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Janet Smith (Rhodesia)

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Janet Smith
Templeeti:Post nominals
Spouse of the Prime Minister of Rhodesia
In role
13 April 1964 – 1 June 1979
Prime MinisterIan Smith
Preceded byBarbara Field
Succeeded byMaggie Muzorewa
Personal details
BornJanet Watt
1915
Cape Town, Cape Province, South Africa
Died3 December 1994 (aged 79)
Harare, Zimbabwe
Resting placeShurugwi, Zimbabwe
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1942; died 1947)​

​
(m. 1948)​
RelationsOwen Horwood (brother-in-law)
Clem Tholet (son-in-law)
ChildrenRobert
Jean
Alec
Alma materUniversity of Cape Town (BA)
OccupationTeacher; farmer
AwardsTempleeti:MilAward Stack

Janet Duvenage Smith CLM ( née Watt ; 1915 – 3 Disemba 1994), bụ nwunye Ian Smith, Prime Minister nke Rhodesia site na 1964 ruo 1979. Amụrụ na Cape Town, South Africa, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Cape Town wee bụrụ onye nkuzi. Na 1942, ọ lụrụ Piet Duvenage, onye egwuregwu rugby, ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ na ihe mberede na ubi rugby na 1947. N'afọ sochirinụ, obere nleta ya na ezinụlọ ya na Southern Rhodesia bịara bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ natara ọrụ nkuzi na Selukwe . N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye si na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ lọta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'afọ 1948, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ ma zụta otu ugbo, a họpụtakwara Ian n'Òtù Ndị Omeiwu Southern Rhodesia .

N'afọ 1964, mgbe Ian Smith ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Rhodesia, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị praịm minista na Salisbury . Smith kewara oge ya n'etiti ọrụ steeti na ijikwa ugbo azụ na Selukwe. Mgbe Zimbabwe nwechara onwe ya na United Kingdom, e meriri di ya na ntuli aka 1980, mana ọ nọgidere na nzuko omeiwu nke Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Smith gara n'ihu kewaa oge ya n'etiti Harare na ugbo ruo mgbe ọrịa kansa nwụrụ ya na 1994.

Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ

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A mụrụ Janet Watt na Cape Town na Union of South Africa na 1915. Ndị mụrụ ya si Scotland, nna ya bụkwa dọkịta na-awa ahụ. [1] Ọ gara Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ, ma bụrụ onye egwuregwu egwuregwu hockey egwuregwu. [1] [2] [3] [4] A maara ya nke ọma maka ịgba hockey maka Western Province . [3] N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere obere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye nọ na campus dị ka onye òtù rugby na-eleta Rhodes University . [2]

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Watt nwetara nzere nkuzi ya wee bụrụ onye nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme. [1] [3] Na 1942, ọ lụrụ Piet Duvenage, dibịa na onye egwuregwu rugby. [2] Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Robert, na otu nwa nwanyị, Jean. [2] [4] Piet Duvenage nwụrụ na mberede mberede n'ọhịa n'oge egwuregwu ịgba rugby na Mee 1947. [5] [2] [3] [6] Nwatakịrị nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, a hapụrụ ya ka ọ na-azụ ụmụ ya abụọ n'ụgwọ onye nkụzi. [6]

Gaa na Southern Rhodesia na Ian Smith

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Na 1947, Duvenage kpọọrọ ụmụ ya abụọ gaa Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia, ka ya na ezinụlọ nọrọ maka obere ezumike. [7] Nkwagharị ahụ ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ nakweere ọrụ sitere na Selukwe Primary School. [8] N'afọ ahụ, site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ matara Ian Smith, bụ onye lọghachiri n'obodo ya na nso nso a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Gwebi College of Agriculture . [3] O mechara dee na àgwà kacha dọtara ya n'ebe Janet nọ bụ ọgụgụ isi ya, obi ike ya na "mmegide ya n'ụkpụrụ isi n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ịgbanahụ okwu. ... ọchịchọ ya bụ ịhọrọ mkpebi nke chọrọ obi ike, n'adịghị ka ụzọ dị mfe isi pụta." [7] N'afọ 1948, ya na Smith malitere ọrụ, ọ malitekwara ọkwa ọhụrụ dị ka onye isi mgbakọ na mwepụ na geoography na Chaplin High School na Gwelo dị nso. [3]

