ ihe jikọrọ ha na ụfọdụ isiokwu, omume, na ọrụ.[1]

Na Aboriginal Astronomy, ndị okenye Kamilaroi na Euahlayi na-ekpughe na Emu na Sky, ìgwè kpakpando gbara ọchịchịrị, na-akọwa banyere omume emu na mgbanwe oge, na-akpata ihe oriri na ihe omume ememe.[1]

Ọnwa Ọnọdụ Nkọwa
Eprel-Mayi Obi na-akwa emo. Ịchụ nwoke emu ka ọ lụọ.
June-July N'elu n'eluigwe, ihe dịka horizontal na Southern horizon. Nke oké na-anọdụ ala n'akwụ́ iji kụọ àkwá (ụbọchị 56-59). A na-eji ya eme atụmatụ maka ịnakọta àkwá emu.
Ọgọstụ-Septemba Emu na-aga n'ihu na mbara igwe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Otu emu nwoke na-esi n'akwụ́ ya bilie ka ụmụ ọkụkọ na-apụta.

Ọ na-egosi mgbe a na-eme emume Bora.

Ọktoba-Nọvemba Ala dị ala na mbara igwe. A na-ahụ ụyọkọ kpakpando. Ọdịdị kpakpando ahụ na-anọchite anya azụ azụ nke emu na-anọdụ n'ime oghere mmiri, na-ewepụ mmiri ma na-eme ka ala kpọọ nkụ. Nke a na-egosi mmalite nke ọnwa okpomọkụ, nke kpọrọ nkụ.

Ọnọdụ August-September na-egosi mgbe a na-eme emume Bora.[6][1] A na-eche na ebe ememe Bora na-egosipụta isi ntụpọ gbara ọchịchịrị nke emu (isi ya na ahụ ya), dị ka okirikiri abụọ dị iche iche, jikọtara ya na ụzọ.[6][1]

Iji kpakpando eme njem n'oké osimiri bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ofe ụmụ amaala, ọkachasị ndị nwere agwaetiti ma ọ bụ mpaghara agwaetiti. Ọmụmaatụ, ndị Bugis nke Indonesia ji ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ na-anọghị nke ụfọdụ kpakpando na ha ịrị elu na ịtọ oge dị ka kompas, na concordance na ndị ọzọ akara dị ka ifegharị, ifufe na ígwé ojii ụkpụrụ.[1] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweghị bembé' é, ewu (Coalsack), buru amụma ihu igwe dị jụụ.[2][1] Astronomy Polynesia jikwaa kọmpas kpakpando dị ka ndị Buganese, na-echeta “kpakpando-kpakpando” kpọmkwem yana nbili elu na ịtọ ntụzịaka na mbara igwe..[7]

A na-eji nkà mmụta mbara igwe mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị iji mepụta kalenda ọnwa.[8] Ìgwè ndị Polynesia na agbụrụ ndịda Afrịka jiri ịrị elu heliacal nke kpakpando Pleiades na-achịkwa ọrụ ugbo na ememe.[9][7]

Mweghachi na ihe nketa ọdịbendị

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Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na-ekwu na sayensị niile na-agbanye na ọdịbendị, na ịnakwere nke a bụ ihe dị mkpa iji mepụta gburugburu mmụta dị iche iche ma wepụ usoro ihe ọmụma ọdịda anyanwụ.[3] [10] Ịnakwere ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ bụ ịkwado ha, na-ekpughe echiche sayensị ndị ọzọ bara uru.[3] A na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka planetariums, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ịgụnye.[11][12]  [3]

E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji mee ka ọ dịghachi ndụ ma kesaa nkà mmụta mbara igwe nke ụmụ amaala. Na US, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Minnesota na onye America na-enyocha mbara igwe, Annette Lee, rụkọtara ọrụ iji wuo usoro omume kachasị mma maka ịkekọrịta Astronomy Indigenous ma mepụta mmemme dị ndụ n'ịntanetị na Indigenous Star Knowledge . [13][11] Lee nwetakwara ego NASA iji nye usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na Indigenous Astronomy.[14]  [13]

N'Australia, Aboriginal Astronomy egosila na ngosi nke Sydney Observatory kemgbe afọ 1997. [12] A na-eji nnyocha maka mmepe nke ihe ọmụma mbara igwe nke Aboriginal eme ihe iji mepụta mmemme agụmakwụkwọ na Sydney Observatory, nke a na-akpọ Dreamtime Astronomy . [12] Ọ na-agụnye ọrụ ndị dị ka ịmepụta planisphere na aha sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na Boorong maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe.[12]

Enwere echiche na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze na-akwado akụkọ ndị ọchịchị na-achị site na nchịkọta ha. Iji tinye ma nabata sayensị ụmụ amaala n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-agbanwe ụzọ a na-anakọta sayensị, na-echekwa, ma na-ekerịta ya ma ya mere a na-ewere ya iji nyere aka wepụ ntọala sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ.[15][10]

