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Ize uzere

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ize uzere
reflex, symptom or sign, biological process
Obere ụdị nkesymptom, respiratory signs and symptoms, reflex Dezie
ICPC 2 IDR07 Dezie
Agwa Unicode🤧 Dezie
 
Nlereanya nke ikuku na-efe n'oge ịze uzere, na-atụnyere ịze uzere na-ekpuchighị ihe mkpuchi na ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche esi ekpuchi ọnụ na imi mmadụ: ịze uzere n'ime aka, aka e ji aka kpuchie, anụ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ihe mkpuchi ịwa ahụ, na ihe mkpuchi N95.

Ize uzere (nke a makwaara dịka sternutation n’olu oyibo) bụ ikuku na-enweghị isi, nke na-esi n'akpa ume pụọ site na imi ya na ọnụ, nke na'abụkarị nke ihe ndị si ebe ọzọ na-akpali mucosal. Ize uzere na-achụpụ ikuku site n'ọnụ na imi n'ụzọ na-agbawa agbawa, nke na-enweghị isi. Omume a na-enye ohere ka mmiri gbapụ site na oghere imi na asọ iji gbapụ n'oghere ọnụ. Ize uzere nwere ike ijikọta ya na ikpughe na mberede na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke (nke a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex n’olu oyibo), mgbanwe mberede (ịda) na okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, afọ jury eju, ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya, ma ọ bụ nje virus. N'ihi na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa site na mmiri ozuzo aerosol na-efe efe, a na-atụ aro iji aka gị kpuchie ọnụ gị na imi gị, n'ime ogwe aka gị, anụ ahụ ihu gị maọbụ akwa aka gị mgbe ị na-agbapụta. Na mgbakwunye na ikpuchi ọnụ, a na-atụkwa aro ile anya n'ala iji gbanwee ntụziaka nke mmiri na-agbasa ma zere itinye uche dị elu na nke iku ume mmadụ di elu.

Ọrụ nke isi uzere bụ ịchụpụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nwere ihe ndị ọzọ maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe ma sachaa oghere imi. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụ dị nro na uvula palatine na-agbadata mgbe azụ ire na-ebuli elu iji mechie ụzọ na-aga n'ọnụ, na-emepụta venturi (dịka carburetor) n'ihi Ụkpụrụ Bernoulli ka ikuku si n'akpa ume wee mee ka ikuku na-agafe n'ọnụ ma si otú a na-emepụta ebe nrụgide dị ala n'azụ imi. N'ụzọ a, a na-amanye ikuku ịbanye n'ihu imi ma na-ewepụ mmiri na mmetọ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọnụ. Ịze uzere mgbe ọnụ mechero emechi na-ewepụ mmiri site n'imi mana anaghị anabata ya n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta nrụgide dị elu n'isi ma nwee ike imerụ ahụ.

Nkọwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmetụta nke izi uzere bụ usoro abụọ na-agụnye ụzọ akwara afferent nakwazi efferent. Ụzọ afferent bụ akụkụ mmetụta, ebe mkpali nke akwara mmetụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ pruriceptors na mucosa iku ume nke nasopharynx maọbụ nke a na akpọ paranasal sinuses site na kemịkal maọbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe na-emepụta mgbaàmà nke a na-ebufe site na akwara trigeminal gaa na ụbụrụ. Ụzọ efferent bụ akụkụ motor, ebe akụkụ isi medulla oblongata na-eziga mgbaàmà site na akwara motor na ọtụtụ ìgwè uru ahụ dị iche iche n'ahụ dum iji mee ka ikuku na-iwepụ ewepụ, na mgbalị iwepụ ihe na-emebi ihe.

