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Jona

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'Jona' nwa Amittai ma ọ bụ Jona (Hibru: יוֹנָה Yōnā, lit. 'ikuku') [a] bụ onye amụma Ndị Juu na Bible Hibru nke sitere na Gath-hepher na Alaeze Ugwu nke Israel n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 8 BCE. Ọ bụ onye dị n'etiti Akwụkwọ Jona, otu n'ime Ndị amụma nta-eto eto, nke na-akọwapụta na ọ chọghị inyefe ikpe Chineke n'obodo Nineveh (nke dị nso na Mosul nke oge a) na Alaeze Ukwu Asiria. Mgbe nnukwu ihe e kere eke n'oké osimiri (Hibru: דג גדול, , lit. '') riri ya wee hapụ ya, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ Chineke.

N'Okpukpe ndị Juu, akụkọ Jona na-anọchite anya ozizi nke nchegharị na okpukpe ndị Juu, ikike ichegharị n'ihu Chineke maka mgbaghara. N'Agba Ọhụrụ nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, Jizọs na-akpọ onwe ya "karịa Jona" ma na-ekwe Ndị Farisii nkwa "ihe ịrịba ama Jona" mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na mbilite n'ọnwụ ya. Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst oge ochie lere Jona anya dị ka <i id="mwOg">ụdị</i> Jizọs. A na-ewere Jona na Islam dị ka onye amụma na akụkọ Jona pụtara na surah nke kor'an aha ya, Yūnus.

Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible nke oge a na-atụ aro na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ifo, [1] na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ nke satirical.[4][5][6][7][8] Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-eche na e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ogologo oge mgbe ihe omume ndị ọ kọwara n'ihi ojiji o ji okwu na ihe ndị dị na postxilic Aramaic sources mee ihe.[2] Omume Jona nwa Amittai nwere ike ịdabere na onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu aha ahụ buru amụma n'oge ọchịchị Eze Amazia nke Juda, dịka e kwuru na 2 Kings.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosikarị ihe e kere eke riri Jona na nka na ọdịbendị dị ka whale, ederede Hibru na-eji ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na mmalite narị afọ nke asatọ, ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona bụ isiokwu nke ịkọ nkọ site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, bụ ndị kọwara akụkọ ahụ dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịnala nke oge a, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti Jona na ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'okpukpe, dị ka onye India yogi Matsyendranatha "Onyenwe Azụ", eze Sumerian Gilgamesh, na dike Gris Jason.

Akwụkwọ Jona

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  1. ↑ Tawfeeq (2014-07-24). Extremists destroy Jonah's tomb, officials say (en). CNN. Retrieved on 2024-03-03. “"Biblical scholars are divided on whether the tomb in Mosul actually belonged to Jonah. In the Jewish tradition, he returns to his hometown of Gath-Hepher after his mission to Nineveh. And some modern scholars say the Jonah story is more myth than history."”
  2. ↑ Lovelace (2021). "Jonah", in O'Brien: The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Oxford University Press, 449–460. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.34. ISBN 978-0-19-067320-8. “A majority of scholars regard the book’s composition as considerably later than the events it describes. They point first and foremost to language. Jonah includes words and motifs that are found only in postexilic biblical and nonbiblical Aramaic sources (for further discussion, see Wolff 1986). This includes, for example, seafaring words such as “mariner” (mallah) and “ship” (sefina) (1:5), “sailor” (hovel) (1:6), the phrase “on whose account?” (1:7, 12), and the ascription “God of heaven” (1:9; cf. Gen 24:7) which appear rarely in the Hebrew Bible (Ps 107 and Ezek 27) but are common in postexilic biblical and Imperial Aramaic sources. Hans Walter Wolff suggests that infrequency of certain vocabulary and phrases in Jonah can be accounted for by their limited use in specific contexts (Wolff 1986, 76), but the late biblical verbal constructions that are unique to Jonah support the argument that the book is postexilic.” 
Jona na Whale (1621) nke Pieter Lastman dere
Jona na-ezi ndị Ninive ozi ọma (1866) nke Gustave Doré dere, na La Grande Bible de ToursGreat Bible nke Tours

Jọpa bụ onye dị mkpa n'Akwụkwọ Jona, ebe Chineke nyere ya iwu ka ọ gaa n'obodo Nineveh iji buo amụma megide ya "n'ihi na ajọ omume ha na-abịa n'ihu m, " mana Jona na-anwa ịgbapụ na "ọnụnọ nke Onyenwe anyị" site n'ịga Jaffa (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị ya dị ka Joppa ma ọ bụ Joppe). Ọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri gaa Tarshish. Nnukwu oké ifufe bilitere ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-aghọta na ọ bụghị oké ifufe nkịtị, tụbara ma chọpụta na Jona bụ onye ụta. Jona kwetara na nke a ma kwuo na ọ bụrụ na a tụba ya n'oké osimiri, oké ifufe ahụ ga-akwụsị. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ jụrụ ime nke a ma gaa n'ihu na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, mana mbọ ha niile dara, ha mechara tụba Jona n'oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, oké ifufe ahụ kwụsịrị ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-achụ àjà nye Chineke.

Mgbe a tụpụrụ Jona n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nnukwu azụ riri Jona, n'ime afọ nke ọ nọrọ ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'oké azụ ahụ, Jona na-ekpe ekpere n'ebe Chineke nọ n'ahụhụ ya ma na-ekwe nkwa ikele ya na ịkwụ ụgwọ ihe o kwere nkwa. Chineke nyere azụ̀ ahụ iwu ka ọ gbasaa Jona.

Chineke nyekwara Jona iwu ọzọ ka ọ gaa Nineve ma buo amụma nye ndị bi na ya. N'oge a, ọ gara ebe ahụ wee banye n'obodo ahụ, na-eti mkpu, "N'ime ụbọchị iri anọ, a ga-akwatu Nineveh. " Mgbe Jona gafere Nineveh, ndị mmadụ malitere ikwere okwu ya ma kwupụta ibu ọnụ. Eze Nineve na-eyi akwa akpa ma nọdụ ala n'ọka, na-eme nkwupụta nke na-enye iwu ibu ọnụ, iyi akwa akpa, ekpere na nchegharị. Chineke hụrụ obi nchegharị ha ma chebe obodo ahụ n'oge ahụ. Obodo ahụ dum dị ala ma mebie, na ndị mmadụ (na ọbụna anụ ụlọ) na-eyi akpa na ntụ. [27]

N'ịbụ onye nke a na-enweghị obi ụtọ, Jona na-ezo aka na ọpụpụ mbụ ya gaa Tarshish ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na, ebe ọ bụ na Chineke nwere obi ebere, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na Chineke ga-esi na ọdachi ndị a na-eyi egwu pụọ. Ọ hapụrụ obodo ahụ wee mee ebe mgbaba, na-echere ịhụ ma a ga-ebibi obodo ahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị ebi. Chineke na-eme ka osisi (n'asụsụ Hibru a kikayon) too n'elu ebe Jona nọ iji nye ya ndò site na anyanwụ. Ka oge na-aga, Chineke na-eme ka ikpuru taa mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ ma kpọnwụọ. Jona, mgbe a na-ekpughe ya n'ike zuru oke nke anyanwụ, ọ na-agwụ ike ma rịọ Chineke ka o gbuo ya.  

Echiche okpukpe

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N'Okpukpe Ndị Juú

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Ihe atụ nke azụ̀ sitere na Bible Kennicott loro Jona, folio 305r (1476), n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ Bodleian, Oxford

Akwụkwọ Jona (Yonah יונה) bụ otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ dị na Bible Hibru. Dị ka otu ọdịnala si kwuo, Jona bụ nwa nwoke ahụ Iliya onye amụma mere ka ọ dịghachi ndụ na 1 Kings. [35] Omenala ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Shunem nke Elisha mere ka ọ dị ndụ na 2 Kings nakwa na a na-akpọ ya "nwa Amittai" (Eziokwu) n'ihi na nne ya ghọtara na Ịlaịsha bụ onye amụma na 1 Kings. [37] A na-agụ Akwụkwọ Jona kwa afọ, n'asụsụ Hibru mbụ ya na n'ozuzu ya, na Yom Kippur - Ụbọchị Mgbaghara - dị ka Haftarah n'ekpere Mincha.[39][40] Dị ka Rabbi Eliezer si kwuo, e kere azụ ahụ riri Jona n'oge mbụ na ime ọnụ ya dị ka ụlọ nzukọ; anya azụ ahụ dị ka windo na pearl dị n'ime ọnụ ya nyere ìhè ọzọ. [41][41]

Dị ka Midrash si kwuo, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, azụ ahụ gwara ya na ndụ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụ n'ihi na n'oge na-adịghị anya Leviathan ga-eri ha abụọ.[41] Jona kwere azụ ahụ nkwa na ọ ga-azọpụta ha.[41] N'ịgbaso ntụziaka Jona, azụ ahụ gbagoro n'akụkụ Leviathan[41] ma Jona yiri egwu iji ire ya kee Leviathan ma hapụ azụ nke ọzọ ka ọ rie ya.[41] Leviathan nụrụ egwu Jona, hụrụ na e biri ya úgwù, wee ghọta na Onyenwe anyị chebere ya, ya mere ọ gbapụrụ n'egwu, na-ahapụ Jona na azụ ahụ ka ha dị ndụ.[41][41]

Onye ọkà mmụta na onye rabaị ndị Juu nke oge ochie Abraham ibn Ezra (1092-1167) rụrụ ụka megide nkọwa ọ bụla nke Akwụkwọ Jona, na-ekwu na "ahụmahụ nke ndị amụma niile ma e wezụga Mozis bụ ọhụụ, ọ bụghị eziokwu". Otú ọ dị, onye ọkà mmụta Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509), kwuru na Jona nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'afọ azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị atọ, n'ihi na "mgbe niile, ụmụ ọhụrụ na-adị ndụ ọnwa itoolu n'enweghị ikuku dị ọcha".[42][43][44]

Teshuva - ikike ichegharị ma bụrụ onye Chineke gbaghara - bụ echiche a ma ama n'echiche ndị Juu. A kọwapụtara echiche a n'Akwụkwọ Jona: Jona, nwa eziokwu (aha nna ya "Amitai" na Hibru pụtara eziokwu), jụrụ ịrịọ ndị Nineveh ka ha chegharịa. Ọ na-achọ naanị eziokwu, ọ bụghị mgbaghara. Mgbe a manyere ya ịga, a na-anụ oku ya n'olu dara ụda ma doo anya, ndị Ninevech na-echegharị n'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ, "na-ebu ọnụ, gụnyere atụrụ," na ederede ndị Juu na-akatọ nke a.[1] Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosikwa mmekọrịta na-adịghị akwụsi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti mkpa okpukpe abụọ: nkasi obi na eziokwu.

