Gaa na ọdịnaya

Isi Ọwụwa

Dezie njikọ ndi a
Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Isi ọwụwa
Aha ndị ọzọ Ọrịa isi ọwụwa
Ihe osise nke onye nwere isi ọwụwa
Ihe pụrụ iche Ọrịa akwara
Ụdị isi ọwụwa, isi ọwụwa ụyọkọ, sinusitis, isi ọkpụkpụ, isi ọnyụju, isi ọgbụgba, isi ọfụju na-akpali oyi (ụbụrụ oyi)
Ọgwụgwọ ụra, ịṅụ mmiri, iri nri, ịhịa aka n'isi ma ọ bụ n'olu na ọgwụ mgbu n'elu igbe.

Isi ọwụwa, nke a makwaara dị ka cephalalgia, bụ mgbaàmà nke ihe mgbu dị n'ihu, isi, ma ọ bụ olu. Ọ nwere ike ịpụta dị ka akịrị mgbawa isi, isi ọwụcha, ma ọ bụisi ọwụsa.[1] Enwere ohere dị ukwuu nke ịda mbà n'obi n'etiti ndị nwere isi ọwụwa siri ike.[2]

Isi ọwụwa nwere ike ịpụta n'ihi ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro nkewa dị iche iche maka isi ọwụwa. Nke a kacha mara amara bụ nke International Headache Society kọwara, nke na-ekewa ya n'ihe karịrị ụdị isi ọwụwa nke mbụ na nke abụọ dị otu narị na iri ise. Ihe na-akpata isi ọwụwa nwere ike ịgụnye mmiri ịkọ n'ahụ; Ike ọgwụgwụ; enweghị ụra; nrụgide; mmetụta ọjọọ si n'ọgwụ (ịṅụfe ọgwụ) na ọgwụ ntụrụndụ, gụnyere ịkwụsị; ọrịa nje; mkpọtụ dị elu; mmerụ ahụ n'isi; iri nri oyi ma ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ngwa ngwa; na nsogbu ezé ma ọ bụ sinus (dịka sinusitis).[3]

Ọgwụgwọ isi ọwụwa na-adabere na ihe kpatara ya, mana ọ bụrụ maka isi ọwụwa dị nro, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ ahụ mgbu.[4] Isi ọwụwa bụ otu n'ime nsogbu ahụike niile a na-enwekarị.[5]

Ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị okenye na-enwe isi ọwụwa n'otu afọ.[2] Isi ọwụcha bụ ụdị nke a na-ahụkarị, na-emetụta pasent iri abụo na anọ na ụma itoolu nke oha mmadụ na akịrị mgbawa isi nke na-emetụ pasent iri na anọ na ụma otu. [5][6]

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ekewa isi ọwụwa dị ka "nke mbụ" ma ọ bụ "nke abụọ".[7] Isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ bụ isi ọwụwa na-anaghị adị njọ, nke na-apụta ugboro ugboro nke na-esighị n'ọrịa ma ọ bụ nsogbu ọdịdị zoro ezoro n'ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akịrị mgbawa isi bụ ụdị isi ọwụwa nke mbụ. Ọ bụ ezie na isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe mgbu na nkwarụ kwa ụbọchị, ha abụghị ihe ize ndụ site n'echiche ahụike. Isi ọwụwa nke abụọ na-esite na ọrịa, dị ka ọrịa nje, mmerụ ahụ n'isi, Nsogbu akwara, ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ, mgbu afọ, ma ọ bụ akpụ ụbụrụ. Isi ọwụwa nke abụọ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ. Ụfọdụ "mgbaama dị njọ" ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị na-egosi isi ọwụwa nke abụọ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ.[8]

Isi Ọwụwa Ndị Mbụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Pasent iri itoolu nke isi ọwụwa niile bụ isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ.[9] Isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ na-amalite mgbe ndị mmadụ dị n'agbata afọ iri abụọ na iri anọ.[10][11] Ụdị isi ọwụwa kachasị ewu ewu bụ isi ọwụcha na akịrị mgbawa isi.[11] Ha nwere njirimara dị iche iche. Akịrị mgbawa isi na-enwekarị ihe mgbu isi dị egwu, agbọ onunu, ịtụ ụjọ ọkụ (mmetụta ìhè) na ịtụ ụjọ ụda. [12] Isi ọwụwa sitere na nrụgide mmadụ gabigara na-adịkarị n'ụdị nrụgide "sị ka ebe a na-akụ ịgba" na-adịghị adasi ike n'akụkụ abụọ nke isi, na-esoghị mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ. [13][14] Ụdị isi ọwụwa dị otú ahụ nwere ike e kekọrịtakwa ha n'ime ụdị isi ọwụwa episodic yana ụdị isi ọwụwa chronic tension. Ụdị isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe gụnyere: [15][8]

