Itō Noe

Itō Noe
A mụrụ ya	(1895-01-21) Jenụwarị 21, 1895 Fukuoka, Japan
Nwụrụ	Septemba 16, 1923 (1923-09-16) (afọ 28) Tokyo, Japan
Nwunye	Jun Tsuji

Itō Noe bụ onye Japan anarchist, Onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye edemede, na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị Seitō (Bluestocking). Echiche ya na-aga n'ihu nke anarcha-feminist mara ụkpụrụ nke oge Meiji na Taishō nke ọ biri. Ọ nwetara otuto site n'aka ndị nkatọ site n'inwe ike ịkpa echiche onwe ya na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ihe odide ya. Otú ọ dị, gọọmentị Japan katọrọ ya maka ịma ihe owuwu nke oge ahụ aka. Ọ ghọrọ onye nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe nke echiche anarchist nke ọ kwenyere na ya n'oge Amakasu Incident, mgbe e gburu ya na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya, onye edemede anarchist Ōsugi Sakae, na nwa nwanne ya.

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

A mụrụ Itō n'àgwàetiti Kyushu dị nso na Fukuoka, Japan na Jenụwarị 21, 1895. [1] A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ aristocratic ma mee ka nwanne nna ya kweta ịkwụ ụgwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ya na Ueno Girls High School na Tokyo, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ a ka ọ zụlitere mmasị maka akwụkwọ. Ọ nwere mmasị karịsịa n'echiche na-aga n'ihu nke oge ahụ site n'aka ndị edemede ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị Japan.

Ọ bụ n'oge ezumike nke abụọ ya, na 1910, na Ueno Girls School ka ezinụlọ ya manyere ya ịlụ Suematsu Fukutaro, nwoke si na United States laghachi Kyushu n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ịlụ Suematsu ga-abụ nkwekọrịta nke ọ ga-ekweta iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. Itō chọrọ nnwere onwe ya zuru oke, yabụ ozugbo ọ malitere ịkpa atụmatụ ụzọ isi gbapụ na mmekọrịta ahụ ma mee ka ọ laa na Tokyo. Ọ gara Tokyo nnukwu njem na ndụ ya, lụọ onye bụbu onye nkuzi, Tsuji Jun, onye ọ zutere na Ueno Girls High School.[2] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, mmekọrịta Itō na Tsuji ghọrọ ịhụnanya ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Makoto (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 20, 1914) na Ryūji (amụrụ n'August 10, 1915). Ha lụrụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1915. [1] Mmekọrịta ha were ihe dị ka afọ anọ.

Oge na Seitō

Itō sonyeere Bluestocking Society (青́社 Seitō-sha), dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nka na omenala ndị inyom Seitō (青́), na 1915, na-enye aka ruo 1916. N'afọ ikpeazụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, ọ na-emekwuwanye ihe na ọdịnaya; o "mepere ibe akwụkwọ maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ite ime, ịgba akwụna, ịhụnanya efu, na ịbụ nne". [3] [4] Onye nchoputa Seitō, Hiratsuka Raicho, ga-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede nke mmetụta siri ike na okike.[2] Oge Itō dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ adịghị mfe, ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-eche na onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-eto eto agaghị enwe ike iduzi mbipụta ahụ. N'isi mmalite nke mbipụta July 1916, Itō bipụtara "Anti-Manifesto" nke ọ tụlere echiche ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na ikike ya. O mechiri ndetu onye nchịkọta akụkọ na nkwupụta na magazin a ga-abụ "maka ụmụ nwanyị niile, akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enweghị echiche na nkà ihe ọmụma". [1]