Onye rabaị na onye nchọpụta ndị Juu nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ Petachiah nke Regensburg gara n'ili Jona n'oge ọ gara Ala Nsọ, wee dee, sị: "E nwere ọmarịcha obí eze e wuru n'elu ya. N'akụkụ ya bụ ogige ntụrụndụ ebe a na-ahụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mgbe ndị Jentaịl bịara ọ na-enye ha ezigbo oriri, na-asị, na Jona, nwa Amittai, ọ bụ onye Juu ka ha ghara inye gị kpọmkwem ka ha rie ihe ọ ga-eme ka ha.

N'Akwụkwọ Tobit

A kpọtụrụ Jona aha ugboro abụọ na isi nke iri na anọ nke Vaticanus version nke Deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, [2] nkwubi okwu nke na-ahụ nwa Tobit, Tobias, na-aṅụrị ọṅụ na akụkọ banyere mbibi Nineveh site na Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus na mmezu doro anya nke amụma Jona megide isi obodo Asiria. [48] Codex Sinaiticus version nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke dị ogologo ma kwekọọ nke ọma na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, na-ezo aka na Nahum kama Jona, yana Cyaxares kama Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus.[50] Akụkọ a a pụrụ ịdabere na ya bụ ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke oge a.[3]

N'ihe osise ya bụ The Last Judgment, Michelangelo gosipụtara Kraịst n'okpuru Jona (IONAS) iji mee ka onye amụma ahụ bụrụ onye bu ya ụzọ
Kraịst si n'ili bilie, n'akụkụ Jona gburu ọnụ n'ụsọ osimiri

N'Agba Ọhụrụ

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N'Agba Ọhụrụ, a kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'oziọma Matiu na Luk. [54] Na Matiu, Jizọs na-ezo aka na Jona mgbe ụfọdụ ndị odeakwụkwọ na Ndị Farisii rịọrọ ya maka ihe ịrịba ama.[55][56] Jizọs kwuru na ihe ịrịba ama ahụ ga-abụ ihe ịrịbaanya Jona: mweghachi Jona mgbe ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ n'ime nnukwu azụ ahụ gosipụtara mbilite n'ọnwụ nke ya.[55][56][55]

Na Luk, Jizọs na-ezo aka na Jona n'amụma eschatological, mgbe otu nwanyị nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ ahụ tiri mkpu na mberede, "A gọziri agọzi bụ afọ nke na-enweghị gị, na popu ndị ị ṅụrụ" (Luk 11:27 - King James Version):   But God said to Jonah: "Do you have a right to be angry about the vine?" And he said: "I do. I am elangry enough to die." But the Lord said: "You have been concerned about this vine, though you did not tend it or make it grow. It sprang up overnight, and died overnigh. But Nineveh has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well. Should I not be concerned about that great city?"Ọtụtụ okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na-ewere Jona dị ka onye nsọ. Ụbọchị oriri ya na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik bụ na 21 Septemba, dị ka Martyrologium Romanum si kwuo. Na Kalenda liturgical nke Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ụbọchị oriri Jona bụ na 22 Septemba (maka ụka ndị na-agbaso kalenda ọdịnala Julian; 22 Septemba ugbu a na-ada n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Kalenda Gregorian nke oge a). [4] Na Chọọchị Ndịozi nke Armenia, a na-eme ememe ndị a na-agagharị agagharị iji cheta Jona dị ka otu onye amụma na dị ka otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ.[5][6][7] A na-echeta ozi Jona na Nineveh site na Fast nke Nineveh na Syriac na Eastern Orthodox Churches. [8] A na-echeta Jona dị ka onye amụma na Kalenda nke Ndị Nsọ nke Missouri Synod nke Chọọchị Lutheran na 22 Septemba. [9]

Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst akọwaala Jona dị ka ụdị Jizọs Kraịst.[65] A na-ewere Jona ka nnukwu azụ ahụ riri dị ka ihe na-egosi obe Jizọs na Jona ka ọ na-apụta n'azụ azụ ahụ mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị ka a na-ahụ ya dị ka ihe yiri Jizọs ka ọ na - si n'ili pụta mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara. [66] Saint Jerome na-ejikọta Jona na akụkụ nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Jizọs, ma na-akwado omume Jona site n'ikwu na "Jona na-eme dị ka onye hụrụ mba n'ahụ, ọ bụghị nke ukwuu na ọ kpọrọ ndị Ninevites asị, dịka na ọ chọghị ibibi ndị nke ya".[67][67]

Echiche ndị e dere mgbe Bible gasịrị

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Ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke Jonah, narị afọ nke 16 (Iconostasis nke Ebe obibi ndị mọnk Kizhi, Karelia, Russia)

Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Saint Augustine na Martin Luther, ejirila ụzọ dị iche, banyere Jona dị ka ihe atụ nke anyaụfụ na ekworo, nke ha weere dị ka njirimara nke ndị Juu. [68][69] Luther kwubiri na kikayon (osisi) na-anọchite anya okpukpe ndị Juu, nakwa na ikpuru nke na-eri ya na-anọchi anya Kraịst. [70][71] Luther jikwa echiche ahụ bụ na e bu n'uche ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụzọ nkịtị, na-ekwu na o siri ike ikwere na onye ọ bụla gaara akọwa ya dị ka nke a ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na Bible.[72] Nkọwa nke Luther na-emegide ndị Juu nke Jona nọgidere na-abụ nkọwa kachasị n'etiti ndị Protestant Germany n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a.[73] J. D. Michaelis na-ekwu na "ihe akụkọ ifo ahụ pụtara na-emetụta gị n'etiti anya", ma kwubie na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ arụmụka megide "ịkpọasị na anyaụfụ nke ndị Israel n'ebe mba ndị ọzọ niile dị n'ụwa nọ. Albert Eichhorn bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke nkọwa Michaelis.[69][74]

John Calvin na John Hooper lere Akwụkwọ Jona anya dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nye ndị niile nwere ike ịnwa ịgbapụ n'iwe Chineke.[75] Ọ bụ ezie na Luther kpachapụrụ anya na ọ bụghị Jona dere Akwụkwọ Jona, Calvin kwupụtara na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ nkwupụta nke Jona. [76] Calvin na-ahụ oge Jona n'ime afọ azụ ahụ dị ka ọkụ nke Hel, nke e bu n'obi idozi Jona ma tinye ya n'ụzọ ezi omume.[77] Ọzọkwa, n'adịghị ka Luther, Calvin na-ahụ mmejọ na ihe odide niile dị n'akụkọ ahụ, na-akọwa ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ka "obi siri ike na nke nwere obi siri ike, dị ka Cyclops'", penitence nke Nineve dị ka "enweghị ọzụzụ", na eze Nineveh dị ka "onye ọhụrụ. [76] Hooper, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ahụ Jona dị ka onye nnupụisi mbụ na ụgbọ mmiri a tụpụrụ ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke steeti ahụ. [78] Hooper na-akwa arịrị ndị dị otú ahụ, na-akatọ: "Ị nwere ike ibi na ọtụtụ Jonasses n'ụzọ dị jụụ? Mba, tụba ha n'oké osimiri!" Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a machibidoro ndị prọfesọ Germany ịkụzi na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa akụkọ ihe mere eme.[78][79][72]

N'Ime Ndị Alakụba

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Jona na nnukwu azụ dị na Jami' al-tawarikh (ihe dị ka 1400), Metropolitan Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Metropolitan

kor'an

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Jona (Arabic: يُونُس, romanized: Yūnus) bụ aha nke isi nke iri nke Quran. A na-ele Yūnus anya dị ka ihe dị oké mkpa na Islam dị ka onye amụma nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi nye Chineke ma zie ozi Ya. Jona bụ naanị otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ nke ndị Juu ka a ga-akpọ aha na Quran. Na Quran 21:87[2] na 68:48, a na-akpọ Jona Dhul-Nūn (Arabic: ذُو ٱلنُّوْن; nke pụtara "Onye nke Azụ").[82] Na 4:163 na 6:86, a kpọrọ ya “onye ozi nke Allah”[82]. Surah 37:139–148 kwughachiri akụkọ nke Jona:[82]   Koran ekwughị banyere nna Jona, mana ọdịnala Ndị Alakụba na-akụzi na Jona si n'ebo Benjamin nakwa na nna ya bụ Amittai.[82]

Hadiths

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Jona na-anwa izochi ọtọ ya n'etiti ọhịa; Jeremaịa n'ọzara (n'elu aka ekpe); Uzeyr tetara mgbe e bibichara Jeruselem. Zubdat al-Tawarikh, obere ihe osise Ottoman, 1583.[10]

A kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'ihe omume ole na ole n'oge ndụ Muhammad. Ndị Quraysh zigara onye na-ejere ha ozi, Addas, ka ọ nye ya mkpụrụ vaịn maka ihe oriri.[11] Muhammad jụrụ Addas ebe o si, ohu ahụ zaghachiri Nineveh. "Obodo Jona onye ezi omume, nwa Amittai!" Muhammad tiri mkpu. Addas wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ n'ihi na ọ maara na ndị Arab na-ekpere arụsị amaghị banyere Jona onye amụma.[11] Mgbe ahụ ọ jụrụ otú Muhammad si mara nwoke a. "Anyị bụ ụmụnne", Muhammad zara. "Jonah bụ onye amụma nke Chineke na mụ onwe m bụkwa onye amụma nke Allah. " Addas nabatara Islam ozugbo ma susuo aka na ụkwụ Muhammad ọnụ.