Mpaghara akwara ndị na-emetụta ntụgharị ize uzere dị na ụbụrụ n'akụkụ ventromedial nke spinal trigeminal nucleus na nhazi reticular dị n'akụkụ. Mpaghara a yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa uru ahụ pharyngeal, laryngeal, respiratory, na abdominal; ọrụ jikọtara uru ahụ ndị a na-eje ozi dịka akụkụ mmegharị nke izi uzere.[1]

Akụkụ mmegharị nke mmeghachi ize uzere na-agụnye ikuba ume na akụkụ ikufụ ume. N'oge iku ume, diaphragm na intercostal muscle na-agbakọta iji dọta nnukwu ikuku n'ime akpa ume. Nke a na-esochi oge iku ume, mgbe uru ahụ nke afọ na obi na-agbakọta n'ike iji kpochie akpa ume, na-amanye ikuku pụọ na mgbawa siri ike. Mkpịsị aka nke anya na-agbakọta n'amaghị ama n'oge nke ahụ, na-amanye ka anya nwee ike mechie.

Ọ bụ ezie na anya anyị na-emechi n’aka onwe ya n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi n'oge ize uzere, aro a na-ahụkarị na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịze uzere na anya gị mepee emepe ezighị ezi.[2] Ize uzere enweghị ike ime n'oge ụra n'ihi REM atonia - ọnọdụ ahụ ebe a na-adịghị akpali akwara na-adịghị ebuga na ụbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akpali akpali zuru oke n'èzí nwere ike ime ka mmadụ teta n'ụra wee zee uzere, mana ize uzere ụkwara ọ bụla na-eme mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ga-ewere ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ dịkariri ala.[3]

Ewezuga ịkpasu ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ iwe, allergies maọbụ ọrịa nwere ike ime, ihe ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ ikpughe ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na mberede - ọnọdụ a maara dịka photic sneeze reflex (PSR). Ịga ije site n'ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị banye n'ìhè anyanwụ, nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa PSR, maọbụ ACHOO (Autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing n’olu oyibo) dịka a na-akpọkwa ya.[4] Omume ịze uzere mgbe a na-ahụ ìhè na-egbuke egbuke bụ àgwà na-achịkwa onwe ya ma na-emetụta pacentị iri na asatọ ruo pacentị iri ato na ise nke ndị mmadụ.[5] Ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke a na-ahụ n'ime ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, bụ afọ jupụtara ozugbo ha risịrị nri buru ibu. A maara nke a dịka snatiation ma hụkwazie ya dịka nsogbu ahụike nke a na-agafe site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka àgwà na-achịkwa autosomal.[6]

Ọrịa na-efe efe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
7-to-8-meter-ogologo (23 to 26 turbulent multiphase plume site na ize uzere mmadụ.

Enwere ike ibute ọrịa ụfọdụ na-efe efe site na mmiri iku ume na aerosols nke ịze uzere mepụtara. Ize uzere nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri puku iri anọ, [7] na nha nke na-adịkarị site na 0.5 wee ruo 5μm).

Iji belata ohere nke ịgbasa ọrịa (dịka ahụ ọkụ), mmadụ na-ejide ogwe aka, n'ime ogwe aka ya, anụ ahụ maọbụ akwa aka n'ihu ọnụ ya na imi ya mgbe ọ na-eze uzere. Iji aka mmadụ maka ebumnuche ahụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya [8] n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dịka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwalite ịgbasa nje site na mmetụta mmadụ (dịka Ịmakụ aka) maọbụ site na ihe ndị a na-emetụtakarị (karịsịa ọnụ ụzọ).

Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a hụrụ ebe kachasị anya nke ize uzere fepers (maọbụ puffs) na-aga na 0.6 mita (2.0 ft) , na ọsọ kachasị elu nke ize uzere nwetara bụ 4.5m / s (ihe dịka 10mph). [9] N'oge afọ 2020, e dekọrọ ize uzere nkụ na-emepụta ábụ́bà ruru mita asatọ (ft iri abụọ na isii). [10]

Mgbochi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ekpuchi ize uzere site na akwa maọbụ ogwe aka

Ụzọ ndị a nwapụtara iji belata nsị n'ozuzu ha na-akwado ibelata mmekọrịta na ihe na-akpasu iwe, dịka idebe anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ iji zere ịnyagharị anụmanụ; ijide n'aka na a ga-ewepụ unyi na uzuzu n'oge na-aga n'ihu site na idebe ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị; dochie nzacha maka ọkụ na ikuku na humidifiers; na ịnọ n'ebe dị anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. Iji ire na-akpụchasị elu ọnụ nwere ike ịkwụsị ize uzere.[11] Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ na ize uzere dị ụtọ ma ha agaghị achọ igbochi ha.[12]