N'aka nri n'eluigwe gbara ọchịchịrị

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Omume nke ilele oghere na-eyi egwu ugbu a site n'ịbawanye okporo ụzọ satịlaịtị na gburugburu mbara igwe.[1] Mgbakọ nke gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị mbara ala dị ala (LEO), site na satịlaịtị na-etinye nnukwu ihe egwu n'ịme nyocha mbara igwe n'ihi nhụhụhụta satịlaịtị na ọgba aghara nke mbara igwe.[2][1] A na-ahụ Satellite n'anya gba ọtọ n'ihi ntule nke ìhè anyanwụ.[1] Mwebata nke mega satịlaịtị, dị ka Starlink n'ime LEO nwere ike imebi omume mbara igwe nke ụmụ amaala yana nnyefe nke ihe ọmụma, ihe nketa, na omenala..[16]

Nkwekọrịta Outer Space na-ekwupụta na ọrụ mbara igwe ga-eme dịka iwu mba ụwa si dị na maka abamuru nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ niile.[16] Nchebe maka ikike nke ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala dị n'ogo dịgasị iche iche nke ike. Ikike ime na ime ka ọdịnala ọdịnala nke ndị otu ụmụ amaala na-echebe site na nkwupụta United Nations na ikike nke ndị ụmụ amaala (UNDRIP), nke na-agụnye nkà mmụta mbara igwe ụmụ amaala, na ikike ha ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta ime mmụọ ha na ala.[16] Otú ọ dị, UNDRIP anaghị echebe mmekọrịta ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala na mbara igwe, yana dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro, ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike igbochi mmebi nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe ụmụ amaala site na iji satellite eme ihe.[16] Otú ọ dị, ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa na ikike obodo na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ iwu siri ike karị na-echebe ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala ma nwee ike inyere obodo ụmụ amaala aka inweta ikike nke igwe ojii.[16] E meela ihe ndị na-aga n'ihu, dị ka okike nke 'VisorSat' site na SpaceX iji mepụta satellites na-adịchaghị atụgharị na nke na-akpaghasị, na akụkọ International Astronomical Union 2022 na Silent and Dark Skies welitere profaịlụ nke okwu ahụ ma gosipụta ya na Kọmitii United Nations na Peaceful Outer Space.[16] Nzọụkwụ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ na itinye olu ụmụ amaala na usoro atụmatụ maka satellites na mbara igwe.

Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Gullberg (2020). "A cultural comparison of the 'dark constellations' in the milky way.". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 23 (2): 390–404. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2020.02.10. 
  2. ↑ Harris (2013). "A review of Māori astronomy in Aotearoa-New Zealand". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 16 (3): 325–336. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2013.03.08. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Lee (2020). "Indigenous Astronomy: Best Practices and Protocols for Including Indigenous Astronomy in the Planetarium Setting". Proceedings of the 25th International Planetarium Society Conference IPS2020 Virtual Conference 3–7 August 2020. The International Planetarium Society: 69–77. 
  4. ↑ Hamacher (2020). "Solstice and solar position observations in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander traditions.". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 23 (1): 89–99. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2020.01.05. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Norris (2015). in Ruggles: Australian Aboriginal Astronomy - An Overview. In: Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer Web, 2215–2222. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fuller (2014-01-12). Australian Indigenous Astronomy: Bora Ceremonial Grounds and the Milky Way: a Connection?. Australian Indigenous Astronomy. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ruggles (2015). "Archaeoastronomy in Polynesia", Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer Web, 2231–2245. 
  8. ↑ Ruggles (2009). "Indigenous astronomies and progress in modern astronomy". Proceedings of the Special Session "Accelerating the Rate of Astronomical Discovery" of the 27th IAU General Assembly: 29–47. 
  9. ↑ Medupe (2015). "Indigenous Astronomy in Southern Africa", Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer Web, 1031–1036. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Esson (2017). "The 2017 RGS‐IBG chair's theme: Decolonising geographical knowledges, or reproducing coloniality?". Area 49 (3): 384–388. DOI:10.1111/area.12371. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lee (2020). "Building a framework for indigenous astronomy collaboration: native skywatchers, indigenous scientific knowledge systems, and the Bell Museum". Proceedings of the 25th International Planetarium Society Conference, IPS2020 Virtual Conference 3–7 August 2020. The International Planetarium Society.. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Wyatt (2014). "'Dreamtime Astronomy: development of a new Indigenous program at Sydney Observatory'". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 17 (2): 195–204. DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.02.06. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zampogna (2021-03-30). Indigenous Astronomy & the Bell (en-US). Bell Museum. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  14. ↑ Native Skywatchers - Projects. nativeskywatchers.com. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  15. ↑ Connell (2017). "Toward a global sociology of knowledge: Post-colonial realities and intellectual practices.". International Sociology 32 (1): 21–37. DOI:10.1177/0268580916676913. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Finnegan (2022). "Indigenous Interests in Outer Space: Addressing the Conflict of Increasing Satellite Numbers with Indigenous Astronomy Practices.". Laws 11 (2): 26–45. DOI:10.3390/laws11020026. 
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