  • Isi ọwụwa ụyọkọ: na-adịghị anọte aka o ji eme (nkeji iri na ise ruo nkeji otu narị na iri asatọ) nke na-enwe ihe mgbu siri ike, na-abụkarị gburugburu otu anya, na-enwe mgbaàmà ndị na-eme n'onwe ha (anya mmiri, anya uhie uhie, mkpọchi imi) nke na-eme n'otu oge kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike iji triptans gwọọ isi ọwụwa ụyọkọ ma jiri prednisone, ergotamine ma ọ bụ lithium gbochie ya.
  • trigeminal neuralgia ma ọ bụoccipital neuralgia: ihe mgbu ihu na-apụta n'ike
  • hemicrania continua: ihe mgbu na-aga n'ihu na-agafe agafe na-enwe ihe mgbu siri ike na-eso ya. Hemicrania continua nwere ike belata site na ịṅụ ọgwụ indomethacin.
  • Isi ọwụwa ụdị mbụ na-ama dị ka mma: ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro nke ịma dị ka mma "ihe mgbu ice pick" ma ọ bụ "jabs na jolts" na-anọ otu kpọmkpọm ruo ọtụtụ nkeji na-adịghị enwe mgbaàmà ndị na-eme n'onwe ha (anya mmiri, anya uhie, mlpọchi imi). Enwere ike iji indomethacin gwọọ isi ọwụwa ndị a.
  • Isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ na-ebu ụkwara: na-amalite na mberede ma na-adịru ọtụtụ nkeji mgbe a kwachara ụkwara, zee uzere ma ọ bụ nwee mmekpa ahụ (ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbawanye nrụgide n'isi). A ghaghị iwepụ ihe ndi siri ike na-akpata ya (lee anya na ngalaba ihe ndị nwere ike ị na-akpata isi ọwụwa nke abụọ) tupu e mee nchọpụta isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ na-ebu ụkwara "na-adịghị njọ".
  • Isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ na-ebute nrụgịde: Ihe mgbu na-asụgide asụgide ma na-egbu mgbu nke na-amalite n'oge mmalite ma ọ bụ mgbe mmega ahụ gasịrị, na-adịru nkeji ise ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ. Usoro dị n'azụ isi ọwụwa ndị a edoghị anya, ikekwe n'ihi nrụgide na-eme ka akwara dị n'isi gbasaa, na-akpata ihe mgbu. Enwere ike igbochi isi ọwụwa ndị a site na ịghara ịrụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ eme mmegharị ahụ nke na-achọ nnukwu ume. E nwekwara ike iji ọgwụ dịka indomethacin gwọọ ya.
  • Isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ na-esi na mmekọahụ bụ isi ọwụwa na-amalite n'oge mmekọahụ ma na-akawanye njọ n'oge ọnyụnyụ. A na-eche na isi ọwụwa ndị a bụ n'ihi nrụgide dị ala na-adị n'isi n'oge mmekọahụ. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na isi ọwụwa nke na-amalite n'oge ọnyụnyụ mgbe a na-eme mmekọahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọbara ọgbụgba subarachnoid, yabụ a ghaghị ibu ụzọ wepụ ihe ndị siri ike nwere ike ịkpata ya. A na-agwọ isi ọwụwa ndị a site n'inye onye ahụ ndụmọdụ ka ọ kwụsị inwe mmekọahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha amalite inwe isi ọwụwa. Ọgwụ ndị dị ka propranolol na diltiazem nwekwara ike inye aka.
  • Isi ọwụwa hypnic: isi ọwụcha na-adị nro maọbụ siekwa ike nke na-amalite awa ole na ole mgbe mmadu rahụrụ ụra ma na-ewe nkeji iri na ise ruo iri atọ. Isi ọwụwa a nwere ike ịlaghachi ọtụtụ ugboro n'abalị. Isi ọwụwa a na-adịkarị n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị meworo agadi. Enwere ike iji lithium gwọọ ha.

Ụlọ akwụkwọ Udị Nke Abụọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 Isi ọwụwa nwere ike ihe kpatara ya abụrụ nsogbu n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'isi ma ọ bụ n'olu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a anaghị emerụ ahụ, dị ka isi ọwụwa cervicogenic (ihe mgbu na-esite na uru ahụ nke olu). Ịṅụbiga ọgwụ mgbu ókè nwere ike ịkpata isi ọwụwa sitere n'ọgwụ ahụ mgbu na-akawanye njọ.[16][17]

Ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata isi ọwụwa nke abụọ gụnyere ihe ndị a: [8]

  • meningitis: ọzịza nke meninges nke na-egosi ahụ ọkụ na meningismus, ma ọ bụ olu siri ike
  • ọrịa strok ischemic ma ọ bụ ọkwa gara aga nke otu ọrịa ahụ
  • Ọrịa strok na-ebu ịgba ọbara ma ọ bụ ọkwa gara aga nke otu ọria ahụ
  • ọbara ọgbụgba intracranial (ọbara ịgba n'ime ụbụrụ) n'ihi mmalite si ebe ọ bụla
  • ọbara ọgbụgba subarachnoid (nke na-enwe isi ọwụwa siri ike, olu siri ike na-enweghị ahụ ọkụ) n'ihi mmalite si ebe ọ bụla
  • ọbara ọgbụgba intraparenchymal (nke nwere isi ọwụwa naanị) n'ihi mmalite nke si ebe ọ bụla
  • aneurysm gbawara agbawa ma ọ bụ aneurysm
  • Ọrịa akpụ ụbụrụ (ụdị ọrịa kansa): isi ọwụwa dị ngọngọ, nke na-aka njọ na mgbalị maọbụ na mgbanwe ọnọdụ, yana agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, onye ahụ ga-enwe agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ ruo ọtụtụ izu tupu isi ọwụwa ahụ amalite.
  • temporal arteritis: ọrịa ọzịza nke akwara ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndị agadi (nkezi afọ iri asaa) na-ebu ahụ ọkụ, isi ọwụwa, ịta ahụ, nkwonkwo nke agbà, arịa ndị dị nro n'akụkụ nkwonkwo gasị, polymyalgia rheumatica
  • acute closed-angle glaucoma (nrụgide dị elu na anya): isi ọwụwa nke na-amalite site na anya mgbu, ọhụụ na-adịghị mma, nke ya na agbọ onunu na ịgbọ agbọ na-esokarị. N'ule ahụike, onye ahụ ga-enwe anya na-acha ọbara ọbara na pupil kwụ ọtọ, nke dị n'etiti.
  • Ọrịa artery
  • isi ọwụwa post-ictal: Isi ọwụwa nke na-eme mgbe akwụkwụ ma ọ bụ ụdị nkụchi ọzọ gasịrị, dị ka akụkụ nke oge mgbe nkụchi gasịrị (ọnọdụ post-ictal)
  • mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ

Nsogbu eriri afọ nwere ike ịkpata isi ọwụwa, gụnyere ọrịa Helicobacter pylori, Ọrịa celiac, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroparesis, na nsogbu hepatobiliary. [18][19] Ọgwụgwọ nke nsogbu eriri afọ nwere ike iduga n'ịbelata ma ọ bụ imeziwanye isi ọwụwa.[19]

Akịrị mgbawa isi na-enwekarị njikọ ya na Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS). A na-akọwa CVS site na njirimara nke ịgbọ agbọ siri ike, ọ na-emekarịkwa ya na mgbaàmà ndị yiri nke akịrị mgbawa isi (photophobia, afọ mgbu, wdg). [20]