N'okpuru nchịkọta akụkọ Itō, Seitō ghọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike karị, nke mere ka gọọmentị machibido mbipụta ise dị ka ihe na-eyi kokutai (usoro ọchịchị mba egwu). Ndị na-enyocha akwụkwọ machibidoro mbipụta February 1914 n'ihi akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Itō bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ Shuppon ("Flight"), banyere nwa agbọghọ nke gbapụrụ n'alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi ma bụrụ onye onye onye ọ hụrụ n'anya raara nye nke kwere nkwa iso ya gbapụ na Japan. A machibidoro mbipụta June 1915 maka otu isiokwu na-akpọ ka a machibido afọ ime iwu na Japan. [6]

Enwere akara atọ ọzọ nke Seitō: otu akara maka mmetụta mmekọahụ siri ike nke na-eji obi ụtọ na-echeta mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị gara aga; akara ọzọ maka nkewa nke na-emepụta echiche nke usoro, na akara ọzọ maka isiokwu "Light for Children" na-akpọ maka ụmụaka ịlụ ọgụ. [6] Akụkọ ndị dị n'okpuru Itō nwere otu isiokwu: echiche nke ya na ike nke ike nke ya onwe ya nwere, na-egosipụta nke ọma nsogbu ndị metụtara ya n'oge ahụ. [2]

Ihe odide ya, bụ́ ndị e bipụtara na Seitō, kwuru banyere ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị o chere ihu ná ndụ ya, dị ka alụmdi na nwunye a haziri ahazi, ịjụ ịhụnanya na-enweghị isi ọ chọsiri ike, na ụdị mmekọahụ a machibidoro iwu nke mmadụ. Akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi "Mayoi" na 1914 kọrọ akụkọ banyere nwa akwụkwọ nke na-agbaba na onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ma chọpụta na ọ hụrụ nwa klas ya n'anya. Akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ ya na Tsuji Jun.[2] "Tenki", otu n'ime akụkọ ya e bipụtara na Seitō, lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ nsogbu nke ya, dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri dọtara n'ime ọha mmadụ ebe alụmdi na nwunye ya gosipụtara na ọ bụ ihe mgbochi. Ihe odide Itō bụ ụzọ e si egosipụta nkwenkwe nke ya, ọ na-ejikarịkwa ihe ndị sitere na ndụ ya mepụta akụkọ ya.[2] O nyekwara aka na magazin ahụ. [1]

N'okpuru Itō, Seitō malitere ịmanye iwu nke ya na ụmụ anụmanụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi, na na 1914-16, ọ bụ ruo na peeji nke magazin ahụ ka onye ọzọ na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ, Yamakawa Kikue, rụrụ ụka maka mmachibido ime ime n'ihi otu ihe ahụ o nwere maka mmachibido ime ime, ya bụ na o kwenyere na ozu anụmanụ bụ nke ha, ma ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ike ikwu na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ime na steeti ha.

Ọzọkwa, Itō kwuru na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya enyeghị ụmụ nwanyị ọtụtụ ohere akụ na ụba nakwa na ọtụtụ ndị akwụna Japan bụ ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye na-ere mmekọahụ iji dịrị ndụ, nke dugara ya na nkwubi okwu na ekwesighi ịta ha ahụhụ maka naanị ịchọ ụzọ ndụ.[7] Itō dere nkatọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ma sụgharịa ihe odide ndị Socialist na Anarchist site na Bekee gaa na Japanese, site n'aka ndị edemede dị ka American Emma Goldman (The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation, wdg). [8] Na Febụwarị 1916, Seitō bipụtara mbipụta ikpeazụ ya n'ihi enweghị ego, ebe gọọmentị gbochiri ndị na-ekesa ya iburu magazin ahụ. [9]

Ndụ ya na Sakae Ōsugi

Itō zutere Sakae Ōsugi na 1916. Ha nọgidere na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na edemede ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dị ka di na nwunye, ha na-ahụ n'anya n'efu ma ha alụghị di na nwunye. Sakae Ōsugi lụrụ nwanyị ọzọ n'oge ahụ ma nwee mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ọzọ, Ichiko Kamichika.[10]