Ọrụ ugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

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Ian Smith, ihe dịka 1954

Na July 1948, a kpọrọ ntuli aka izugbe na Southern Rhodesia mgbe ọchịchị United Party, nke Prime Minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins na-achị, tụfuru votu na-atụghị anya ya na Mgbakọ omebe iwu . [1] N'August, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu ụbọchị ntuli aka, ndị otu Liberal Party na-emegide Ian Smith bịakwutere ya ka ọ gbaa ntuli aka na Selukwe. [1] [9] Jacob Smit 's Liberal, n'agbanyeghị aha ha, bụ ndị na-enweghị isi, na-anọchite anya ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa, ngwuputa ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. [10] Smith nwere mmasị na mbụ, na-ekwu na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịhazi ndụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ, ma kwetara mgbe otu n'ime ndị ọrụ Liberal tụrụ aro na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike inye ya ohere ịgbachitere ụkpụrụ ndị ọ lụrụ ọgụ na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ . N'ịbụ ndị agbamakwụkwọ ha ji obere abalị iri na anọ pụọ, Smith tụrụ n'anya ịnụ maka mkpebi di ya ịgba ọsọ maka Mgbakọ omebe iwu Southern Rhodesian, ebe ọ nụtụbeghị mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ jụrụ ya, "Ị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?" [1] Ọ zaghachiri, sị, "Enweghị m ike ịsị na m nwere mmasị n'ezie na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati, mana m na-enwekarị mmasị na ọchịchị dị mma." [1]

Na mgbakwunye na ịghọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, August 1948 dị mkpa maka Smiths n'ụzọ abụọ ọzọ: ọ bụ ọnwa ha lụrụ, na ọnwa ha zụtara ugbo mbụ ha. [4] [9] 3,600-acre (15 km ugbo bụ ala siri ike nke dị nso na Selukwe, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Lundi na Impali na mmiri doro anya gbawara agbawa. [7] Ha na-akpọ ya "Gwenoro", na-eji aha ndị Karanga nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-ezo aka na iyi, [ 12 ] ma guzobe ebe a na-azụ anụ ebe ha na-azụ ehi na-akụ ụtaba na ọka. [8] Ian kuchiri ụmụ ya, [11] na-ewere ọrụ nke ịbụ nna ozugbo, akụkụ ụfọdụ, dịka ọ kọwara, "n'ihi na amaara m [Piet Duvenage] nke ọma" site n'ịgba rugby megide ya. [3] Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ahụ gasịrị, na ụbọchị ole na ole 'honiimuunu na Victoria Falls, Smiths laghachiri n'ụlọ wee banye ozugbo na mkpọsa ntuli aka. [8] Na ntuli aka na 15 Septemba, Ian Smith meriri na votu 361, nnukwu ntuli aka 100+ karịa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Labour nke abụọ. Na 28 afọ, ọ ghọrọ ọdụdụ MP na Southern Rhodesian akụkọ ihe mere eme. [12]

N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara Cape Town nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-enwetụbeghị ntuli aka, Smith echeghị na ịbanye di ya na nzuko omeiwu ga-agbanwe ndụ ha ma ọlị. "Nke mbụ, m na-alụ onye ọrụ ugbo," ka o mesịrị kwuo, "ugbu a ọ ga-abụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya mere, m sịrị, 'Ọfọn, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere mmasị n'ezie na ya, gaa n'ihu.'... Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bịara m—ịbụ onye na-adịghị aghọta ihe banyere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị—na ndụ anyị ga-emetụta n’obere ogo.” [8] Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di ya mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge pụọ na Selukwe na-arụ ọrụ na Salisbury, nke pụtara na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'oge ọ na-anọghị ya. [2] Na 20 May 1949, otu nwa ha nwoke, Alec, mụrụ na Gwelo . [6] [13]

Nwunye onye isi ala

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Ian Smith gbapụrụ na Liberal Party gaa na United Federal Party, wee jee ozi dị ka Chief Whip site na 1958 gawa. Ọ hapụrụ na 1961 na mkpesa na iwu ọhụrụ nke ókèala ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ nyeere Winston Field aka iguzobe Rhodesian Front (RF) na-acha ọcha, na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke kpọrọ maka nnwere onwe na-enweghị mgbanwe ozugbo na ọchịchị ndị isi ojii. Echiche ziri ezi nke di ya abụghị nsogbu nye Smith, onye echiche ya gbasara agbụrụ siri ike karịa nke ya. [14] Ian ghọrọ onye osote onye isi ala na-esochi mmeri ntuli aka nke Rhodesian Front na Disemba 1962, wee rute na onye isi ala mgbe Field gbara arụkwaghịm na Eprel 1964. Ndị Smith hapụrụ njikwa nke ugbo ahụ nye ndị ọzọ, ma kwaga Salisbury ịkwaga na State House, ebe obibi onye isi ala. [14]

Na 11 Nọvemba 1965, n'ihi ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na Britain dara ada, Ian Smith na ndị otu ya kwuputara nnwere onwe dị ka Rhodesia . Smith ga-ejide ọkwa praịmarị ihe dịka afọ iri na ọkara na-abịa. Dị ka nwunye Prime Minister, Smith ji ọtụtụ oge ya tinye aka na ihe gbasara steeti, [13] nke mere na nwa ya nwoke bụ Alec kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ikuku" nye ya n'oge ahụ. [13] N'ịbụ onye ndị nne na nna na-adịghị na-elekọta ya, Alec dị afọ iri na ụma ghọrọ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe nile na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ike. [13] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ma Janet na Ian nwere mmasị na oge ya na premiership. [15] Janet, nwanyị mara mma, nwere ọgụgụ isi, na nke siri ike, dabara nke ọma n'ọrụ ya dị ka nwunye Prime Minister. [16] Ihe na-emekarị, ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ihe ndabere, mkparị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụlọ ya ji megide Ian bụ na nwunye ya bụ "ike dị n'azụ ocheeze ahụ." [16]