Otu n'ime okwu ndị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Muhammad, na nchịkọta nke Imam Bukhari, na-ekwu, na Muhammad kwuru "Onye ekwesịghị ikwu na m ka Jona mma". [86][87][88] Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, onye meworo okenye n'oge Muhammad, kụziri na, ọ bụrụ na Jona ekpeghị ekpere nye Allah, ọ gaara anọgide na-arapara n'ime azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị ikpe, mana, n'ihi ekpere ya, Jona "nọrọ naanị ụbọchị ole na ole n'ime afọ azụ ahụ".[88][88]

Onye Persian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke itoolu bụ Al-Tabari dere na, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, "ọ dịghị onye ọkpụkpụ ya ma ọ bụ ndị òtù ya merụrụ ahụ".[88] Al-Tabari dekwara na Allah mere ka ahụ azụ ahụ pụta ìhè, na-enye Jona ohere ịhụ "ihe ịtụnanya nke omimi" nakwa na Jona nụrụ azụ niile na-abụku Allah otuto.[89] Kisai Marvazi, onye na-ede uri na narị afọ nke iri, dere na nna Jona dị afọ iri asaa mgbe amụrụ Jona nakwa na ọ nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ahapụ nne Jona ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị spoon osisi, nke ghọrọ cornucopia.[88][88]

Ili ndị a sị na ọ bụ

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Foto nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ alakụba Yunus, mgbe ISIL bibiri ya

Ebe Nineveh dị ugbu a bụ ebe e gwupụtara ọnụ ụzọ ámá ise, akụkụ nke mgbidi n'akụkụ anọ, na nnukwu ugwu abụọ: ugwu Kuyunjik na ugwu Nabi Yunus.[12] A raara ụlọ alakụba dị n'elu Nabi Yunus nye onye amụma Jona ma nwee ebe nsọ, nke ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na-asọpụrụ dị ka ebe ili Jona.[13] Ili ahụ bụ ebe a ma ama maka njem ala nsọ na ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu nye ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst, na ndị Alakụba gafee Middle East. [92] Na Julaị 24, 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) bibiri ụlọ alakụba nwere ili ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa iji bibie ebe nsọ okpukpe ọ weere dị ka ndị na-efe arụsị.[93][92] Mgbe e weghachitere Mosul n'aka ISIL na Jenụwarị 2017, a chọtara obí eze Asiria oge ochie nke Esarhaddon wuru n'okpuru ụlọ alakụba ahụ mebiri emebi.[92][94] ISIL kwakọọrọ ihe ndị dị n'obí eze iji ree n'ahịa ojii, mana ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị siri ike ibugharị ka nọ n'ebe ahụ.[92][94][94]

Ebe ndị ọzọ a ma ama nke ili Jona gụnyere:

  • obodo Israel_Arabs" id="mwA2U" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Israeli Arabs">Ndị Arab nke Mashhad, nke dị na ebe ochie nke Gath-hepher na Israel; [54]
  • ụlọ alakụba Nabi Yunis Palestine nke 5" href="./Halhul" id="mwA28" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Halhul">Halhul, na West Bank, 5 km (3.1 mi) n'ebe ugwu Hebron, e wuru ya n'elu ili Jonah; [14][95]
  • ebe nsọ dị nso n'obodo Sarafand (Sarepta) na Lebanọn; [97]
  • ugwu a na-akpọ Giv'at Yonah ugbu a, "Ugwu Jonah", n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo Israel nke Ashdod, n'ebe ụlọ ọkụ nke oge a kpuchiri.
  • "ili Jona" n'obodo Diyarbakir, Turkey, nke dị n'azụ mihrab na Fatih Pasha Mosque - Evliya Çelebi kwuru na Seyahatname ya na ọ gara ili Jonah na George onye amụma n'obodo ahụ.[5]

Nkọwa ndị ọkà mmụta

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Akụkọ banyere nwoke dị ndụ mgbe whale ma ọ bụ nnukwu azụ riri ya na katalọgụ nke ụdị Akụkọ ọdịnala dị ka ATU 1889G.[102]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Jona na anụ ọhịa oké osimiri, site na ihe osise Ndị Kraịst na catacombs ndị Rom na ngwụcha narị afọ nke abụọ A.D. Site n'aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe: Johah na-awụpụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, ebe anụ ọhịa oké mmiri ahụ na-echere; Johah na'ụsọ osimiri mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ nke anụ ọhịa ahụ. Anụ mmiri nke Ndị Kraịst Rom dọtara yiri hippocampus.

Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible kwenyere na ihe dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.[4][103][104] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na Jona onye amụma biri na narị afọ nke asatọ BCE, [1] e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid.[105] Asụsụ Hibru e ji mee ihe n'Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosi mmetụta siri ike sitere na Aramaic [1] na omenala ndị akọwapụtara na ya kwekọrọ na nke ndị Achaemenid Persia.[27] Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewere Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka ọrụ a kpachaara anya mee nke parody ma ọ bụ satire. [7][8][106][107][108][109] Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ndị amamihe nabatara ya n'ime akwụkwọ nsọ nke Bible Hibru bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị ọdịdị ya na-atọ ọchị ma kọwaa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka ọrụ amụma siri ike. [110][108][109][109]

Jona n'onwe ya nwere ike ịbụ onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme; a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ nke Ndị Eze: [111][112][4]N'okwu e kwuru na 1978 ma bipụta ya na 1979, onye Assyriologist Donald Wiseman gbachitere ezi uche dị na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ, na-akwado "ọdịnala na ọtụtụ ihe dị na akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe ọmụma dị nso na nke ziri ezi banyere Asiria nke nwere ike isi na ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka narị afọ nke asatọ BC", na-ekwu na "akụkọ Jona ekwesịghị iwere dị ka akụkọ ma ọ bụ ilu".[15]

Ihe ndị na-emegide onwe ha

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Nweghachi nke oge a nke ọnụ ụzọ Adad na Nineveh na foto e sere tupu mbibi zuru oke nke ISIL na Eprel 2016.[115] Akwụkwọ Jona na-ekwubiga okwu ókè banyere ibu Nineve karịa ihe ọ bụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1][27]

Echiche Jona gosipụtara n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ echiche nke ndị otu ndị Juu nwere n'oge e dere ya. [8][116][107] Isi ebumnuche nke satire nwere ike ịbụ otu akụkụ nke Morton Smith na-akpọ "Separationists", ndị kwenyere na Chineke ga-ebibi ndị na-enupụ isi ya, na a ga-ekpochapụ obodo ndị mmehie, nakwa na ebere Chineke agbasaghị ndị na-abụghị Ọgbụgba ndụ Abraham.[117][107] McKenzie na Graham na-ekwu na "Jonah bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ onye 'orthodox' nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Israel - iji mee ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe. " Okwu Jonah n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ bụ agha ha, mana aha ya pụtara "ikuku", nnụnụ nke ndị Izrel oge ochie jikọtara ya na udo.[107][118][107]

Ịjụ iwu Chineke jụrụ bụ ihe na-emegide nrubeisi nke ndị amụma akọwapụtara n'ihe odide Agba Ochie ndị ọzọ.[119] Ncheegharị nke eze Nineveh na-akọwa ndị ọchịchị n'ihe odide ndị ọzọ nke Agba Ochie ndị na-eleghara ịdọ aka ná ntị amụma anya, dị ka Ehab na Zedekaya.[109] Ịdị njikere ife Chineke nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị Nineve gosipụtara dị iche na enweghị mmasị Jona n'onwe ya, dị ka ịhụnanya Jona nwere maka kikayon na-enye ya onyinyo karịa ndị niile nọ na Nineve. [120][120]

Akwụkwọ Jona na-ejikwa ihe ndị na-enweghị isi; [1] ọ na-emebiga ókè ókè ókè n'obosara obodo Nineve ruo n'ókè a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere [1] ma na-ezo aka n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na onye nchịkwa obodo ahụ dị ka "eze".[27] Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta si kwuo, ọ dịghị mmadụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo ụbọchị atọ n'ime azụ, [1] na nkọwa nke anụ ụlọ na Nineveh na-ebu ọnụ n'akụkụ ndị nwe ha bụ "ihe nzuzu". [27]A na-emegide ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe ndị a na nkuzi Donald Wiseman a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.[15]

Ihe ngosi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke nnukwu azụ ma ọ bụ whale riri ghọrọ ihe odide satirical ndị e mechara dee.[121] A na-akọ akụkọ yiri nke a na Lucian nke Samosata's A True Story, nke e dere na narị afọ nke abụọ CE, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, nke Rudolf Erich Raspe bipụtara na 1785. [122][123]

Azụ

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Ihe osise nke Jona na "nnukwu azụ" n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ndịda nke oge Gothic Dom St. Peter, na Worms, Germany

Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na omenala na-egosipụtakarị azụ̀ Jona dị ka whale, ihe odide Hibru, dị ka akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nile, [ntụgharị uche] na-ezo aka na ọ dịghị ụdị mmiri ọ bụla, nanị na-ekwu "nnukwu azụ" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-atụ aro nha na àgwà nke nnukwu shark na-acha ọcha kwekọrọ n'ihe atụ nke ahụmahụ Jona, ọ na-abụkarị mmadụ toruworo ogo mmadụ nke ukwuu nke na a ga-eloda ya kpam kpam. Mmepe nke whaling malite na narị afọ nke 18 gaa n'ihu mere ka o doo anya na ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha nile, ụdị whale enweghị ike ilo mmadụ, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere eziokwu nke akụkọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Jona.[1].