Mmasị Itō nwere n'ebe Ōsugi nọ pụtara ìhè na Febụwarị 1916, mgbe ya na ya na-agagharị n'ogige ntụrụndụ nke Tokyo, na-ejide aka ya, ma na-esusu ya ọnụ n'ihu ọha; n'oge ahụ, isusu ọnụ n'anya na di na nwunye na-ejikọta aka na Japan ka a na-ewere dị ka omume rụrụ arụ nke na-enweghị onye dị mma kwesịrị itinye aka, ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ogbe ahụ baara di na nwunye ahụ mba maka omume ha. Ka e mesịrị n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, mgbe Ōsugi zutere Ichiko, ọ gwara ya na ya esusuola nwanyị ọnụ n'ihu ọha na nke mbụ ya na ndụ ya, nke Ichiko ji ekworo meghachi omume.[11]

Itō, onye na-atụ anya ịhụ Ōsugi ọzọ, sooro ya gaa n'ụlọ Ichiko, ebe ọ na-ege ntị. Ọ họọrọ ịkụ aka n'ọnụ ụzọ iji tinye aka na mkparịta ụka a. Nke a n'aka nke ya kpatara iwe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ maka onye hụrụ Ōsugi n'anya nke ọma, ebe Ōsug siri ọnwụ na ọ hụrụ ha abụọ n'anya n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ōsugi nọgidere na-ebi na nwunye ya mgbe ọ na-ahụ ma Ichiko na Itō ruo na Nọvemba 1916, mgbe n'oge ekworo Ichiko sooro Ōsughi na Itō gaa n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị n'ime ime obodo. Mgbe ọ hụrụ na ha nọrọ n'abalị ahụ, o ji mma wakpo Ōsugi ka ọ na-apụta n'ọnụ ụlọ ya n'ụtụtụ, na-ama ya mma ọtụtụ ugboro n'olu. Ōsugi nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya na nwunye ya hapụrụ ya n'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ọgwụ.[11]

Itō na Ōsugi ga-enwe ụmụ anọ, ha ga-anọkwa n'otu ndụ ha niile n'agbanyeghị na ha alụghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu. Mmekọrịta ya na ya ga-anọgide na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ya dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ.[2] Ha ga-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji kwalite echiche ha banyere anarchism site n'ihe odide na mbipụta ha, ha abụọ ga-aghọ ndị steeti na ndị nkatọ lekwasịrị anya site na iguzosi ike n'ihe ha na-enweghị ihere.[12] N'afọ 1921, Itō dere edemede ndị e bipụtara na Rōdō Undō (Labor Movement), akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya na Ōsugi bipụtara.

Malite na 1916, Ito biri ma soro Ōsugi rụọ ọrụ, ma gaa n'ihu na-arị elu n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ na-egosi ikike idu ndú na-eto eto. Dị ka onye anarchist, Itō katọrọ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị na Japan nke ukwuu, nke mere ka ọ kpọọ maka anarchism ka ọ dịrị na "omume kwa ụbọchị", ya bụ na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị n'ụzọ dị iche iche iji mebie "kokutai".[14] Itō katọrọ ụzọ ọtụtụ ndị Japan si eme ihe na steeti ahụ ma nabata nkwupụta ahụ na eze ukwu ahụ bụ chi a ga-erube isi n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, na-eduga ya ime mkpesa na ọ na-esiri ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ike iche echiche nke ọma.[14] Dị ka onye mara kokutai aka, ndị uwe ojii na-enye Itō nsogbu mgbe niile, ruo n'ókè nke na ọ mere mkpesa na ụlọ ya bụ ụlọ mkpọrọ, ebe ọ na-enweghị ike ịpụ na-enweghị onye uwe ojii na'akwụsị ya.[9]