A naghị akwado ijide onwe gị n'imi, dịka site na ịpị imi maọbụ ijide ume mmadụ, dịka ikuku na-etinye nrụgide na-enweghị isi na akpa Pa ume na ụzọ ikuku.[13] Otu ihe ngosi kọmputa na-atụ aro ijide uzere na-eme ka ikuku ahụ nke 39 k Pa, ihe dịka okpukpu iri abụọ na anọ karịa nke uzere nkiti.[14]

N'oge afọ nke 1884, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Henry Walter Bates kọwara mmetụta nke ize uzere (Bates H.W. oge afọ 1881-wee ruo 84. Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere naanị mgbe ha chere na ha na-achịkwa gburugburu ha niile. N'ihi ya, o kwubiri na ndị mmadụ enweghị ike ịze uzere n'ọchịchịrị. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wee gbaghaa echiche nke a.

Omenaala

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Fred Ott's Sneeze, n’oge afọ 1894, ihe nkiri nke abụọ kacha ochie dị ndụ nwere ikike nwebisiinka.

Na mba nke Gris oge ochie, a kwenyere na ize uzere bụ ihe ịrịba ama amụma sitere n'aka chi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge afọ 401 BC, mgbe ọchịagha obodo Atens nke bụ Xenophon kwuru okwu na-agba ndị agha ibe ya ume ịlụso ndị Peshia ọgụ, otu onye agha ji ize uzere mesie nkwubi okwu ya ike. N'iche na uzere a bụ ihe ịrịba ama dị mma sitere n'aka chi, ndị agha nwere obi ụtọ.[15] Ihe atụ ọzọ na-eme na akụkọ Odysseus. Nwunye ya aha ya bụ Penelope, mgbe ọ nụrụ na Odysseus nwere ike ka dị ndụ, kwuru na ya na nwa ya nwoke ga-abọ ọbọ n'ahụ ndị na-achọ ịlụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ laghachi. N'oge ahụ, nwa ha nwoke zere uzere n'olu dara ụda, nke mesiri Penelope obi ike na ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama sitere n'aka nke chi (Odyssey 17: oge afọ 541- wee ruo 550). O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na nkwenye a dịgidere ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndi mba Gris n’oge ugbu a, mgbe mmadụ na-ekwusi ike na onye na-ege ntị na-eze uzere ozugbo na njedebe nke nkwupụta ahụ, onye mbụ na-azaghachi "ngọzi diri gị na kwa m na-ekwu eziokwu", maọbụ "n'efu gị na ebe a bụ eziokwu" ("γεια σου__wol____wol____wol__", Ya sou ki alithia leo, maọbụ"γεια σου και να__ , ya sou ke na ki i alithia). A na-agbaso omume yiri nke ahụ na obodo India.[16][17] Ọ bụrụ na onye mere nkwupụta na-edochaghị anya na asụsụ Flemish, maọbụ ụfọdụ onye na-ege ntị na-ezu uzere, mgbe otu n'ime ndị na-ege ya ntị ga-ekwu "'t is beniesd", n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara na "Ọ na-eme mkpọtụ", dịka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke eziokwu - na-echeta omume nkwenkwe ụgha ochie a, na-enweghị obi abụọ maọbụ na-ezube nkwenye n'ezie, mana na-arịọ mgbaghara ọ bụla site na onye na-ezu uzere ahụ enweghị isi maka nkwụsịtụ ahụ ka a na-anabata site na-ana.[18]