Na Jona 2:1 (1:17 na nsụgharị Bekee), ederede Hibru na-agụ dag gadol[16] (דג גדול) ma ọ bụ, na ederede Masoretic nke Hibru, dāḡ gāḏōl (דָּיג גָּד֔וֹל), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ".[16][17] Septuagint sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu a n'asụsụ Grik dị ka kētei megalōi (κήτει), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ". [18] N'Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, a na-eji otu okwu ahụ pụtara "azụ̀" (kêtos) akọwa anụ ọhịa oké osimiri nke dike Perseus gburu nke fọrọ nke nta ka o rie Princess Andromeda.[128] Jerome mechara sụgharịa ahịrịokwu a dị ka piscis grandis na Latin Vulgate ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ sụgharịrị koilia ketus dị ka afọ ceti na Matiu 12:40: ikpe nke abụọ a na-apụta naanị n'amaokwu a nke Agba Ọhụrụ. [131][19]

N'oge ụfọdụ, cetus ghọrọ ihe jikọrọ ya na "whale" (a na-akpọ ọmụmụ banyere whales ugbu a cetology). Na nsụgharị ya nke 1534, William Tyndale sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu ahụ dị na Jona 2:1 dị ka "nnukwu fyshe" na okwu ketos (Grik) ma ọ bụ cetus (Latin) na Matiu 12:40 dị ka "whale". E mechara tinye nsụgharị Tyndale na Authorized Version nke 1611. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-akọwakarị "nnukwu azụ" na Jonah 2 dị ka whale. N'asụsụ Bekee, ụfọdụ nsụgharị na-eji okwu "whale" maka Matiu 12:40, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji "ihe e kere eke nke oké osimiri" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ".[20]

Nkọwa sayensị

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Foto nke whale shark, ụdị azụ kachasị ukwuu a maara [21]
Foto nke sperm whale, anụ na-eri ibe ya kachasị ukwuu na otu n'ime ụdị whale kachasị ukwuu dị ugbu a

Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, na-akọwa akụkọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-echegbu onwe ha ịnwa ịmata kpọmkwem ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona.[136] N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Edward Bouverie Pusey, prọfesọ nke Hibru na Mahadum Oxford, kwuru na Jona n'onwe ya ga-abụrịrị na o dere Akwụkwọ Jona ma kwuo na akụkọ azụ ahụ ga-abụ eziokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị etinye ya na Bible.[137] Pusey gbalịrị iji sayensị depụta azụ ahụ, na-enwe olileanya "ime ihere ndị na-ekwu maka ọrụ ebube nke nchekwa Jona na azụ ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịchaghị mma karịa ọrụ ebube ọ bụla ọzọ nke Chineke".[138][139]

Arụmụka banyere azụ dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona keere òkè dị mkpa n'oge Clarence Darrow na-enyocha William Jennings Bryan na ikpe Scopes na 1925. [22] [72] Darrow jụrụ Bryan "Mgbe ị gụrụ na ... whale riri Jonah ... olee otu ị ga-esi kọwaa nke ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị?" [22] Bryan zaghachiri na o kwenyere na "Chineke nke nwere ike ime whale ma nwee ike ime mmadụ ma mee ka ha abụọ mee ihe Ọ masịrị ya". [23] Bryan kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa Bible, [22] a na-ewere ya n'ozuzu dị ka ọ pụtara dị ka "buffoon".[72]

Nnukwu n'ime whale niile - blue whales - bụ baleen whales nke na-eri plankton; na "a na-ekwukarị na ụdị a ga-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịrị ilo herring. " Nnukwu n"ime azụ niile - whale shark - nwere nnukwu ọnụ, mana akpịrị ya dị naanị sentimita anọ n'obosara, na ogwe aka dị nkọ ma ọ bụ gbagọọ n'azụ oghere ahụ, nke mere na ọbụnadị aka mmadụ agaghị enwe ike ịgafe ya. Ya mere, Jona enweghị ike ịbụ onye whale shark riri.[24]

Sperm whales, Otú ọ dị, yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị iche: Ha na-eri nnukwu squid mgbe niile, yabụ na mmadụ nwere ike ilo mmadụ.[25] Dị ka ehi, sperm whales nwere afọ anọ.[25] Ụlọ nke mbụ enweghị mmiri afọ mana o nwere mgbidi iji kpochapụ nri ya.[26][27] N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iku ume n'ime afọ sperm whale n'ihi na ikuku adịghị (ma eleghị anya methane kama). Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 2023 nke Daniel Kraus na-enyocha echiche nke nwoke na-adị ndụ nke sperm whale riri, mana o nwere tankị oxygen.

Mmetụta ọdịbendị

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Ihe osise Jona na champlevé enamel (1181) nke Nicholas nke Verdun sere n'ebe ịchụàjà Verduner na Klosterneuburg Abbey, Austria

N'asụsụ Turkish, "Jonah's fish" (yunus balığı) bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe maka dolphin.[28] Okwu a na-ekwukarị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Jona" eme ihe iji pụta onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri / onye njem nke ọnụnọ ya n'ụgbọ ahụ na-eweta ọdachi ma na-etinye ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ.[29] Ka oge na-aga, a gbatịkwuru nkọwa a maka "onye na-ebu jinx, onye ga-eweta ọdachi na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla".[30]

N'agbanyeghị mkpirikpi ya, e meela ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ọtụtụ ugboro n'akwụkwọ na n'omenala a ma ama.[151][152] Na Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Nna Mapple na-ekwu okwuchukwu na Akwụkwọ Jonah. Mapple jụrụ ihe mere Jonah anaghị egosi ịkwa ụta maka inupụ Chineke isi mgbe ọ nọ n'ime azụ ahụ. Ọ kwubiri na Jonah ghọtara nke ọma na " ntaramahụhụ ọjọọ ya bụ ihe ziri ezi. " The Adventures of Pinocchio nke Carlo Collodi (1883) gosipụtara onye isi na nna ya Geppetto ka "Terrible Dogfish" riri, na-ezo aka n'akụkọ Jonah.[154] Ihe nkiri Walt Disney mere na 1940 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ejigide ihe a.[155] Akụkọ Jonah ka e mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri animated nke Phil Vischer na Mike Nawrocki Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Jonah (nke Archibald Asparagus gosipụtara) bụ onye nnukwu whale riri.[31]

Njikọ ndị a tụrụ aro na akụkọ ifo

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Jona ka nnukwu anụ ọhịa nwere ezé riri. Isi obodo a tụrụ atụ nke ogidi site na nave nke ụlọ ụka ndị mọnk na Mozac, France, narị afọ nke iri na abụọ.

Joseph Campbell na-atụ aro na akụkọ Jonah yiri ihe nkiri sitere na Epic of Gilgamesh, ebe Gilgamesh nwetara osisi site na ala oké osimiri.[157] N'ime Akwụkwọ Jona, ikpuru (n'asụsụ Hibru Tola'ath, "maggot") na-ata mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ na-enye ndò na-eme ka ọ kpọnwụọ; ebe na Epic nke Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh na-eke nkume n'ụkwụ ya ma na-ewepụta osisi ya n'ala oké osimiri. [157][158] Ozugbo ọ laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri, agwọ riri osisi ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ.[157][159]

Jason (akụkọ ifo ndị Gris)

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Campbell kwukwara ọtụtụ myirịta dị n'etiti akụkọ Jonah na nke Jason na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris.[157] Nsụgharị Grik nke aha Jo' bụ Jonah, nke dị iche na Jason naanị n'usoro ụda - ha abụọ bụ omegas na-atụ aro na enwere ike ịgbagwoju Jason anya na Jonah.[157] Gildas Hamel, na-adabere n'Akwụkwọ Jona na isi mmalite ndị Gris - gụnyere Arịa ndị Gris na akụkọ Apollonius nke Rhodes, Gaius Valerius Flaccus na Orphic Argonautica - na-akọwa ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, gụnyere aha ndị dike, ọnụnọ nke nduru, echiche nke "ịgba ọsọ" dị ka ifufe ma na-akpata oké ifufe, àgwà nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọnụnwụ nke anụ mmiri ma ọ bụ dragọn na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ na-elo ya, na-eji "gourd" (ụdị na-eri ya, na okwu ahụ). Hamel na-ewere echiche na ọ bụ onye edemede Hibru meghachiri ma gbanwee akụkọ ifo a iji kwupụta ozi nke ya dị nnọọ iche.[32]

Hụkwa

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  • Aquanaut, onye na-anọ n'okpuru mmiri ruo ogologo oge
  • Akụkọ Bible na nke kor'an
  • Jona n'elu ụlọ ekpere Sistine
  • Akụkọ ifo na kor'an
  • Ndị amụma nke Islam
  • Qisas Al-Anbiya

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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Ihe edeturu

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Edensibia

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Njikọ mpụga

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  •  
  • Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). "The Prophet Jonas.", A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder. 
  • Lasine, Stuart 2020. Jona na Ọnọdụ Mmadụ: Ndụ na Ọnwụ na Ụwa Yahweh.New York: Bloomsbury/T & T Clark.

Identity

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'Jona' nwa Amittai ma ọ bụ Jona (Hibru: יוֹנָה Yōnā, lit. 'ikuku') [a] bụ onye amụma Ndị Juu na Bible Hibru nke sitere na Gath-hepher na Alaeze Ugwu nke Israel n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 8 BCE. Ọ bụ onye dị n'etiti Akwụkwọ Jona, otu n'ime Ndị amụma nta-eto eto, nke na-akọwapụta na ọ chọghị inyefe ikpe Chineke n'obodo Nineveh (nke dị nso na Mosul nke oge a) na Alaeze Ukwu Asiria. Mgbe nnukwu ihe e kere eke n'oké osimiri (Hibru: דג גדול, , lit. '') riri ya wee hapụ ya, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ Chineke.

N'Okpukpe ndị Juu, akụkọ Jona na-anọchite anya ozizi nke nchegharị na okpukpe ndị Juu, ikike ichegharị n'ihu Chineke maka mgbaghara. N'Agba Ọhụrụ nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, Jizọs na-akpọ onwe ya "karịa Jona" ma na-ekwe Ndị Farisii nkwa "ihe ịrịba ama Jona" mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na mbilite n'ọnwụ ya. Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst oge ochie lere Jona anya dị ka <i id="mwOg">ụdị</i> Jizọs. A na-ewere Jona na Islam dị ka onye amụma na akụkọ Jona pụtara na surah nke kor'an aha ya, Yūnus.

Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible nke oge a na-atụ aro na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ifo, [33] na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ nke satirical.[4][5][6][7][8] Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-eche na e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ogologo oge mgbe ihe omume ndị ọ kọwara n'ihi ojiji o ji okwu na ihe ndị dị na postxilic Aramaic sources mee ihe.[34] Omume Jona nwa Amittai nwere ike ịdabere na onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu aha ahụ buru amụma n'oge ọchịchị Eze Amazia nke Juda, dịka e kwuru na 2 Kings.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosikarị ihe e kere eke riri Jona na nka na ọdịbendị dị ka whale, ederede Hibru na-eji ahịrịokwu ahụ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na mmalite narị afọ nke asatọ, ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona bụ isiokwu nke ịkọ nkọ site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, bụ ndị kọwara akụkọ ahụ dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịnala nke oge a, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti Jona na ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'okpukpe, dị ka onye India yogi Matsyendranatha "Onyenwe Azụ", eze Sumerian Gilgamesh, na dike Gris Jason.

Akwụkwọ Jona

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  1. ↑ "Sanhedrin", Babylonian Talmud. .
  2. ↑ Brenton Septuagint Translation Tobit 14.
  3. ↑ Tobit, CHAPTER 14 | USCCB.
  4. ↑ Lives of all saints commemorated on September 22. Orthodox Church in America (22 September 2017). Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  5. ↑ Commemoration of the Prophet Jonah. Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  6. ↑ Commemoration of the 12 Minor Prophets. Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  7. ↑ Commemoration Day of the 12 Minor Prophets. 24 July 2018. Saint Stepanos Armenian Apostolic Church of Elberon in New Jersey. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  8. ↑ Three day fast of Nineveh. Syriac Orthodox Resources (8 February 1998). Retrieved on 12 March 2018.
  9. ↑ The Commemoration of Jonah, Prophet, 22 September. Concordia and Koinonia. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  10. ↑ G’nsel Renda (1978). "The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh". Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  12. ↑ Link to Google map with Nineveh markers at gates, wall sections, hills and mosque. Goo.gl (19 March 2013). Retrieved on 29 June 2014.
  13. ↑ ISIS destroys 'Jonah's tomb' in Mosul. Al Arabiya (25 July 2014). Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved on 28 July 2014. “The radical Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group has destroyed shrines belonging to two prophets, highly revered by both Christians and Muslims, in the northern city of Mosul, al-Sumaria News reported Thursday. "ISIS militants have destroyed the Prophet Younis (Jonah) shrine east of Mosul city after they seized control of the mosque completely," a security source, who kept his identity anonymous, told the Iraq-based al-Sumaria News.”
  14. ↑ Halhoul. www.travelpalestine.ps. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved on 8 January 2023.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wiseman
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Yonah - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (LXX). Blue Letter Bible. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved on 24 August 2016.
  17. ↑ Interlinear Bible: Greek, Hebrew, Transliterated, English .... Bible Hub. Retrieved on 24 August 2016. 
  18. ↑ Robertson (1960). Word Pictures in the New Testament – Matthew. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. ISBN 978-1-610-25188-4. 
  19. ↑ Parris (2015). Reading the Bible with Giants. How 2000 Years of Biblical Interpretation Can Shed New Light on Old Texts, 2, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-625-64728-3. “What is interesting...is the way that Jerome...translated the references to the big fish in Jonah and Matthew. [...] In translating Matt 12:40, however, he follows the Greek text and says that Jonah was in the ventre ceti—the belly of the whale/sea monster"” 
  20. ↑ Huber (2013). How Did God Do It? A Symphony of Science and Scripture. Victoria, British Columbia: Friesen Press. ISBN 978-1-460-21127-4. “The word whale is never used in the book of Jonah. The only biblical reference to "Jonah and the whale" appears in the New Testament in Matthew 12:40 (KJV & RSV). [...] Whale is not used in the other translations: TEV uses big fish; NLT, great fish; and TNIV, huge fish"” 
  21. ↑ Wood (1976). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats]. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-900424-60-1. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Smolla. "Monkey Business", The New York Times, 5 October 1997. Retrieved on 6 February 2024.
  23. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lidz2016
  24. ↑ Gudger (1940). "Twenty-five Years' Quest of the Whale Shark". The Scientific Monthly 50 (3): 225–233. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  26. ↑ Reidenberg (19 November 2014). What would happen if you were swallowed by a whale?. The Naked Scientists. Retrieved on May 7, 2021.
  27. ↑ Smith (27 June 2010). Could a human survive swallowing by a whale?. The Naked Scientists. Retrieved on 7 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Sevket Turet (1 May 1996). Practical English-Turkish handbook. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 9780781804769. 
  29. ↑ "Afflicted with a Jonah; The Sea Captain's Fear of Parsons' Sons", The New York Times, 6 March 1885.
  30. ↑ Jonah. Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved on 6 October 2012.
  31. ↑ Deming. Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). AllMovie. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.
  32. ↑ Hamel (25 April 2015). "Taking the Argo to Nineveh: Jonah and Jason in a Mediterranean Context". Judaism 44 (3): 1–21. 
  33. ↑ Tawfeeq (2014-07-24). Extremists destroy Jonah's tomb, officials say (en). CNN. Retrieved on 2024-03-03. “"Biblical scholars are divided on whether the tomb in Mosul actually belonged to Jonah. In the Jewish tradition, he returns to his hometown of Gath-Hepher after his mission to Nineveh. And some modern scholars say the Jonah story is more myth than history."”
  34. ↑ Lovelace (2021). "Jonah", in O'Brien: The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Oxford University Press, 449–460. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.34. ISBN 978-0-19-067320-8. “A majority of scholars regard the book’s composition as considerably later than the events it describes. They point first and foremost to language. Jonah includes words and motifs that are found only in postexilic biblical and nonbiblical Aramaic sources (for further discussion, see Wolff 1986). This includes, for example, seafaring words such as “mariner” (mallah) and “ship” (sefina) (1:5), “sailor” (hovel) (1:6), the phrase “on whose account?” (1:7, 12), and the ascription “God of heaven” (1:9; cf. Gen 24:7) which appear rarely in the Hebrew Bible (Ps 107 and Ezek 27) but are common in postexilic biblical and Imperial Aramaic sources. Hans Walter Wolff suggests that infrequency of certain vocabulary and phrases in Jonah can be accounted for by their limited use in specific contexts (Wolff 1986, 76), but the late biblical verbal constructions that are unique to Jonah support the argument that the book is postexilic.” 
Jona na Whale (1621) nke Pieter Lastman dere
Jona na-ezi ndị Ninive ozi ọma (1866) nke Gustave Doré dere, na La Grande Bible de ToursGreat Bible nke Tours

Jọpa bụ onye dị mkpa n'Akwụkwọ Jona, ebe Chineke nyere ya iwu ka ọ gaa n'obodo Nineveh iji buo amụma megide ya "n'ihi na ajọ omume ha na-abịa n'ihu m, " mana Jona na-anwa ịgbapụ na "ọnụnọ nke Onyenwe anyị" site n'ịga Jaffa (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị ya dị ka Joppa ma ọ bụ Joppe). Ọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri gaa Tarshish. Nnukwu oké ifufe bilitere ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-aghọta na ọ bụghị oké ifufe nkịtị, tụbara ma chọpụta na Jona bụ onye ụta. Jona kwetara na nke a ma kwuo na ọ bụrụ na a tụba ya n'oké osimiri, oké ifufe ahụ ga-akwụsị. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ jụrụ ime nke a ma gaa n'ihu na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, mana mbọ ha niile dara, ha mechara tụba Jona n'oké osimiri. N'ihi ya, oké ifufe ahụ kwụsịrị ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-achụ àjà nye Chineke.

Mgbe a tụpụrụ Jona n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nnukwu azụ riri Jona, n'ime afọ nke ọ nọrọ ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'oké azụ ahụ, Jona na-ekpe ekpere n'ebe Chineke nọ n'ahụhụ ya ma na-ekwe nkwa ikele ya na ịkwụ ụgwọ ihe o kwere nkwa. Chineke nyere azụ̀ ahụ iwu ka ọ gbasaa Jona.

Chineke nyekwara Jona iwu ọzọ ka ọ gaa Nineve ma buo amụma nye ndị bi na ya. N'oge a, ọ gara ebe ahụ wee banye n'obodo ahụ, na-eti mkpu, "N'ime ụbọchị iri anọ, a ga-akwatu Nineveh. " Mgbe Jona gafere Nineveh, ndị mmadụ malitere ikwere okwu ya ma kwupụta ibu ọnụ. Eze Nineve na-eyi akwa akpa ma nọdụ ala n'ọka, na-eme nkwupụta nke na-enye iwu ibu ọnụ, iyi akwa akpa, ekpere na nchegharị. Chineke hụrụ obi nchegharị ha ma chebe obodo ahụ n'oge ahụ. Obodo ahụ dum dị ala ma mebie, na ndị mmadụ (na ọbụna anụ ụlọ) na-eyi akpa na ntụ. [27]

N'ịbụ onye nke a na-enweghị obi ụtọ, Jona na-ezo aka na ọpụpụ mbụ ya gaa Tarshish ka ọ na-ekwusi ike na, ebe ọ bụ na Chineke nwere obi ebere, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na Chineke ga-esi na ọdachi ndị a na-eyi egwu pụọ. Ọ hapụrụ obodo ahụ wee mee ebe mgbaba, na-echere ịhụ ma a ga-ebibi obodo ahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị ebi. Chineke na-eme ka osisi (n'asụsụ Hibru a kikayon) too n'elu ebe Jona nọ iji nye ya ndò site na anyanwụ. Ka oge na-aga, Chineke na-eme ka ikpuru taa mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ ma kpọnwụọ. Jona, mgbe a na-ekpughe ya n'ike zuru oke nke anyanwụ, ọ na-agwụ ike ma rịọ Chineke ka o gbuo ya.  