Ọrịa na ahụike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụbụrụ n'onwe ya anaghị anabata ihe mgbu, n'ihi na ọ nweghị ihe na-anabata ihe mgbu. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ akụkụ nke isi na olu nwere ihe na-anabata ihe mgbu ma nwee ike ịnụ mgbu. Ndị a gụnyere akwara ndị na-adịghị n'ime ụbụrụ, akwara meningeal nke etiti, nnukwu akwara, venous sinuses, akwara ndị dị n'isi ya na n'okporo azụ, meninges, falx cerebri, akụkụ nke ụbụrụ, anya, ntị, ezé, na mkpuchi ọnụ. [21][22] Akwara Pial, kama akwara Pial na-akpata ihe mgbu.[8]

Isi ọwụwa na-esikarị na nchịkọ ma ọ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke meninges na akwara ọbara.[23] Ihe ndị na-anata mgbu nwere ike akpalie ha site na mmerụ ahụ n'isi ma ọ bụ akpụ nke ga-akpata isi ọwụwa. Mbịachi nke ọwara ọbara, mgbasa nke akwara ọbara, ọzịza ma ọ bụ ọrịa meninges na nrụgide uru ahụ nwekwara ike ịkpali ndị na-anabata ihe mgbu.[22] Ozugbo a kpaliri ya, nociceptor na-eziga ozi n'ogologo eriri akwara ruo na nerve cells ndị dị na ụbụrụ, na-egosi na e nwere akụkụ ahụ merụrụ.[24]

Isi ọwụwa dị mbụ siri ike nghọta karịa isi ọwụwa ụdị nke abụọ. A maghị kpọmkwem usoro nke na-akpata akịrị mgbawa isi, isi ọwụcha na isi ọwụsa.[25] E nweela echiche dị iche iche ka oge na-aga ndị nwara ịkọwa ihe na-eme na ụbụrụ iji kpata isi ọwụwa ndị a.[26]

A na-eche ugbu a na ọ bụ nsogbu nke akwara dị na ụbụrụ arụghị ọrụ ha nke ọma na-akpata akịrị mgbawa isi.[27] N'oge gara aga, a na-eche na akịrị mgbawa isi bụ nsogbu bụ isi nke akwara ọbara dị n'ụbụrụ na-akpata ya.[28] Echiche vascular a, nke Wolff mepụtara na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, tụrụ aro na ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya dị na akịrị mgbawa isi mpịachikọ nke akwara ndị dị n'ụbụrụ (arịa dị n'ime ụbụrụ) kpatara aura, na isi ọwụwa n'onwe ya bụkwa site na mmụba nke akwara ndị na-adịghị n'ime ụbụrụ na-akpata (arịa ndị dị n'èzí ụbụrụ). Mgbasawanye nke akwara ọbara ndị a na-adịghị n'ime ụbụrụ na-eme ka ihe ndị na-anabata mgbu ndị dị na akwara ndị gbara ya gburugburu rụọ ọrụ ha, na-akpata isi ọwụwa. A naghịzi anabata echiche vascular. [27] [29] Nnyocha egosila na akịrị mgbawa isi anaghị eso vasodilation nke kwar ndị na-adịghị n'ime ụbụrụ, kama ọ bụ naanị obere vasodilation nke ndị dị n'ime ụbụrụ.[30]

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na-eche naakịrị mgbawa isi bụ n'ihi nsogbu bụ isi na akwara ndị dị na ụbụrụ.[27] Auras ka a na-eche na ọ bụ oke ọrụ nke neurons ndị dị na ebe mpụta ụbụrụ (akụkụ ụbụrụ) nke a maara dị ka cortical spreading depression nke oge ọrụ na-adịghị arụsị ike na-esochi. [31][32] Ụfọdụ ndị na-eche na isi ọwụwa na-esite na ịrụ ọrụ nke akwara mmetụta nke na-ewepụta peptide ma ọ bụ serotonin, na-akpata ọzịza na akwara, dura na meninges ma na-akpatakwa vasodilation. Triptans, ọgwụ ndị na-agwọ akịrị mgbawa isi, na-egbochi ihe ndị na-anata serotonin ma na-eme ka akwara ọbara pịachilata.[33]

Ndị ọ ka dịrị mfe hanwa inwe akịrị mgbawa isi na-enweghị isi ọwụwa bụ ndị akịrị mgbawa isi dị n'ezinụlọ ha, ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mgbanwe homoonụ ma ọ bụ na-aṅụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọmụmụ nwa ma ọ bụ ndị na-anata ọgwụgwọ ndoxhi homoonu.[34]

A na-eche na Isi ọwụwa sitere na ịrụ ọrụ ka a na-eche na ọ bụ ime ka akwara ndị dị n'isi na olu rụwa ọrụ na-akpata ha.[35]

Isi ọwụwa ụyọkọ na-agụnye ịrụfe ọrụ oke nke akwara trigeminal dị na hypothalamus na ụbụrụ, mana a maghị kpọmkwem ihe na-akpata ya.[25][36]

Nnyocha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nnyocha dị iche iche nke isi ọwụwa
Isi ọwụcha Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ na-adịgide adịgide kwa ụbọchị Isi ọwụwa ụyọkọ Ịkwaga mba ọzọ
obere ihe mgbu ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu na-egbusi mgbu ike Ihe mgbu siri ike Ihe mgbu dị nro ruo nke siri ike
ogologo oge nke nkeji iri atọ ruo ọtụtụ awa oge ọ dịkarịa ala awa anọ kwa ụbọchị ogologo oge dị nkeji iri atọ ruo awa atọ oge awa anọ ruo ụbọchị atọ
Ọ na-eme n'ogologo oge dị ụbọchị iri na ise n'ọnwa ruo ọnwa atọ nwere ike ime ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụbọchị nọgide ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na-eme si n'oge ruo n'oge; ọtụtụ kwa ọnwa ruo ọtụtụ kwa afọ
dị ka nkwụsi ike ma ọ bụ nrụgide n'isi niile dị n'otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ abụọ nke isi dị n'otu akụkụ nke isi lekwasịrị anya n'anya ma ọ bụ ụlọ nsọ dị n'otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ abụọ nke isi
ihe mgbu na-adịgide adịgide ihe mgbu a pụrụ ịkọwa dị ka ihe dị nkọ ma ọ bụ dịka ịma mmadụ mma ihe mgbu na-akụ obi ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu dị omimi
enweghị agbọ onunu ma ọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ agbọ onunu, ikekwe na ịgbọ agbọ
enweghị aura ga-adị enweghị aura auras
n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, mmetụta dị ngwa ngwa maka ìhè ma ọ bụ mmetụta dị ngwa ngwa maka mkpọtụ ihe ndị nwere ike iso ya abụrụ imi ọgbụgba, anya mmiri, na mkpuchi anya na-ada ada, kwa mgbe kwa mgbe naanị n'otu akụkụ na-nwe mmetụta dị ngwa ngwa maka mmegharị, ìhè, na mkpọtụ
na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo njọ site na iji acetaminophen ma ọ bụ NSAIDS eme ihe mgbe niile nwere ike ịdị ya na isi ọwụwa [37]