Ọnwụ

Na Septemba 16, 1923, e jidere Itō, Ọsugi, na nwa nwanne ya nwoke dị afọ isii Munekazu (amụrụ na Portland, Oregon) ma gbuo ya, ma tụba ya n'ụlọ ndị uwe ojii ndị agha (nke a maara dị ka Kempeitai) nke Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu duziri.[15][1] Ihe ọjọọ a mere ozugbo nnukwu Ala ọmajiji nke Kantọ mechara. Ozugbo ewepụtara ozu ndị ahụ n'olulu mmiri ahụ, a nyochara ozu Ọsugi na Itō wee chọpụta na ha merụrụ ahụ nke na-aga n'ihu na-eti ihe dị egwu.[2]. Itō na Ọsugi e gburu n'ọnụ ụlọ mkpọrọ ha.[1][17] Noe Itō dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ.[15] A bịara mara ogbugbu nke ndị ọchịchị mgba okpuru dị otú ahụ, gụnyere nwatakịrị, dị ka ihe omume Amakasu ma kpata akpata oyi na iwe na Japan dum.[8] E jidere Amakasu ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ iri maka igbu ọchụ, mana a tọhapụrụ ya ka ọ nọrọ naanị afọ atọ.

E liri Itō na Ōsugi n'ebe ili ozu Kutsunoya na Aoi-ku, Shizuoka.

Ihe Nketa

Onye nduzi Kijū Yoshida mere Eros + Massacre na 1969, banyere Sakae Ōsugi; Itō pụtara ìhè na fim ahụ.[18]

A na-agbasa ihe nkiri dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Yuka Murayama nke afọ 2020 Kaze yo, Arashi yo, nke Yuriko Yoshitaka dị ka Itō, na ọwa NHK atọ: NHK 8K na 31 Machị 2022 (otu ihe omume nkeji 120), na NHK 4K na NHK BS Premium na 4, 11 na 18 Septemba 2022 (ihe omume nkeji 49 atọ).

Edensibia

• Cybriwsky (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tokyo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7489-3. 
• Desser (1988). Eros Plus Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave Cinema. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20469-1. 
• Filler (2009). "Going beyond Individualism: Romance, Personal Growth, and Anarchism in the Autobiographical Writings of Itō Noe". US-Japan's Women's Journal 37: 57–90. 
• Mikiso Hane, Ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị nnupụisi, ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị a chụpụrụ n'èzí: The Underside of Modern Japan, 2nd Ed. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2003. 247–292.
• Konishi (2007). "Reopening the 'Opening of Japan': A Russian-Japanese Revolutionary Encounter and the Vision of Anarchist Progress". The American Historical Review 112 (1): 101–130. DOI:10.1086/ahr.112.1.101. 
• Large (1977). "The Romance of Revolution in Japanese Anarchism and Communism during the Taishō Period". Modern Asian Studies 11 (3): 441–469. DOI:10.1017/S0026749X00014220. 
• Morley (1999). The Mountain is Moving: Japanese Women's Lives. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774806756. 
•  
• Reich (1976). "Japan's Literary Feminists: The 'Seito' Group". Signs 2 (1): 280–291. DOI:10.1086/493355. 
• Setouchi (1993). Beauty in Disarray, 1st, Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0-8048-1866-5. 
• Sievers (1983). Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• Shone (2019). "Itō Noe, Japanese Anarchist Follower of Emma Goldman", Women of Liberty, Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Brill Publishers, 186–205. DOI:10.1163/9789004393226_008. ISBN 978-90-04-39045-4. 
• Stanley (1982). Ōsugi Sakae, Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego, Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 9780674644939. 

Ebe ndị bụ isi e si nweta ya

• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The bluestockings of Japan: akwụkwọ edemede nwanyị ọhụrụ na akụkọ ifo sitere na Seitō, 1911-16 (Univ of Michigan, 2007)

Njikọ mpụga

• Akụkọ ndụ Noe Ito na libcom.org
• e-ihe odide nke Itō Noe na Aozora Bunko
• Ndụ Noe Itou Wayback Machine (echekwara na Machị 8, 2005) (akwụkwọ akụkọ Harumi Setouchi Bi wa rantyou ni ari na Fukuoka Prefectural Itoshima High School)