Echiche okpukpe

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N'Okpukpe Ndị Juú

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Ihe atụ nke azụ̀ sitere na Bible Kennicott loro Jona, folio 305r (1476), n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ Bodleian, Oxford

Akwụkwọ Jona (Yonah יונה) bụ otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ dị na Bible Hibru. Dị ka otu ọdịnala si kwuo, Jona bụ nwa nwoke ahụ Iliya onye amụma mere ka ọ dịghachi ndụ na 1 Kings. [35] Omenala ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Shunem nke Elisha mere ka ọ dị ndụ na 2 Kings nakwa na a na-akpọ ya "nwa Amittai" (Eziokwu) n'ihi na nne ya ghọtara na Ịlaịsha bụ onye amụma na 1 Kings. [37] A na-agụ Akwụkwọ Jona kwa afọ, n'asụsụ Hibru mbụ ya na n'ozuzu ya, na Yom Kippur - Ụbọchị Mgbaghara - dị ka Haftarah n'ekpere Mincha.[39][40] Dị ka Rabbi Eliezer si kwuo, e kere azụ ahụ riri Jona n'oge mbụ na ime ọnụ ya dị ka ụlọ nzukọ; anya azụ ahụ dị ka windo na pearl dị n'ime ọnụ ya nyere ìhè ọzọ. [41][41]

Dị ka Midrash si kwuo, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, azụ ahụ gwara ya na ndụ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụ n'ihi na n'oge na-adịghị anya Leviathan ga-eri ha abụọ.[41] Jona kwere azụ ahụ nkwa na ọ ga-azọpụta ha.[41] N'ịgbaso ntụziaka Jona, azụ ahụ gbagoro n'akụkụ Leviathan[41] ma Jona yiri egwu iji ire ya kee Leviathan ma hapụ azụ nke ọzọ ka ọ rie ya.[41] Leviathan nụrụ egwu Jona, hụrụ na e biri ya úgwù, wee ghọta na Onyenwe anyị chebere ya, ya mere ọ gbapụrụ n'egwu, na-ahapụ Jona na azụ ahụ ka ha dị ndụ.[41][41]

Onye ọkà mmụta na onye rabaị ndị Juu nke oge ochie Abraham ibn Ezra (1092-1167) rụrụ ụka megide nkọwa ọ bụla nke Akwụkwọ Jona, na-ekwu na "ahụmahụ nke ndị amụma niile ma e wezụga Mozis bụ ọhụụ, ọ bụghị eziokwu". Otú ọ dị, onye ọkà mmụta Isaac Abarbanel (1437-1509), kwuru na Jona nwere ike ịdị ndụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'afọ azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị atọ, n'ihi na "mgbe niile, ụmụ ọhụrụ na-adị ndụ ọnwa itoolu n'enweghị ikuku dị ọcha".[42][43][44]

Teshuva - ikike ichegharị ma bụrụ onye Chineke gbaghara - bụ echiche a ma ama n'echiche ndị Juu. A kọwapụtara echiche a n'Akwụkwọ Jona: Jona, nwa eziokwu (aha nna ya "Amitai" na Hibru pụtara eziokwu), jụrụ ịrịọ ndị Nineveh ka ha chegharịa. Ọ na-achọ naanị eziokwu, ọ bụghị mgbaghara. Mgbe a manyere ya ịga, a na-anụ oku ya n'olu dara ụda ma doo anya, ndị Ninevech na-echegharị n'ụzọ na-atọ ụtọ, "na-ebu ọnụ, gụnyere atụrụ," na ederede ndị Juu na-akatọ nke a.[1] Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosikwa mmekọrịta na-adịghị akwụsi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti mkpa okpukpe abụọ: nkasi obi na eziokwu.

Onye rabaị na onye nchọpụta ndị Juu nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ Petachiah nke Regensburg gara n'ili Jona n'oge ọ gara Ala Nsọ, wee dee, sị: "E nwere ọmarịcha obí eze e wuru n'elu ya. N'akụkụ ya bụ ogige ntụrụndụ ebe a na-ahụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, mgbe ndị Jentaịl bịara ọ na-enye ha ezigbo oriri, na-asị, na Jona, nwa Amittai, ọ bụ onye Juu ka ha ghara inye gị kpọmkwem ka ha rie ihe ọ ga-eme ka ha.

N'Akwụkwọ Tobit

A kpọtụrụ Jona aha ugboro abụọ na isi nke iri na anọ nke Vaticanus version nke Deuterocanonical Book of Tobit, [2] nkwubi okwu nke na-ahụ nwa Tobit, Tobias, na-aṅụrị ọṅụ na akụkọ banyere mbibi Nineveh site na Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus na mmezu doro anya nke amụma Jona megide isi obodo Asiria. [48] Codex Sinaiticus version nke akwụkwọ ahụ, nke dị ogologo ma kwekọọ nke ọma na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, na-ezo aka na Nahum kama Jona, yana Cyaxares kama Nebukadneza na Ahasuerus.[50] Akụkọ a a pụrụ ịdabere na ya bụ ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke oge a.[3]

N'ihe osise ya bụ The Last Judgment, Michelangelo gosipụtara Kraịst n'okpuru Jona (IONAS) iji mee ka onye amụma ahụ bụrụ onye bu ya ụzọ
Kraịst si n'ili bilie, n'akụkụ Jona gburu ọnụ n'ụsọ osimiri

N'Agba Ọhụrụ

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N'Agba Ọhụrụ, a kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'oziọma Matiu na Luk. [54] Na Matiu, Jizọs na-ezo aka na Jona mgbe ụfọdụ ndị odeakwụkwọ na Ndị Farisii rịọrọ ya maka ihe ịrịba ama.[55][56] Jizọs kwuru na ihe ịrịba ama ahụ ga-abụ ihe ịrịbaanya Jona: mweghachi Jona mgbe ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ n'ime nnukwu azụ ahụ gosipụtara mbilite n'ọnwụ nke ya.[55][56][55]

Na Luk, Jizọs na-ezo aka na Jona n'amụma eschatological, mgbe otu nwanyị nọ n'ìgwè mmadụ ahụ tiri mkpu na mberede, "A gọziri agọzi bụ afọ nke na-enweghị gị, na popu ndị ị ṅụrụ" (Luk 11:27 - King James Version):   But God said to Jonah: "Do you have a right to be angry about the vine?" And he said: "I do. I am elangry enough to die." But the Lord said: "You have been concerned about this vine, though you did not tend it or make it grow. It sprang up overnight, and died overnigh. But Nineveh has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well. Should I not be concerned about that great city?"Ọtụtụ okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na-ewere Jona dị ka onye nsọ. Ụbọchị oriri ya na Chọọchị Roman Katọlik bụ na 21 Septemba, dị ka Martyrologium Romanum si kwuo. Na Kalenda liturgical nke Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, ụbọchị oriri Jona bụ na 22 Septemba (maka ụka ndị na-agbaso kalenda ọdịnala Julian; 22 Septemba ugbu a na-ada n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Kalenda Gregorian nke oge a). [4] Na Chọọchị Ndịozi nke Armenia, a na-eme ememe ndị a na-agagharị agagharị iji cheta Jona dị ka otu onye amụma na dị ka otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ.[5][6][7] A na-echeta ozi Jona na Nineveh site na Fast nke Nineveh na Syriac na Eastern Orthodox Churches. [8] A na-echeta Jona dị ka onye amụma na Kalenda nke Ndị Nsọ nke Missouri Synod nke Chọọchị Lutheran na 22 Septemba. [9]

Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst akọwaala Jona dị ka ụdị Jizọs Kraịst.[65] A na-ewere Jona ka nnukwu azụ ahụ riri dị ka ihe na-egosi obe Jizọs na Jona ka ọ na-apụta n'azụ azụ ahụ mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị ka a na-ahụ ya dị ka ihe yiri Jizọs ka ọ na - si n'ili pụta mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara. [66] Saint Jerome na-ejikọta Jona na akụkụ nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke Jizọs, ma na-akwado omume Jona site n'ikwu na "Jona na-eme dị ka onye hụrụ mba n'ahụ, ọ bụghị nke ukwuu na ọ kpọrọ ndị Ninevites asị, dịka na ọ chọghị ibibi ndị nke ya".[67][67]

Echiche ndị e dere mgbe Bible gasịrị

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Ihe oyiyi Ọtọdọks nke Russia nke Jonah, narị afọ nke 16 (Iconostasis nke Ebe obibi ndị mọnk Kizhi, Karelia, Russia)

Ndị ntụgharị Ndị Kraịst ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Saint Augustine na Martin Luther, ejirila ụzọ dị iche, banyere Jona dị ka ihe atụ nke anyaụfụ na ekworo, nke ha weere dị ka njirimara nke ndị Juu. [68][69] Luther kwubiri na kikayon (osisi) na-anọchite anya okpukpe ndị Juu, nakwa na ikpuru nke na-eri ya na-anọchi anya Kraịst. [70][71] Luther jikwa echiche ahụ bụ na e bu n'uche ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ụzọ nkịtị, na-ekwu na o siri ike ikwere na onye ọ bụla gaara akọwa ya dị ka nke a ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na Bible.[72] Nkọwa nke Luther na-emegide ndị Juu nke Jona nọgidere na-abụ nkọwa kachasị n'etiti ndị Protestant Germany n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a.[73] J. D. Michaelis na-ekwu na "ihe akụkọ ifo ahụ pụtara na-emetụta gị n'etiti anya", ma kwubie na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ arụmụka megide "ịkpọasị na anyaụfụ nke ndị Israel n'ebe mba ndị ọzọ niile dị n'ụwa nọ. Albert Eichhorn bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke nkọwa Michaelis.[69][74]

John Calvin na John Hooper lere Akwụkwọ Jona anya dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nye ndị niile nwere ike ịnwa ịgbapụ n'iwe Chineke.[75] Ọ bụ ezie na Luther kpachapụrụ anya na ọ bụghị Jona dere Akwụkwọ Jona, Calvin kwupụtara na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ nkwupụta nke Jona. [76] Calvin na-ahụ oge Jona n'ime afọ azụ ahụ dị ka ọkụ nke Hel, nke e bu n'obi idozi Jona ma tinye ya n'ụzọ ezi omume.[77] Ọzọkwa, n'adịghị ka Luther, Calvin na-ahụ mmejọ na ihe odide niile dị n'akụkọ ahụ, na-akọwa ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ka "obi siri ike na nke nwere obi siri ike, dị ka Cyclops'", penitence nke Nineve dị ka "enweghị ọzụzụ", na eze Nineveh dị ka "onye ọhụrụ. [76] Hooper, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ahụ Jona dị ka onye nnupụisi mbụ na ụgbọ mmiri a tụpụrụ ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke steeti ahụ. [78] Hooper na-akwa arịrị ndị dị otú ahụ, na-akatọ: "Ị nwere ike ibi na ọtụtụ Jonasses n'ụzọ dị jụụ? Mba, tụba ha n'oké osimiri!" Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a machibidoro ndị prọfesọ Germany ịkụzi na Akwụkwọ Jona bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa akụkọ ihe mere eme.[78][79][72]

