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Indira Gandhi

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Indira Gandhi
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Ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
Mba o sịNdia, British Raj, Dominion of India Dezie
Aha n'asụsụ obodoइन्दिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गान्धी Dezie
Aha enyereIndira Dezie
Aha ezinụlọ yaGandhi Dezie
Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya19 Novemba 1917 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụPrayagraj Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya31 Ọktoba 1984 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụNew Delhi Dezie
Ụdị ọnwụỊgbụ mmadụ Dezie
Ihe kpatara ọnwụgunshot wound Dezie
Onye gburuSatwant Singh, Beant Singh Dezie
Ebe oliliRaj Ghat and associated memorials Dezie
ŃnàJawaharlal Nehru Dezie
ŃnéKamala Nehru Dezie
Dị/nwunyeFeroze Gandhi Dezie
NwaRajiv Gandhi, Sanjay Gandhi Dezie
IkwuSonia Gandhi Dezie
EzinụlọNehru–Gandhi family Dezie
Asụsụ obodoHindi Dezie
Asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye akaHindi, English Dezie
Ọrụ ọ na-arụonye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, odee akwụkwọ Dezie
Ụdị ọrụ yaPọlitiks Dezie
Ebe agụmakwụkwọSomerville College, Visva-Bharati University, Badminton School, Patha Bhavana Dezie
Ebe obibiNew Delhi, Raebareli Dezie
Onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịIndian National Congress Dezie
Candidacy in election1980 Indian general election, 1977 Indian general election Dezie
Okpukpere chi/echiche ụwaOkpukpe Hindu Dezie
So naThird International Conference on Planned Parenthood Dezie
Nwere ọrụ na mkpokọtaTate Dezie
Onye òtù nkeNational Flag Presentation Committee Dezie
Ihe omume dị ịrịba amastate funeral Dezie
Ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okikeỌrụ nwebiisinka chekwara Dezie
 

Indira Gandhi (amụrụNehru; 19 Nọvemba 1917 - 31 Ọktoba 1984)[1] bụ onye ọchịchị India nke jere ozi dị ka praịm minista nke India site na 1966 ruo 1977 na ọzọ site na 1980 ruo mgbe e gburu ya na 1984. Ọ bụ praịm minista mbụ na naanị nwanyị India, na onye dị mkpa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India dị ka onye ndú nke Indian National Congress [en] (INC). Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Jawaharlal Nehru, praịm minista mbụ nke India. Ọ bụ nne Rajiv Gandhi, onye nọchiri ya dị ka praịm minista. Ọchịchị ya nke afọ 15 na ụbọchị 350 mere ka ọ bụrụ praịm minista India nke abụọ na-eje ozi ogologo oge mgbe nna ya gasịrị.

Ndụ ya

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A mụrụ Indira Gandhi na 19 Novemba 1917 na Allahabad [en] na steeti Uttar Pradesh [en].[2] Nna ya, Jawaharlal Nehru, bụ onye isi na ngagharị nke India maka nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọchịchị Briten, wee bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ nke India. Indira bụ naanị nwa dị ndụ nne na nna ya dị ka nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-eto eto.

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na India wee gaa Switzerland maka agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya. N'ihi ọrịa, ọ kwagara United Kingdom; ọ bụ na United Kingdom ka ọ zutere di ya Feroze Gandhi [en].[3] Ha lụrụ na Allahabad.[4][5] Agbamakwụkwọ ha dịruru afọ 18 ruo mgbe nkụchi obi nwụrụ ya na 1960. Ha mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ—Rajiv na Sanjay. Na mbụ, nwa ya nwoke nke nta bụ Sanjay bụ onye nketa ọ họpụtara, ma mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'ihe mberede ụgbọ elu na June 1980, Indira Gandhi mere ka nwa ya nwoke Rajiv kwenye ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu wee banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na February 1981.[6][7][8][6]

N'oge ọchịchị nna ya Jawaharlal Nehru site na 1947 ruo 1964, Gandhi bụ onye ọbịa ya wee soro ya gaa ọtụtụ njem mba ofesi.[9] N'afọ 1959, o kere òkè na mwepu nke gọọmentị steeti Kerala nke ndị Kọmunist na-edu dị ka onye isi ala Indian National Congress n'oge ahụ. Lal Bahadur Shastri [en], onye nọchiri Nehru dị ka praịm minista mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1964, họpụtara ya onye ozi mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi na ọchịchị ya; N'otu afọ ahụ a họpụtara ya na Rajya Sabha, nzuko omeiwu India. Mgbe Shastri nwụsịrị na Jenụwarị 1966, Gandhi meriri onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ya, Morarji Desai, na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke INC ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu ma nọchie Shastri dị ka praịm minista. Ọ bụ praịm minista nwanyị nke abụọ n'ụwa ka Sirimavo Bandaranaike gasịrị mgbe ọ ghọrọ praịm minista nke India.[10][11]

Dị ka praịm minista, Gandhi bụ onye ama ama maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na-adịghị emebi emebi na nhazi nke ike n'ime ngalaba ndị isi.[12] N'afọ 1967, ọ gara agha na China nke India weghaara mbanye ndị China na Himalayas [en].[13] Na 1971, ọ gara agha na Pakistan na nkwado nke nnwere onwe na agha nke nnwere onwe na Bangladesh nke a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka East Pakistan, nke butere mmeri ndị India.[14][15]