Na mba Yuropu, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke Oge Etiti, e kwenyere na ndụ mmadụ jikọtara ya na ume mmadụ - nkwenye nke gosipụtara n'okwu ahụ bụ "ịgwụ" (nke pụtara na mbụ "iku ume") na-enweta ihe ọzọ pụtara "ịbịa ná njedebe" ma ọ bụ "ịnwụ". Njikọ a, tinyere nnukwu ume a na-achụpụ n'ahụ mgbe a na-ezi uzere, o yikarịrị ka ndị mmadụ kwenyere na izu uzere nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ngwa ngwa. [ Ntụaka dị mkpa ] Echiche dị otu a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara okwu Bekee ọdịnaala, "Chineke gọzie gị", na nzaghachi maka ịze uzere, nke mmalite ya edoghị anya kpamkpam. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, onye na-edeba aha nke Royal College of Physicians, n'akwụkwọ ya nke oge afọ 1909, "Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ nke Charles nke Abụọ ", na-ekwu na, mgbe eze ahụ na-ese okwu nọ n'elu akwa ọnwụ ya, ndị dọkịnta ya nyere ngwakọta nke cowslips na ihe a na-esi na ihe pụtara na ammonia iji kwalite ịsụ ude. [19] Agbanyeghị, a maghị ma e mere nkwalite ịze uzere a iji mee ka ọnwụ ya dị ngwa (dịka ọchịchị aka ike ) maọbụ dịka mgbalị ikpeazụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke ya.

In certain parts of East Asia, particularly in Chinese culture, Korean culture, Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture, a sneeze without an obvious cause was generally perceived as a sign that someone was talking about the sneezer at that very moment. This can be seen in the Book of Songs (a collection of Chinese poems)[20] in ancient China as early as 1000 BC, and in Japan this belief is still depicted in present-day manga and anime. In China, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan, for instance, there is a superstition that if talking behind someone's back causes the person being talked about to sneeze; as such, the sneezer can tell if something good is being said (one sneeze), someone is thinking about you (two sneezes in a row), even if someone is in love with you (three sneezes in a row) or if this is a sign that they are about to catch a cold (multiple sneezes). [citation needed]

Parallel beliefs are known to exist around the world, particularly in contemporary Greek, Slavic, Celtic, English, French, and Indian cultures. Similarly, in Nepal, sneezers are believed to be remembered by someone at that particular moment. [citation needed]

N'asụsụ Bekee, a na-edekarị ya bụ onomatopoeia maka ịze uzere dika 'achoo' ma ọ dịka nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche.[21]

Na Omenaala India, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo India, omenala ndi Bengali (Bangladesh na Bengal nke ndi India) nakwa na mba Iran, ọ bụ nkwenkwe ụgha a na-ahụkarị na ize uzere na-eme tupu mmalite nke ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke nkwụsịtụ ọjọọ na-abịanụ. Ya mere, ọ bụ omenala ịkwụsị iji ṅụọ mmiri maọbụ mebie usoro ọrụ ọ bụla tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ iji gbochie ọdachi ọ bụla ime.

N'Omenala ndị Poland, ọkachasị na ókèala obodo Kresy Wschodnie, nkwenye a ma ama na-aga n'ihu na ize uzere nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-adịghị mma na, dabere na nsụgharị mpaghara, maọbụ onye a na-akọwaghị aha maọbụ nne di na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ banyere onye ahụ na-ize uzere n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, nkwenkwe ụgha a na-emetụta hiccups kama ịze uzere. Dịka ọ dị na mba ndị ọzọ Katọlik, dịka mba Mexico, Ịtali, maọbụ Ireland, a na-akwalite ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndi mba Poland.

Omume ahụ n'etiti ọdịbendị nke ndi n’ekpe Alakụba, n'aka nke ya, dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala amụma dị iche iche na ozizi nke Muhammad. Ihe atụ nke a bụ akụkọ Al-Bukhaari [22] sitere na Abu Hurayrah nke ya bụ Muhammad kwuru n'otu oge:

Mgbe otu n'ime unu na-eze uzere ka ọ kwuo, "Al-hamdu-Lillah" (Too Chineke), ka nwanne ya nwoke maọbụ onye ibe ya kwuo ya, "Yarhamuk Allah" (Ka Chineke meere gị ebere). Ọ bụrụ na ọ sị, "Yarhamuk-Allah", mgbe ahụ ka [onye na-eze uzere] kwuo, "Yahdeekum Allah wa yuslihu baalakum" (Ka Chineke duzie gị ma dozie ọnọdụ gị)..