N'Ime Ndị Alakụba

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Jona na nnukwu azụ dị na Jami' al-tawarikh (ihe dị ka 1400), Metropolitan Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Metropolitan

kor'an

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Jona (Arabic: يُونُس, romanized: Yūnus) bụ aha nke isi nke iri nke Quran. A na-ele Yūnus anya dị ka ihe dị oké mkpa na Islam dị ka onye amụma nke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi nye Chineke ma zie ozi Ya. Jona bụ naanị otu n'ime ndị amụma iri na abụọ nke ndị Juu ka a ga-akpọ aha na Quran. Na Quran 21:87[2] na 68:48, a na-akpọ Jona Dhul-Nūn (Arabic: ذُو ٱلنُّوْن; nke pụtara "Onye nke Azụ").[82] Na 4:163 na 6:86, a kpọrọ ya “onye ozi nke Allah”[82]. Surah 37:139–148 kwughachiri akụkọ nke Jona:[82]   Koran ekwughị banyere nna Jona, mana ọdịnala Ndị Alakụba na-akụzi na Jona si n'ebo Benjamin nakwa na nna ya bụ Amittai.[82]

Hadiths

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Jona na-anwa izochi ọtọ ya n'etiti ọhịa; Jeremaịa n'ọzara (n'elu aka ekpe); Uzeyr tetara mgbe e bibichara Jeruselem. Zubdat al-Tawarikh, obere ihe osise Ottoman, 1583.[10]

A kpọtụrụ Jona aha n'ihe omume ole na ole n'oge ndụ Muhammad. Ndị Quraysh zigara onye na-ejere ha ozi, Addas, ka ọ nye ya mkpụrụ vaịn maka ihe oriri.[11] Muhammad jụrụ Addas ebe o si, ohu ahụ zaghachiri Nineveh. "Obodo Jona onye ezi omume, nwa Amittai!" Muhammad tiri mkpu. Addas wụrụ akpata oyi n'ahụ n'ihi na ọ maara na ndị Arab na-ekpere arụsị amaghị banyere Jona onye amụma.[11] Mgbe ahụ ọ jụrụ otú Muhammad si mara nwoke a. "Anyị bụ ụmụnne", Muhammad zara. "Jonah bụ onye amụma nke Chineke na mụ onwe m bụkwa onye amụma nke Allah. " Addas nabatara Islam ozugbo ma susuo aka na ụkwụ Muhammad ọnụ.

Otu n'ime okwu ndị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Muhammad, na nchịkọta nke Imam Bukhari, na-ekwu, na Muhammad kwuru "Onye ekwesịghị ikwu na m ka Jona mma". [86][87][88] Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, onye meworo okenye n'oge Muhammad, kụziri na, ọ bụrụ na Jona ekpeghị ekpere nye Allah, ọ gaara anọgide na-arapara n'ime azụ ahụ ruo ụbọchị ikpe, mana, n'ihi ekpere ya, Jona "nọrọ naanị ụbọchị ole na ole n'ime afọ azụ ahụ".[88][88]

Onye Persian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke itoolu bụ Al-Tabari dere na, mgbe Jona nọ n'ime azụ ahụ, "ọ dịghị onye ọkpụkpụ ya ma ọ bụ ndị òtù ya merụrụ ahụ".[88] Al-Tabari dekwara na Allah mere ka ahụ azụ ahụ pụta ìhè, na-enye Jona ohere ịhụ "ihe ịtụnanya nke omimi" nakwa na Jona nụrụ azụ niile na-abụku Allah otuto.[89] Kisai Marvazi, onye na-ede uri na narị afọ nke iri, dere na nna Jona dị afọ iri asaa mgbe amụrụ Jona nakwa na ọ nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na-ahapụ nne Jona ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụghị spoon osisi, nke ghọrọ cornucopia.[88][88]

Ili ndị a sị na ọ bụ

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Foto nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ alakụba Yunus, mgbe ISIL bibiri ya

Ebe Nineveh dị ugbu a bụ ebe e gwupụtara ọnụ ụzọ ámá ise, akụkụ nke mgbidi n'akụkụ anọ, na nnukwu ugwu abụọ: ugwu Kuyunjik na ugwu Nabi Yunus.[12] A raara ụlọ alakụba dị n'elu Nabi Yunus nye onye amụma Jona ma nwee ebe nsọ, nke ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na-asọpụrụ dị ka ebe ili Jona.[13] Ili ahụ bụ ebe a ma ama maka njem ala nsọ na ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu nye ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst, na ndị Alakụba gafee Middle East. [92] Na Julaị 24, 2014, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) bibiri ụlọ alakụba nwere ili ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa iji bibie ebe nsọ okpukpe ọ weere dị ka ndị na-efe arụsị.[93][92] Mgbe e weghachitere Mosul n'aka ISIL na Jenụwarị 2017, a chọtara obí eze Asiria oge ochie nke Esarhaddon wuru n'okpuru ụlọ alakụba ahụ mebiri emebi.[92][94] ISIL kwakọọrọ ihe ndị dị n'obí eze iji ree n'ahịa ojii, mana ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị siri ike ibugharị ka nọ n'ebe ahụ.[92][94][94]

Ebe ndị ọzọ a ma ama nke ili Jona gụnyere:

  • obodo Israel_Arabs" id="mwA2U" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Israeli Arabs">Ndị Arab nke Mashhad, nke dị na ebe ochie nke Gath-hepher na Israel; [54]
  • ụlọ alakụba Nabi Yunis Palestine nke 5" href="./Halhul" id="mwA28" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Halhul">Halhul, na West Bank, 5 km (3.1 mi) n'ebe ugwu Hebron, e wuru ya n'elu ili Jonah; [14][95]
  • ebe nsọ dị nso n'obodo Sarafand (Sarepta) na Lebanọn; [97]
  • ugwu a na-akpọ Giv'at Yonah ugbu a, "Ugwu Jonah", n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo Israel nke Ashdod, n'ebe ụlọ ọkụ nke oge a kpuchiri.
  • "ili Jona" n'obodo Diyarbakir, Turkey, nke dị n'azụ mihrab na Fatih Pasha Mosque - Evliya Çelebi kwuru na Seyahatname ya na ọ gara ili Jonah na George onye amụma n'obodo ahụ.[5]

Nkọwa ndị ọkà mmụta

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Akụkọ banyere nwoke dị ndụ mgbe whale ma ọ bụ nnukwu azụ riri ya na katalọgụ nke ụdị Akụkọ ọdịnala dị ka ATU 1889G.[102]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Jona na anụ ọhịa oké osimiri, site na ihe osise Ndị Kraịst na catacombs ndị Rom na ngwụcha narị afọ nke abụọ A.D. Site n'aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe: Johah na-awụpụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, ebe anụ ọhịa oké mmiri ahụ na-echere; Johah na'ụsọ osimiri mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ nke anụ ọhịa ahụ. Anụ mmiri nke Ndị Kraịst Rom dọtara yiri hippocampus.

Ọtụtụ Ndị ọkà mmụta Bible kwenyere na ihe dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.[4][103][104] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na Jona onye amụma biri na narị afọ nke asatọ BCE, [1] e dere Akwụkwọ Jona ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid.[105] Asụsụ Hibru e ji mee ihe n'Akwụkwọ Jona na-egosi mmetụta siri ike sitere na Aramaic [1] na omenala ndị akọwapụtara na ya kwekọrọ na nke ndị Achaemenid Persia.[27] Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewere Akwụkwọ Jona dị ka ọrụ a kpachaara anya mee nke parody ma ọ bụ satire. [7][8][106][107][108][109] Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ eziokwu, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ndị amamihe nabatara ya n'ime akwụkwọ nsọ nke Bible Hibru bụ ndị na-aghọtaghị ọdịdị ya na-atọ ọchị ma kọwaa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka ọrụ amụma siri ike. [110][108][109][109]

Jona n'onwe ya nwere ike ịbụ onye amụma akụkọ ihe mere eme; a kpọtụrụ ya aha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ nke Ndị Eze: [111][112][4]N'okwu e kwuru na 1978 ma bipụta ya na 1979, onye Assyriologist Donald Wiseman gbachitere ezi uche dị na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ, na-akwado "ọdịnala na ọtụtụ ihe dị na akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe ọmụma dị nso na nke ziri ezi banyere Asiria nke nwere ike isi na ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka narị afọ nke asatọ BC", na-ekwu na "akụkọ Jona ekwesịghị iwere dị ka akụkọ ma ọ bụ ilu".[15]

Ihe ndị na-emegide onwe ha

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Nweghachi nke oge a nke ọnụ ụzọ Adad na Nineveh na foto e sere tupu mbibi zuru oke nke ISIL na Eprel 2016.[115] Akwụkwọ Jona na-ekwubiga okwu ókè banyere ibu Nineve karịa ihe ọ bụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1][27]

Echiche Jona gosipụtara n'Akwụkwọ Jona bụ echiche nke ndị otu ndị Juu nwere n'oge e dere ya. [8][116][107] Isi ebumnuche nke satire nwere ike ịbụ otu akụkụ nke Morton Smith na-akpọ "Separationists", ndị kwenyere na Chineke ga-ebibi ndị na-enupụ isi ya, na a ga-ekpochapụ obodo ndị mmehie, nakwa na ebere Chineke agbasaghị ndị na-abụghị Ọgbụgba ndụ Abraham.[117][107] McKenzie na Graham na-ekwu na "Jonah bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ onye 'orthodox' nke ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe Israel - iji mee ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe. " Okwu Jonah n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ bụ agha ha, mana aha ya pụtara "ikuku", nnụnụ nke ndị Izrel oge ochie jikọtara ya na udo.[107][118][107]