Na ihu mmachi akụ na ụba nke United Nations, yana nkwado nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa, na, ruo 1974, Portugal, ọchịchị Rhodesia diri. Ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na UK enweghị isi, Ian Smith na Rhodesian Front nọgidere n'ọchịchị site na ọtụtụ mmeri ntuli aka ndị ọzọ. Agha Rhodesian Bush malitere na 1972, na ndị mba Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ndị ọcha ọgụ na-arịwanye elu na nnọchibido na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.

Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ọnwụ

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Na 1978, Ian Smith na ndị mba na-abụghị ndị agha gụnyere Abel Muzorewa bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Internal Settlement, n'okpuru nke ọ gbadara na onye isi ala na obodo ahụ ghọrọ Zimbabwe Rhodesia dị irè na 1 June 1979. N'ịgbaso Agreement House Lancaster, Robert Mugabe na ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ malitere ọchịchị na Zimbabwe nwere onwe ya na 1980. Agbanyeghị na ọ bụghịzi onye isi ala, Ian nọgidere bụrụ onye ndu nke mmegide wee nọrọ oche na nzuko omeiwu Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Di na nwunye a ka nwere ebe obibi na Harare (aha ọhụrụ maka Salisbury), Smith gara n'ihu na-elekọta Gwenoro Farm ebe di ya lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. [17]

Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na Harare n'abalị nke 3 Disemba 1994. [6] [18] E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Shurugwi (nke bụbu Selukwe). Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, di ya were otu onye ọrụ na-elekọta ugbo ha. [17]

Ndụ onwe onye na ezinụlọ

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Smith mụrụ ụmụ abụọ na di mbụ ya, Jean na Robert. N'afọ 1967, Jean lụrụ Clem Tholet, onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ nke a maara nke ọma maka abụ ndị Rhodesian ya dị ka " Ndị Rhodesia Anwụghị Anwụ ". [2] Janet na Ian Smith nwere otu nwa nwoke, Alec, onye mechara bụrụ ụkọchukwu nke ndị agha mba Zimbabwe . Ụmụ ha atọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Chaplin na Gweru. [3] Nwanne Smith Helen lụrụ Owen Horwood, onye bụ Minista nke ego na ọchịchị South Africa. [15]

Smith, dị ka di ya, bụ onye Presbyterian na-aga chọọchị, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye egwuregwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. [6]

Ntụaka

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Young (1967). Rhodesia and Independence (in en). J. H. Heineman, 125.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 White (1 January 1978). Smith of Rhodesia (in en). Printpak, 16. ISBN 9780909238360.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Joyce (1974). Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography (in en). Salisbury: Graham Publishing, 65. ISBN 9780869210000.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  4. 1 2 3 Goldman (7 March 2013). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008 (in en). OUP Oxford, 1056. ISBN 9780199671540.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "Trove news archives".
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Heart attack kills Smith's only son. The Zimbabwean (25 January 2006). Retrieved on 28 April 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  7. 1 2 3 Smith (1997). The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith. London: John Blake Publishing, 28–29. ISBN 1-85782-176-9. 
  8. 1 2 3 4 Berlyn (1978). The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith. Salisbury: M O Collins, 81–88. OCLC 4282978.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  9. 1 2 "Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black", The Independent, 22 November 2007. Retrieved on 28 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Blake (1977). A History of Rhodesia. London: Methuen Publishing, 237. ISBN 978-0-413-28350-4. 
  11. ↑ "Ian Smith and his Altimeter – The Spitfire Society Trust ZA", The Spitfire Society Trust ZA, 30 March 2017. Retrieved on 1 May 2018.
  12. ↑ Holman (20 November 2007). Obituary: Ian Smith, architect of white-minority rule in Rhodesia. Financial Times. Retrieved on 28 April 2018.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Alec Smith", The Independent, 2 February 2006. Retrieved on 28 April 2018.
  14. 1 2 "Ian Smith", The Telegraph, 21 November 2007. Retrieved on 28 April 2018.
  15. 1 2 Wood (2012). A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969 (in en). Trafford Publishing. ISBN 9781466934092. 
  16. 1 2 Wood (2012). So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965 (in en). Trafford Publishing, 295. ISBN 9781466934085. 
  17. 1 2 Blair. "Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies", The Telegraph, 20 November 2007. Retrieved on 1 May 2018.
  18. ↑ "Janet Smith", Orlando Sentinel, 3 December 1994. Retrieved on 28 April 2018.
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