Enwere ike ịchọpụta ọtụtụ isi ọwụwa site na akụkọ ahụike naanị.[8] Ọ bụrụ na mgbaàmà ndị onye ahụ kọwara dị ize ndụ, nnyocha ọzọ na neuroimaging ma ọ bụ nrupu ọkpụkpụ azụ nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Electroencephalography (EEG) abaghị uru maka nchọpụta isi ọwụwa.[38]

Nzọụkwụ mbụ iji chọpụta isi ọwụwa bụ ịchọpụta ma isi ọwụwa ahụ ọ bụ nke ochie ma ọ bụ nke ọhụrụ.[39] "Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ" nwere ike ịbụ isi ọwụwa nke malitere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa na-adịghị ala ala nke gbanwere àgwà ya.[39] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-enwe isi ọwụwa na-adịghị ala kwa izu nke na-ebu nrụgide n'akụkụ abụọ nke isi ya abịa, wee nwee isi ọwụwa na mberede n'otu akụkụ nke isi ya ozugbo, ndị ahụ nwere isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ.   [citation needed]

Ihe Mgbaama Ịdọ aka Na Ntị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti isi ọwụwa dị ala, isi ọwụwa dị nro na isi ọwụwa dị elu, dịkwa ize ndụ ebe ọ bụ na mgbaàmà ha na-eyikarị.[40] Isi ọwụwa nke nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ chọrọ nnyocha a ga-eme n'ụlọ nnyocha nke a ga-ese foto iji chọpụta ya.[11]

American College for Emergency Physicians bipụtara ụkpụrụ maka isi ọwụwa dị ala. Ha bụ ndị a: [41]

  • ndị gbara afọ na-erubeghị afọ iri atọ
  • ihe ndị na-eyikarị isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ
  • akụkọ ihe mere eme nke i na-enwe isi ọwụwa yiri ya
  • Enweghị nchọpụta na-adịghị mma na nnyocha nke akwara
  • enweghị mgbanwe kwesịrị ilenyere anya na usoro isi ọwụwa na-emerịsị
  • enweghị ọnọdụ ndị nwere oke egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, HIV)
  • Enweghị ihe ọhụrụ a chọpụtara kwesịrị ilenyere anya gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ nnyocha anụ ahụ

Ọtụtụ njirimara na-eme ka o yikarịa ka isi ọwụwa ọ bụ n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke nwere ike iyi ndụ egwu ma ọ bụ kpata mmebi ga-adị ogologo oge. Mgbaàmà "ịdọ aka na ntị" ndị a pụtara na isi ọwụwa kwesịrị ka e mekwuoro ya nnyocha ọzọ site na neuroimaging yana nnyocha ụlọ nnyocha.[11]

N'ozuzu, ndị mmadụ na-eme mkpesa banyere isi ọwụwa "nke mbụ" ma ọ bụ "nke kachasị njọ" ha na-enye ohere ise ime isi ha foto na ịrụ ọrụ ọzọ.[11] Ndị na-enwe isi ọwụwa na-akawanye njọ na-achọkwa ise ime isi ha foto, ebe ha nwere ike ịnwe mkpụkọ ọbara ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgba nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto, na-agbanye na ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu ma na-akpata ihe mgbu na-aka njọ.[40] Ndị nwere nchọpụta nke akwara mgbe e nyochara ha, dị ka adịghị ike, chọkwara ịrụ ọrụ ọzọ.[40]

American Headache Society na-atụ aro iji "SSNOOP", ihe ncheta iji cheta ihe ndị na-egosi na egwu dị maka ịchọpụta isi ọwụwa nke abụọ: [39]

  • Mgbaàmà metụtara ahụ dum (okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ịta ahụ)
  • Ọrịa metụtara ahụ dum (ọrịa HIV, ọrịa kansa)
  • Mgbaàmà ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama metụtara usoro akwara
  • Mmalite mberede (isi ọwụwa nke malitere na mberede ma sie ike nke ukwuu.)
  • Isi ọwụwa malitere mgbe afọ iri anọ gachara
  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke inwebu isi ọwụwa (nke mbụ, nke kachasị njọ, ma ọ bụ isi ọwụcha dị iche)

Mgbaàmà ịdọ aka na ntị ndị ọzọ gụnyere:[11][39][40][42]