Gandhi rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmalite nnwale ngwa agha nuklia mbụ nke India mere na 1974.[16] Ọchịchị ya mere ka India bịaruo Soviet Union [en]. India nwetara nkwado agha, ego, na nkwado ọchịchị site na Soviet Union n'oge esemokwu ya na Pakistan n'otu afọ ahụ. Gandhi mere India otu n'ime ndị Soviet Union na-akpachi anya n'Eshia, onye ọ bụla na-akwado ibe ya mgbe mgbe n'agha nakwa na United Nations.[17]

N'ịzaghachi echiche nkewapụ na oku maka mgbanwe, o hiwere ọnọdụ mberede site na 1975 ruo 1977, bụ nke ọ na-achị site n'iwu wee kwụsịtụ nnwere onwe obodo. A tụrụ ihe karịrị 100,000 ndị mmegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị nwere nghọtahie. Ọ chere òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sikh [en] ihu n'oge ọchịchị nke anọ ya; na nzaghachi, o jiri ọrụ agha na ụlọ nsọ Sikh nke butere igbu ọtụtụ narị ndị Sikh.[18] Na 31 Ọktoba 1984, ndị nche ya abụọ gburu ya, ndị ha abụọ bụ ndị mba Sikh na-achọ nkwụghachi maka ihe omume na temple.[19][20]

Akpọrọ ya ọkụ n'otu saịtị nwere nnukwu nkume ọla dị iche iche nke na-echeta ya dị ka "Iron Lady of India"..[21][22] A na-echeta Gandhi dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ike n'ụwa.[23] Ndị na-akwado ya na-ehota ọchịchị ya n'oge mmeri nke ndị na-emegide geopolitical China na Pakistan, akụ na ụba na-eto eto na mmalite 1980s, na mgbasa ozi nke ịda ogbenye ya nke mere ka a mara ya dị ka "Mother Indira" (Nne Indira) n'etiti ndị ogbenye na ime obodo. Ndị nkatọ na-ahụ na òtù nzuzo ya nke àgwà ya na ọchịchị aka ike nke India. Na 2020, akwụkwọ akụkọ Times kpọrọ ya aha n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke oge ya.[24]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Smt. Indira Gandhi. pmindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 25 January 2025.
  2. ↑ Pupul Jayakar (27 November 1992). Indira Gandhi: A Biography. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-011462-1. 
  3. ↑ (2011) [OOmK1lPWq80C Mother India: a political biography of Indira Gandhi / Pranay Gupte.], Rev., New York: Penguin Books, 151–152. ISBN 978-0-14-306826-6. 
  4. ↑ Exhibit celebrates 120 years of South Asians at Oxford. University of Oxford (22 April 2010).
  5. ↑ Rahul first in three generations with a world university degree. The Tribune.
  6. 1 2 Auerbach, Stuart. "Indira Is India", 1 November 1984. (in en-US)
  7. ↑ Rajiv Gandhi | prime minister of India (en).
  8. ↑ Sonia assures help for father-in-law's grave (21 November 2005).
  9. ↑ (2008) Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3356-1. 
  10. ↑ Gandhi, Indira. (1982) My Truth
  11. ↑ (May 1966) "Post Nehru India: The Emergence of the New Leadership". Asian Survey 6 (5). DOI:10.2307/2642538. 
  12. ↑ Ghosh, P.S., 1999. Whither Indian Polity?. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.3340–3342.
  13. ↑ India. Parliament. House of the People (1967). Lok Sabha Debates. Lok Sabha Secretariat.. 
  14. ↑ (2013) [UKBcLhCxSvQC Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree]. Vienna, Zurich: LIT Verlag GMBH. ISBN 978-3-643-90320-4. 
  15. ↑ (1993) "Indian Muslims since Partition". Economic and Political Weekly 28 (40). 
  16. ↑ Perkovich, George (2002). India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23210-5. 
  17. ↑ Duncan, Peter J.S. (1993). Troubled friendships: Moscow's Third World ventures, Chapter II, Soviet-Indian Model. London [u.a.]: British Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85043-649-2. 
  18. ↑ (2000) [Eh0OlJWuh4 Globalizations and social movements : culture, power, and the transnational public sphere], Reprint, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Univ. of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06721-3. 
  19. ↑ (2001) [D8xdAgAAQBAJ Sikh religion, culture and ethnicity]. Routledge, 169–171. ISBN 978-1-136-84634-2. 
  20. ↑ "India Hangs Two Sikhs Convicted In Assassination of Indira Gandhi", The New York Times, 1989. (in en-US)
  21. ↑ Shakti Sthal – Delhi Information (en). Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved on 28 March 2026.
  22. ↑ "Indira Gandhi Cremated in Hindu Ritual", 4 November 1984. (in en-US)
  23. ↑ (2005) Feminism in Literature: 20th century, topics (in en). Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-9115-8. 
  24. ↑ "Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year'".

Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ

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Ndị ọ dere

  • My Truth (1980), Orient Paperback, ISBN 978-81-709446-8-3

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