Nzaghachi okwu

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Na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee, otu nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka ụzere onye ọzọ bụ "[Ka Chineke] gọzie gị". Ọbụna na "Chineke", onye na-enweghị ebumnuche okpukpe nwere ike ikwu nkwupụta ahụ. Nzaghachi ọzọ, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mba United States na Canada maka ịsụ ngọngọ nke onye ọzọ bụkwa "Gesundheit", nke bụ okwu nke German nke pụtara, n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, 'ahụike', ọ bụkwa nzaghachi okwu ọdịnala ndi mba German maka onye dị nso na-eze uzere.

E nwere ọtụtụ echiche maka ihe mere omenaala nke ịsị "gọzie gị" maọbụ "Chineke gozie gi" n'ihe gbasara ịze uzere:

  • Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a malitere iji ya mee ihe n'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke narị afọ nke iri na anọ. A na-eche na ịgọzi onye ahụ mgbe ọ gosipụtara mgbaàmà dị otú ahụ iji gbochie ọnwụ na-abịanụ n'ihi ọrịa na-egbu egbu.[23]
  • N'oge Renaissance, e guzobere nkwenkwe ụgha na-ekwu na obi mmadụ kwụsịrị maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ; ikwu na ngọzi gị bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke ekpere na obi agaghị ada.[24]

Mmekọahụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịze uzere n'oge mmalite nke mkpali mmekọahụ. Ndị dọkịnta na-eche na ihe omume nke ahụ nwere ike ibilite site na ikpe nke wires gafere na usoro akwara nke onwe ya, nke na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ, gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị, ịkpali akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị n'oge mkpali mmekọahụ. N'imi, dịka akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ, nwere anụ ahụ nkeni.[25] Ihe omume a nwere ike ịkwadebe Akụkụ vomeronasal maka nchọpụta nke ihe ndi oyibo kpọrọ pheromones.[26]

A na-eji ize uzere tụnyere Orgasm, ebe ọ bụ na ma orgasms na mmeghachi omume ize uzere na-agụnye ịze uzere, ịgbatị ahụ, nrụgide na ntọhapụ.[27] N'okwu a, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ Vanessa Thompson nke Mahadum obodo Sydney na-ekwu, "Ize uzere na orgasms na-emepụta kemịkalụ dị mma a na-akpọ endorphins mana ọnụọgụ nke ize uzere na-emepụta dị obere karịa orgasm. "[28]

N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ

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Zebra n’ezi uzere

Ize uzere abụghị naanị ụmụ mmadụ maọbụ ọbụna ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere nwamba, nkịta, ọkụkọ na iguana na-eji ize uzere akpa nkata.[29][30][31][32] Nkịta ọhịa ndị mba Afrịka na-eji ịze uzere dịka ụdị nkwurịta okwu, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle nkwekọrịta n'ime ìgwè ma ị ga-achụ nta maọbụ na ị gaghị.[33] Ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ na-enwekarị uzere.

Hụkwazie

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  • Ịkụ ụkwara
  • Ọrịa Rhinitis
  • Mkpọrọ
  • Sniffle