Ihe ndị na-egosi na egwu dị Ihe ndị nwere ike ibute ya Ihe mere ihe ndị na-egosi na egwu dị ji egosi ihe kpatara ya Nnyocha nchọpụta
Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ mgbe ọ gafechara afọ 50 Arteriitis nke oge, ibu na ụbụrụ Temporal arteritis bụ ọzịza nke arịa ndị dị nso n'ụlọ nsọ n'ime ndị agadi, nke na-ebelata ọbara na-aga n'ụbụrụ ma na-akpata ihe mgbu. O nwekwara ike inwe ịdị larịị n'ụlọ nsọ ma ọ bụ nkwonkwo agbà. Ụfọdụ ọrịa kansa ụbụrụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị agadi. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (nnyocha maka arteritis nwa oge), neuroimaging
Isi ọwụwa na mberede Ọbara ụbụrụ (ọbara na-agba n'okpuru arachnoid, ọbara na-agbapụta n'ime nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, malformation vascular), apoplexy pituitary, oke (karịsịa na fossa n'azụ) Ọbara ọgbụgba n'ime ụbụrụ na-akpasu meninges iwe nke na-akpata ihe mgbu. Pituitary apoplexy (ọbara na-agba ma ọ bụ ọbara na-adịghị agafe na pituitary gland na ala ụbụrụ) na-esokarị anya abụọ ma ọ bụ ntụpọ anya, ebe ọ bụ na pituitarian gland dị n'akụkụ anya chiasm (mkwara anya). Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture ma ọ bụrụ na computed tomography bụ negative
Isi ọwụwa na-arịwanye elu na oke Mass, subdural hematoma, iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè Ka ụbụrụ na-ebuwanye ibu, ma ọ bụ hematoma subdural (ọbara n'èzí arịa ndị dị n'okpuru dura) ọ na-ebugharị ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-akpata ihe mgbu. Ọrịa isi ọwụwa iji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara ókè na-akawanye njọ na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ a na-aṅụ ka oge na-aga. Neuroimaging, ọgwụ
Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ n'ime onye nwere ike ibute nje HIV ma ọ bụ kansa Ọrịa meningitis (nke na-adịghị ala ala ma ọ bụ nke na-egbu egbu), ụbụrụ na-egbu mgbu gụnyere toxoplasmosis, metastasis Ndị na-arịa ọrịa HIV ma ọ bụ ọrịa kansa nwere ike ịda mbà n'obi ma ọ bụ na-ebute ọrịa meninges ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ na-akpata abscesses. Ọrịa kansa nwere ike ịgbasa, ma ọ bụ gaa n'ime ọbara ma ọ bụ lymph gaa ebe ndị ọzọ n'ahụ. Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture ma ọ bụrụ na neuroimaging adịghị mma
Isi ọwụwa na ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrịa zuru oke (okpomọkụ, olu siri ike, rash) Ọrịa meningitis, encephalitis (ọzịza nke anụ ahụ ụbụrụ), Ọrịa Lyme, ọrịa collagen vascular Olu siri ike, ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịgbanwee olu n'ihi ihe mgbu, na-egosi ọzịza nke meninges. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ nke ọrịa na-egosi ọrịa. Neuroimaging, lumbar puncture, serology (nnwale ọbara maka ọrịa)
Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Ọrịa ụbụrụ, ọbara mgbali elu intracranial (pseudotumor cerebri), meningitisỌrịa meningitis Mmetụta intracranial na-arịwanye elu na-ebugharị anya (site n'ime ụbụrụ) ma na-akpata papilledema. Neuroimaging, ọkpụkpụ azụ
Isi ọwụwa siri ike na-esote mmerụ ahụ n'isi Ọbara n'ụbụrụ (ọbara n'ime isi, hematoma subdural, hematoma epidural), isi ọwụwa mgbe ọdachi gasịrị Mmetụta ahụ nwere ike ịkpata ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ ma ọ bụ mee ka akwara na-ama jijiji, na-akpata isi ọwụwa mgbe ọdachi gasịrị Neuroimaging nke ụbụrụ, okpokoro isi, na ikekwe ọkpụkpụ akpa nwa
Enweghị ike ịkwaga aka Arteriovenous malformation, collagen vascular disease, intracranial mass injury Ihe ịrịba ama nke akwara na-egosi na ihe na-emetụta akwara dị n'ụbụrụ nke na-akpata otu akụkụ ahụ Neuroimaging, nyocha ọbara maka ọrịa vascular collagen
Mgbanwe n'àgwà, ịma ihe, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ uche Ọrịa nke usoro akwara etiti, ọbara ọgbụgba intracranial, oke Mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ uche na-egosi ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọzịza nke ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọbara na-akpaghasị ụbụrụ ebe ebe a na-ahụ maka ihe ọmụma dị Nnyocha ọbara, ọkpụkpụ azụ, neuroimaging
Isi ọwụwa nke ụkwara, ịrụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ mgbe ị na-enwe mmekọahụ Mmerụ ahụ buru ibu, ọbara ọgbụgba subarachnoid Ịkụ ụkwara na ịrụsi ọrụ ike na-eme ka nrụgide intra cranial dịkwuo elu, nke nwere ike ime ka arịa gbajie, na-akpata ọbara ọgbụgba subarachnoid. Mmerụ ahụ buru ibu na-eme ka nrụgide intracranial dịkwuo elu, yabụ mmụba ọzọ na nrụgide intra cranial site na ụkwara wdg ga-akpata ihe mgbu. Neuroimaging, ọkpụkpụ azụ

Isi ọwụwa ochie

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Isi ọwụwa ochie na-abụkarị isi ọwụwa ndị mbụ, nke na-adịghị abụ ihe ize ndụ. Ọ na-abụkarị akịrị mgbawa isi ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa nrụgide na-akpata ya. Akịrị mgbawa isi na-abụkarị isi na-awami n'ime isi n'otu akụkụ, nke ya na agbọ onunu ma ọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ na-esokarị. Akịrị mgbawa is nwere ike soro ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị eso aura (ihe mgbaàmà anya, anaghị anụ ụfụ ihe ma ọ bụ ntị ịda niṅịnịṅị) nke na-eme nkeji iri atọ ruo nkeji iri isii tupu isi ọwụwa ebido, na-adọ onye ahụ aka ná ntị maka isi ọwụwa.[42] Isi ọwụwa si na nrụgide na-enwekarị nrụgide "dị ka ebe a na-eti ịgba" n'akụkụ abụọ nke isi nke na-adịghị esokarị agbọ onunu ma ọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ mgbaàmà sitere n'ụdị isi ọwụwa abụọ ahụ nwere ike iyi. Ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha abụọ n'ihi na ọgwụgwọ ha dị iche [42] mana ime nke a nwere ike isi ike, ọdịiche dị na ha bụ okwu arụmụka siri ike. [43]

Aha ịchafụ 'POUND' na-enye aka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti akịrị mgbawa isi na isi ọwụwa nrụgide na-akpata. POUND na-anọchite anya:  

  • Pulsatile quality of headache → Ụdị isi ọwụwa na-akụ aka n’usoro, dịka ebe obi n'akụ.
  • One-day duration (four to 72 hours) → Ọ na-adịru otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ awa anọ ruo awa iri asaa na abụọ.
  • Unilateral location → Ọ na-adị n’otu akụkụ nke isi.
  • Nausea or vomiting → Agbọ onunu ma ọ bụ ịgbọ agbọ.
  • Disabling intensity → Mgbu ya na-adị ike nke na ọ na-egbochi mmadụ ime ihe ọ na-emebu.

Otu akwụkwọ nnyocha chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na e nwere anọ maọbụ ise n’ime njirimara POUND, ohere ịbụ na nchọpụta ahụ bụ akịrịi mgbawa isi ji okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa ịbụ isi ọwụwa nke nrụgide na-akpata (lhe nwere ike ịbụ 24). Ọ bụrụ na e nwere njirimara POUND atọ, ohere ịbụ akịrị mgbawa isi ji okpukpu atọ karịa ịbụ isi ọwụwa nke ụdị nrụgide (lhe nwere ike ịbụ 3). Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị njirimara POUND abụọ dị, ohere isi ọwụwa nke ụdị nrụgide na-akpata nwere ohere ịdị pasent iri isii karịa akịrị mgbawa isi (lhe nwere ike ịbụ 0.41). [14]

Ọtụtụ njirimara na-enwekarị njikọ ha na akịrị mgbawa isi karịa isi ọwụwa nke ụdị nrụgide na-akpata. Akịrị mgbawa isi na-adịkarị n'ụmụ nwanyị, ọ na-enwekwa njikọ na ụfọdụ ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. O yikarịrị ka ọ ga-esokwa ihe mgbaàmà dịka ịtụ egwu ìhè, ịtụ egwu ụda (phonophobia), agbọ onunu, ịgbọ agbọ, aura, na mgbu isi nke mmega ahụ na-eme ka ọ ka njọ.[43][44] Nnyocha na-egosi na ihe ndị na-emetụta mmalite nke isi ọwụwa dị mgbagwoju anya ma jikọta ibe ha. Ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ndị a nwere ike ịka mma ma ọ bụrụ na a were ha dị ka ihe mgbaàmà nke mgbanwe ndị mewelara emewe n’ụbụrụ, kama ị were ha dị ka ihe na-akpata akịrị mgbawa isi kpọmkwem.[45]

Isi ọwụwa ụyọkọ bụ ụdị isi ọwụwa a na-adịkarịghị ahụkebe (ihe dị ka otu mmadụ n’ime mmadụ otu puku), ọ na-adịkarịkwa n’ụmụ nwoke karịa ụmụ nwanyị.[46] Ha na-amalite na mberede site n’oke mgbu siri ike gbara otu anya gburugburu, nke ihe na-esokwa ya bụ mgbaàmà nke sistemụ akwara autonomic dịka anya mmiri, imi ịgba mmiri, na anya ịcha ọbara ọbara. [8]

Mgbu Temporomandibular nke agba (mgbu na-adịghị ala ala na nkwonkwo agbà), na isi ọwụwa cervicogenic (isi ọwụwa nke mgbu na uru ahụ nke olu kpatara) nwekwara ike ịbụ nchọpụta na ọrịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịdị..[39]

Maka isi ọwụwa na-adịghị ala ala nke a na-amaghị ihe kpatara ya, ide akwụkwọ ndekọ isi ọwụwa (headache diary) nwere ike ịba uru maka ịdekọ mgbaàmà na ịchọpụta ihe ndị na-akpalite ya, dịka njikọ ya na usoro ịhụ nsọ nwanyị, mmega ahụ, na nri. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ndekọ eletrọnikị dị na ekwentị na-aghọwanye ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe, nnyocha e mere n’oge na-adịbeghị anya chọpụtara na e mepụtara ọtụtụ n’ime ha n’enweghị ihe akaebe sayensị zuru ezu na n’enweghị ndị ọkachamara sayensị zuru oke so na mmepe ha..[47]

Cephalalgiaphobia bụ egwu isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ inweta isi ọwụwa.

Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ nwere ike ịbụ isi ọwụwa nke abụọ dị ize ndụ. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ịbụ ngosipụta mbụ nke isi ọwụwa na-adịghị ala ala, dị ka akịrị mgbawa isi ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa nrụgide na-akpata.

Otu n’ime ụzọ akwadoro maka ime nchọpụta isi ọwụwa bụ nke a:[48] Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe mgbaàmà ịdọ aka ná ntị ọ bụla chọrọ nlebara anya ngwa ngwa dị ka nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Seizure" class="cx-link" data-linkid="435">ọrịa ịma jijiji</a> ọhụrụ, ike ọgwụgwụ ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya ọhụrụ, e kwesịrị ime nnyocha ndị ọzọ site n’iji onyonyo ahụike, ma nwee ike ime ntinye agịga n’akụkụ lumbar (lee ngalaba ihe mgbaama ịdọ aka na ntị maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ). Ọ bụrụ na isi ọwụwa ahụ bụ nke mmalite mberede (isi ọwụwa nke malitere na mberede ma sie ike nke ukwuu), a ga-eme nnyocha computed tomography scan (CT scan) iji chọpụta ma ọ̀ dị ọbara na-agbapụta n’ụbụrụ (subarachnoid hemorrhage). Ọ bụrụ na CT scan egosighi ọbara ọgbụgba, a ga-eme ntinye agịga n’akụkụ lumbar iji chọpụta ma ọ̀ dị ọbara na-agba n’ime mmiri ụbụrụ (CSF), n’ihi na CT scan nwere ike inye nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma n’agbanyeghị na ọrịa dị, ebe ọbara na-agbapụta n’ụbụrụ (subarachnoid hemorrhage) nwere ike igbu mmadụ Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe mgbaàmà na-egosi ọrịa nje ma ọ bụ ọrịa na-efe efe, dịka ahụ ọkụ, ihe ịhakasị mmadụ n'ahụ, ma ọ bụ olu siri ike, e kwesịrị itụle ime ntinye agịga n’akụkụ lumbar iji chọọ meningitis. N'ebe onye meworo agadi nọ, ọ bụrụ na e nwere mgbu ma ọ bụ ike ọgwụgwụ n’agba mgbe a na-ata ihe na akpụkpọ isi na-enwe mgbu mgbe e metụrụ ya aka, e kwesịrị ime biopsy nke temporal artery iji chọpụta arteritis nke temporal artery. Ọ bụrụ na nsonaazụ biopsy gosipụta ya, a kwesịrị ịmalite ọgwụgwọ ozugbo.