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ (1990) "Sneeze-evoking region within the brainstem". Brain Research 511 (2): 265–270. DOI:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90171-7. PMID 2139800. 
  2. ↑ Holohan. "The eye-popping truth about why we close our eyes when we sneeze", NBCNews.com, 12 April 2013. Retrieved on 1 November 2025.
  3. ↑ Glass. Sleep On, Sneeze Not. A Moment of Science. Indiana Public Media. Retrieved on 1 November 2025.
  4. ↑ Goldman (24 June 2015). Why looking at the sun makes us sneeze.. BBC Future. BBC. Retrieved on October 14, 2016.
  5. ↑ (1993) "The photic sneeze reflex as a risk factor to combat pilots". Military Medicine 158 (12): 806–809. DOI:10.1093/milmed/158.12.806. PMID 8108024. 
  6. ↑ Teebi (1989). "Autosomal dominant sneezing disorder provoked by fullness of stomach.". Journal of Medical Genetics 26 (8): 539–540. DOI:10.1136/jmg.26.8.539. PMID 2769729. 
  7. ↑ (1998) "Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies". American Journal of Infection Control 26 (4): 453–464. DOI:10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X. PMID 9721404. 
  8. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Central Maine Medical Center (7 March 2012). Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves. CoughSafe. CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved on 17 October 2016.: Central Maine Medical Center (7 March 2012). Why Don't We Do It In Our Sleeves. CoughSafe. CMMC, St. Mary's Hospital, Maine Medical Association. Retrieved on 17 October 2016.
  9. ↑ (2013) "Airflow dynamics of human jets: sneezing and breathing - potential sources of infectious aerosols". PLOS ONE 8 (4). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0059970. PMID 23560060. 
  10. ↑ Sommerstein (2020). "Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19.". Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 9 (1). DOI:10.1186/s13756-020-00763-0. PMID 32631450. 
  11. ↑ Laurie L. Dove (2015). Why does tickling the roof of your mouth with your tongue stifle a sneeze. HowStuffWorks.com..
  12. ↑ Adkinson NF Jr. (2003). "Phytomedicine", Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice, 6, Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-01425-0. 
  13. ↑ Setzen (2019). "The Dangers of Sneezing: A Review of Injuries". American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy 33 (3): 331–337. DOI:10.1177/1945892418823147. PMID 30616365. 
  14. ↑ Rahiminejad (2016). "Computer Simulations of Pressure and Velocity fields in Human Upper Airway during Sneezing". Computers in Biology and Medicine 71 (71): 115–127. DOI:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.022. PMID 26914240. 
  15. ↑ Xenophon. Anabasis. 
  16. ↑ Why Do We Say "Waheguru!" Every Time We Sneeze?. Sikhing Answers – V.
  17. ↑ Why do we say this when a person sneezes or hiccups?. India Study Channel (24 January 2015).
  18. ↑ (1999) Volledig Dichtwerk (in fy). Lannoo Uitgeverij. ISBN 978-90-209-3510-3. 
  19. ↑ (1927) "Rhinology and laryngology in literature and Folk-Lore". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 42 (2): 81–87. DOI:10.1017/S0022215100029959. 
  20. ↑ {{{title}}} (in zh). “If you speak insomnia, you will sneeze.” 
  21. ↑ Where Did The Word "Achoo" Come From?. Dictionary.com (18 August 2020). Retrieved on 2021-10-11.
  22. ↑ Bukhari. When somebody sneezes, what should be said?. Sunnah.com.
  23. ↑ Does your heart stop when you sneeze?. Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts. The Library of Congress.
  24. ↑ 'Bless you': Social convention or theological statement? | UU World Magazine. www.uuworld.org (11 July 2011). Retrieved on 2023-08-25.
  25. ↑ (2008) "Sneezing induced by sexual ideation or orgasm: an under-reported phenomenon". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 101 (12): 587–591. DOI:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080262. PMID 19092028. 
  26. ↑ Mackenzie (1898). "The physiological and pathological relations between the nose and the sexual apparatus of man.". The Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology 13 (3): 109–123. DOI:10.1017/S1755146300166016. 
  27. ↑ Gerbis (28 November 2012). Is Sneezing Really Like an Orgasm?. LiveScience.
  28. ↑ Terlato (1 June 2015). We asked a sexologist if the theory about sneezing and orgasms was true – here's what she said. Business Insider. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved on 23 March 2019.
  29. ↑ Why Cats Sneeze. WebMD.
  30. ↑ My Pet Is Sneezing and Snorting. What's Going On?. Vet Street (19 September 2011).
  31. ↑ Why is my Chicken Sneezing?. Keeping Chickens. Archived from the original on 2015-05-17. Retrieved on 2015-04-18.
  32. ↑ Kaplan (1 January 2014). Sneezing and Yawning. Herp Care Collection.
  33. ↑ (2017) "Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions". Proceedings. Biological Sciences 284 (1862). DOI:10.1098/rspb.2017.0347. PMID 28878054. 
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