Ịse onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Isi ọwụwa ochie

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

US Headache Consortium nwere ntuziaka maka Ịse onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara maka isi ọwụwa na-adịghị njọ. [49] Ihe ka ukwuu n'isi ọwụwa ochie na-adịghị ala ala anaghị achọ Ịse onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere mgbaàmà nke akịrị mgbawa isi, ọ dịghị mkpa ịmewe ise onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara n'ihi na o yighị ka onye ahụ nwere nsogbu n'ime isi ya.[50] Ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ nwere nchọpụta nke akwara, dị ka adịghị ike, ma e nyochaa ya, enwere ike ịtụle ise onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara.   [citation needed]

Isi ọwụwa ọhụrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị niile na-abịa n’ụlọ ọgwụ nwere ihe mgbaama ịdọ aka na ntị nke na-egosi na ha nwere isi ọwụwa nke abụọ dị ize ndụ kwesịrị ịnweta ise onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara.[42] Ụdị ise onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara kacha mma maka ụdị isi ọwụwa ndị a ka bụ okwu a na-arụ ụka banyere ya.[11] CT scan (computerized tomography) na-enweghị contrast na-abụkarị nzọụkwụ mbụ n’ịse onyonyo isi, n’ihi na ọ dị mfe inweta na ngalaba ndị ihe mberede mere yana n’ụlọ ọgwụ, ma ọ dịkwa ọnụ ala karịa MRI. CT na-enweghị contrast kacha mma maka ịchọpụta ọbara ọhụrụ na-agbapụta n’ime isi ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) kacha mma maka ịchọpụta akpụ ụbụrụ (brain tumors) nakwa nsogbu dị n’akụkụ azụ nke ụbụrụ, maọ bụ azụ ụbụrụ.[11] MRI na-enwe ike ịchọpụta nsogbu dị n’ime okpokoro isi nke ọma karịa, mana ọ nwekwara ike ịchọpụta mgbanwe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma n’ụbụrụ nke na-enweghị njikọ na isi ọwụwa onye ahụ.[11]

American College of Radiology na-atụ aro nnyocha foto ndị a maka ọnọdụ dị iche iche: [51]

Mgbaama Ha Ule ise onyonyo ụbụrụ na usoro akwara a tụrụ aro ya
Isi ọwụwa n'ime ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike (ọrịa cancer, HIV) MRI nke isi nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị contrast
Isi ọwụwa n'ime ndị karịrị afọ iri isii ndị a na-enyo na ha nwere ọrịa arteritis MRI nke isi nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị contrast
Isi ọwụwa nwere meningitis a na-enyo enyo CT ma ọ bụ MRI na-enweghị contrast
Isi ọwụwa siri ike n'oge ịdị ime CT ma ọ bụ MRI na-enweghị contrast
Isi ọwụwa siri ike na-eme n'otu akụkụ isi nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbibi ma ọ bụ ndọpụpụ nke mgbidi akwara ọbara carotid ma ọ bụ akwara ọbara ndị ọzọ kpatara MRI nke isi nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị contrast, magnetic resonance angiography ma ọ bụ Computed Tomography Angiography nke isi na olu.
Isi ọwụwa na mberede ma ọ bụ isi ọwụwa kachasị njọ na ndụ CT nke isi na-enweghị ọdịiche, Computed Tomography Angiography nke isi na olu na nke olu nwere ọdịiche, magnetic resonance angiography nke isi ma ọ bụ olu nwere na na-enweghị ọdịiche, MRI nke isi na na-enweghị ọdịiche.

Ntinye Ngịga N'akụkụ Ọkpụkpụ Azụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ntinye agịga n’akụkụ lumbar bụ usoro nke a na-eji agịga wepụ mmiri Ọkpụkpụ azụ n'ọkpụkpụ azụ. Ntinye ngịga n'akụkụ lumbar dị mkpa iji chọọ ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọbara na mmiri ọkpụkpụ azụ. Ntinye ngịga n'akụkụ ọkpụkpụ az nwekwara ike ịtụle nrụgide dị na kọlụm ọkpụkpụ azụ, nke nwere ike ịba uru maka ndị nwere ọbara mgbali elu n'ime okpokoro isi idiopathic (na-abụkarị ndị na-eto eto, ụmụ nwanyị buru oke ibu ndị nwere nrụgide intracraniel na-enwe ya), ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata nrụgide n'ime ụbụrụ. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a ga-ebu ụzọ mee nyocha CT.[8]Templeeti:Medical resourcesTempleeti:Navboxes

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Ọrịa anya

Edensibịa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ Mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 Templeeti:Medical resourcesTempleeti:Navboxes

 

  1. ↑ "Headache disorders" (in Bekee). The World Health Organization. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
  2. 1 2 "Headache disorders Fact sheet N° 277". The World Health Organization. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  3. ↑ "Headache Causes". Mayo Clinic (in Bekee). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  4. ↑ "Headache". Johns Hopkins Medicine (in Bekee). The Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2026-03-17.
  5. 1 2 "Headache disorders: differentiating and managing the common subtypes". British Journal of Pain. 6 (3): 124–132. August 2012. doi:10.1177/2049463712459691. PMID 26516483.
  6. ↑ Husøy, Andreas Kattem (2025-12-01). "Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023". The Lancet Neurology (in English). 24 (12): 1005–1015. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(25)00402-8. ISSN 1474-4422. PMID 41240916.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ↑ "The Johns Hopkins Headache Center - Primary Exertion Headache". hopkinsmedicine.org. 3 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Chapter 14. Headache". Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2012. ISBN 978-0-07-174890-2. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Goadsby" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. ↑ "Profile of Primary Patients in Neurological Polyclinic". Journal of Pain, Headache and Vertigo. 2 (1): 1–4. 2021-03-02. doi:10.21776/ub.jphv.2021.002.01.1. ISSN 2723-3960.
  10. ↑ "Primary headaches during lifespan". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 20 (1). April 2019. doi:10.1186/s10194-019-0985-0. PMID 30961531.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clinch C. Chapter 28. Evaluation & Management of Headache - CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Family Medicine. Lange Current Series (Third ed.). McGraw-Hill. 2011. ISBN 978-0-07-162436-7. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Clinch" defined multiple times with different content.
  12. ↑ "Migraine - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in Bekee). Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  13. ↑ "Tension Headaches". www.hopkinsmedicine.org (in Bekee). 8 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  14. 1 2 "Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging?". JAMA. 296 (10): 1274–1283. September 2006. doi:10.1001/jama.296.10.1274. PMID 16968852. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Detsky" defined multiple times with different content.
  15. ↑ "Tension headache - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in Bekee). Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  16. ↑ Scottish Intercollegiate Network (November 2008). Diagnosis and management of headache in adults. Edinburgh: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland. ISBN 978-1-905813-39-1. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  17. ↑ "Headaches". nhs.uk (in Bekee). 8 January 2018.
  18. ↑ "The spectrum of noncoeliac gluten sensitivity". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 12 (9): 516–526. September 2015. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.107. PMID 26122473.
  19. 1 2 "Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 22 (36): 8149–8160. September 2016. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i36.8149. PMID 27688656.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ↑ "Cyclic vomiting syndrome: Pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions". Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 31 (Suppl 2). June 2019. doi:10.1111/nmo.13607. PMID 31241816.
  21. ↑ "Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 52 (4): 407–436. October 2008. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.07.001. PMID 18809105.
  22. 1 2 Clinical Neurology 8/E:Chapter 6. Headache & Facial Pain. McGraw Hill Professional. 6 May 2012. ISBN 978-0-07-175905-2.
  23. ↑ "headache | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Bekee). Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  24. ↑ "Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (11): 3760–3772. November 2010. doi:10.1172/JCI42843. PMID 21041958.
  25. 1 2 "Cluster headache". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 3 (1). July 2008. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-20. PMID 18651939.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ↑ "How a Migraine Happens". www.hopkinsmedicine.org (in Bekee). 26 November 2019. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  27. 1 2 3 "Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of migraine in adults". UpToDate. Wolters Kluwer. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  28. ↑ "The vascular theory of migraine--a great story wrecked by the facts". Brain. 132 (Pt 1): 6–7. January 2009. doi:10.1093/brain/awn321. PMID 19098031.
  29. ↑ "Vasodilation out of the picture as a cause of migraine headache". The Lancet. Neurology. 12 (5): 419–420. May 2013. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70051-6. PMID 23578774.
  30. ↑ "Magnetic resonance angiography of intracranial and extracranial arteries in patients with spontaneous migraine without aura: a cross-sectional study". The Lancet. Neurology. 12 (5): 454–461. May 2013. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70067-X. PMID 23578775.
  31. ↑ "Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (8): 4687–4692. April 2001. doi:10.1073/pnas.071582498. PMID 11287655.
  32. ↑ "The pathophysiology of migraine: year 2005". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 6 (3): 105–111. June 2005. doi:10.1007/s10194-005-0165-2. PMID 16355290.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  34. ↑ "Migraine Without Headache". Neurobalance. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  35. ↑ "Tension-type headache". BMJ. 336 (7635): 88–92. January 2008. doi:10.1136/bmj.39412.705868.ad. PMID 18187725.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  37. ↑ "Using the triptans to treat: Migraine headaches: Comparing effectiveness, safety, and price" (PDF). Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs. March 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  38. ↑ "The utility of the electroencephalogram in the evaluation of patients presenting with headache: a review of the literature". Neurology. 45 (7): 1263–1267. July 1995. doi:10.1212/WNL.45.7.1263. PMID 7617180.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Smetana" defined multiple times with different content.
  40. 1 2 3 4 "Factors that cause concern". The Medical Clinics of North America. 97 (2): 225–242. March 2013. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.11.002. PMID 23419623. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Abrams Journal" defined multiple times with different content.
  41. ↑ American College of Emergency Physicians (January 2002). "Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 39 (1): 108–122. doi:10.1067/mem.2002.120125. PMID 11782746.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "Approach to acute headache in adults". American Family Physician. 87 (10): 682–687. May 2013. PMID 23939446.Hainer BL, Matheson EM (May 2013). "Approach to acute headache in adults". American Family Physician. 87 (10): 682–687. PMID 23939446. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hainer" defined multiple times with different content.
  43. 1 2 Onan, D (21 July 2023). "Debate: differences and similarities between tension-type headache and migraine". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 24 (1): 92. doi:10.1186/s10194-023-01614-0. PMID 37474899.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Onan" defined multiple times with different content.
  44. ↑ "The diagnostic value of historical features in primary headache syndromes: a comprehensive review". Archives of Internal Medicine. 160 (18): 2729–2737. October 2000. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.18.2729. PMID 11025782.
  45. ↑ Sebastianelli, G (October 2024). "Insights from triggers and prodromal symptoms on how migraine attacks start: The threshold hypothesis". Cephalalgia. 44 (10). doi:10.1177/03331024241287224. PMID 39380339.
  46. ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. 8 April 2015. pp. 2594–2595. ISBN 978-0-07-180215-4.
  47. ↑ "Commercially available mobile phone headache diary apps: a systematic review". JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2 (3): e36. August 2014. doi:10.2196/mhealth.3452. PMID 25138438.{{cite cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  49. ↑ Evidence-based guidelines in the primary care setting: neuroimaging in patients with nonacute headache. St Paul, MN: US Headache Consortium. April 2000. pp. 1–25.
  50. ↑ American Headache Society (September 2013). "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question". Choosing Wisely. American Headache Society. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013., which cites
  51. ↑ "Headache. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria". Radiology. 215 (Suppl): 855–60. June 2000. PMID 11037510.
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isi_Ọwụwa&oldid=720270"