Ịjụ iwu Chineke jụrụ bụ ihe na-emegide nrubeisi nke ndị amụma akọwapụtara n'ihe odide Agba Ochie ndị ọzọ.[119] Ncheegharị nke eze Nineveh na-akọwa ndị ọchịchị n'ihe odide ndị ọzọ nke Agba Ochie ndị na-eleghara ịdọ aka ná ntị amụma anya, dị ka Ehab na Zedekaya.[109] Ịdị njikere ife Chineke nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị Nineve gosipụtara dị iche na enweghị mmasị Jona n'onwe ya, dị ka ịhụnanya Jona nwere maka kikayon na-enye ya onyinyo karịa ndị niile nọ na Nineve. [120][120]

Akwụkwọ Jona na-ejikwa ihe ndị na-enweghị isi; [1] ọ na-emebiga ókè ókè ókè n'obosara obodo Nineve ruo n'ókè a na-apụghị ikwere ekwere [1] ma na-ezo aka n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na onye nchịkwa obodo ahụ dị ka "eze".[27] Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta si kwuo, ọ dịghị mmadụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ ruo ụbọchị atọ n'ime azụ, [1] na nkọwa nke anụ ụlọ na Nineveh na-ebu ọnụ n'akụkụ ndị nwe ha bụ "ihe nzuzu". [27]A na-emegide ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe ndị a na nkuzi Donald Wiseman a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.[15]

Ihe ngosi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke nnukwu azụ ma ọ bụ whale riri ghọrọ ihe odide satirical ndị e mechara dee.[121] A na-akọ akụkọ yiri nke a na Lucian nke Samosata's A True Story, nke e dere na narị afọ nke abụọ CE, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, nke Rudolf Erich Raspe bipụtara na 1785. [122][123]

Azụ

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Ihe osise nke Jona na "nnukwu azụ" n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ndịda nke oge Gothic Dom St. Peter, na Worms, Germany

Ọ bụ ezie na nkà na omenala na-egosipụtakarị azụ̀ Jona dị ka whale, ihe odide Hibru, dị ka akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nile, [ntụgharị uche] na-ezo aka na ọ dịghị ụdị mmiri ọ bụla, nanị na-ekwu "nnukwu azụ" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ". Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-atụ aro nha na àgwà nke nnukwu shark na-acha ọcha kwekọrọ n'ihe atụ nke ahụmahụ Jona, ọ na-abụkarị mmadụ toruworo ogo mmadụ nke ukwuu nke na a ga-eloda ya kpam kpam. Mmepe nke whaling malite na narị afọ nke 18 gaa n'ihu mere ka o doo anya na ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ha nile, ụdị whale enweghị ike ilo mmadụ, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere eziokwu nke akụkọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Jona.[1].

Na Jona 2:1 (1:17 na nsụgharị Bekee), ederede Hibru na-agụ dag gadol[16] (דג גדול) ma ọ bụ, na ederede Masoretic nke Hibru, dāḡ gāḏōl (דָּיג גָּד֔וֹל), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ".[16][17] Septuagint sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu a n'asụsụ Grik dị ka kētei megalōi (κήτει), nke pụtara "nnukwu azụ". [18] N'Akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, a na-eji otu okwu ahụ pụtara "azụ̀" (kêtos) akọwa anụ ọhịa oké osimiri nke dike Perseus gburu nke fọrọ nke nta ka o rie Princess Andromeda.[128] Jerome mechara sụgharịa ahịrịokwu a dị ka piscis grandis na Latin Vulgate ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ sụgharịrị koilia ketus dị ka afọ ceti na Matiu 12:40: ikpe nke abụọ a na-apụta naanị n'amaokwu a nke Agba Ọhụrụ. [131][19]

N'oge ụfọdụ, cetus ghọrọ ihe jikọrọ ya na "whale" (a na-akpọ ọmụmụ banyere whales ugbu a cetology). Na nsụgharị ya nke 1534, William Tyndale sụgharịrị ahịrịokwu ahụ dị na Jona 2:1 dị ka "nnukwu fyshe" na okwu ketos (Grik) ma ọ bụ cetus (Latin) na Matiu 12:40 dị ka "whale". E mechara tinye nsụgharị Tyndale na Authorized Version nke 1611. Kemgbe ahụ, a na-akọwakarị "nnukwu azụ" na Jonah 2 dị ka whale. N'asụsụ Bekee, ụfọdụ nsụgharị na-eji okwu "whale" maka Matiu 12:40, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji "ihe e kere eke nke oké osimiri" ma ọ bụ "nnukwu azụ".[20]

Nkọwa sayensị

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Foto nke whale shark, ụdị azụ kachasị ukwuu a maara [21]
Foto nke sperm whale, anụ na-eri ibe ya kachasị ukwuu na otu n'ime ụdị whale kachasị ukwuu dị ugbu a

Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke, na-akọwa akụkọ Jona dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-echegbu onwe ha ịnwa ịmata kpọmkwem ụdị azụ ndị riri Jona.[136] N'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Edward Bouverie Pusey, prọfesọ nke Hibru na Mahadum Oxford, kwuru na Jona n'onwe ya ga-abụrịrị na o dere Akwụkwọ Jona ma kwuo na akụkọ azụ ahụ ga-abụ eziokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị etinye ya na Bible.[137] Pusey gbalịrị iji sayensị depụta azụ ahụ, na-enwe olileanya "ime ihere ndị na-ekwu maka ọrụ ebube nke nchekwa Jona na azụ ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịchaghị mma karịa ọrụ ebube ọ bụla ọzọ nke Chineke".[138][139]

Arụmụka banyere azụ dị n'Akwụkwọ Jona keere òkè dị mkpa n'oge Clarence Darrow na-enyocha William Jennings Bryan na ikpe Scopes na 1925. [22] [72] Darrow jụrụ Bryan "Mgbe ị gụrụ na ... whale riri Jonah ... olee otu ị ga-esi kọwaa nke ahụ n'ụzọ nkịtị?" [22] Bryan zaghachiri na o kwenyere na "Chineke nke nwere ike ime whale ma nwee ike ime mmadụ ma mee ka ha abụọ mee ihe Ọ masịrị ya". [23] Bryan kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ịkọwa Bible, [22] a na-ewere ya n'ozuzu dị ka ọ pụtara dị ka "buffoon".[72]

Nnukwu n'ime whale niile - blue whales - bụ baleen whales nke na-eri plankton; na "a na-ekwukarị na ụdị a ga-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịrị ilo herring. " Nnukwu n"ime azụ niile - whale shark - nwere nnukwu ọnụ, mana akpịrị ya dị naanị sentimita anọ n'obosara, na ogwe aka dị nkọ ma ọ bụ gbagọọ n'azụ oghere ahụ, nke mere na ọbụnadị aka mmadụ agaghị enwe ike ịgafe ya. Ya mere, Jona enweghị ike ịbụ onye whale shark riri.[24]

Sperm whales, Otú ọ dị, yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị iche: Ha na-eri nnukwu squid mgbe niile, yabụ na mmadụ nwere ike ilo mmadụ.[25] Dị ka ehi, sperm whales nwere afọ anọ.[25] Ụlọ nke mbụ enweghị mmiri afọ mana o nwere mgbidi iji kpochapụ nri ya.[26][27] N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iku ume n'ime afọ sperm whale n'ihi na ikuku adịghị (ma eleghị anya methane kama). Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke 2023 nke Daniel Kraus na-enyocha echiche nke nwoke na-adị ndụ nke sperm whale riri, mana o nwere tankị oxygen.

Mmetụta ọdịbendị

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Ihe osise Jona na champlevé enamel (1181) nke Nicholas nke Verdun sere n'ebe ịchụàjà Verduner na Klosterneuburg Abbey, Austria

N'asụsụ Turkish, "Jonah's fish" (yunus balığı) bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe maka dolphin.[28] Okwu a na-ekwukarị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Jona" eme ihe iji pụta onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri / onye njem nke ọnụnọ ya n'ụgbọ ahụ na-eweta ọdachi ma na-etinye ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ.[29] Ka oge na-aga, a gbatịkwuru nkọwa a maka "onye na-ebu jinx, onye ga-eweta ọdachi na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla".[30]

N'agbanyeghị mkpirikpi ya, e meela ka Akwụkwọ Jona dị ọtụtụ ugboro n'akwụkwọ na n'omenala a ma ama.[151][152] Na Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Nna Mapple na-ekwu okwuchukwu na Akwụkwọ Jonah. Mapple jụrụ ihe mere Jonah anaghị egosi ịkwa ụta maka inupụ Chineke isi mgbe ọ nọ n'ime azụ ahụ. Ọ kwubiri na Jonah ghọtara nke ọma na " ntaramahụhụ ọjọọ ya bụ ihe ziri ezi. " The Adventures of Pinocchio nke Carlo Collodi (1883) gosipụtara onye isi na nna ya Geppetto ka "Terrible Dogfish" riri, na-ezo aka n'akụkọ Jonah.[154] Ihe nkiri Walt Disney mere na 1940 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ejigide ihe a.[155] Akụkọ Jonah ka e mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri animated nke Phil Vischer na Mike Nawrocki Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Jonah (nke Archibald Asparagus gosipụtara) bụ onye nnukwu whale riri.[31]

Njikọ ndị a tụrụ aro na akụkọ ifo

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Jona ka nnukwu anụ ọhịa nwere ezé riri. Isi obodo a tụrụ atụ nke ogidi site na nave nke ụlọ ụka ndị mọnk na Mozac, France, narị afọ nke iri na abụọ.

Joseph Campbell na-atụ aro na akụkọ Jonah yiri ihe nkiri sitere na Epic of Gilgamesh, ebe Gilgamesh nwetara osisi site na ala oké osimiri.[157] N'ime Akwụkwọ Jona, ikpuru (n'asụsụ Hibru Tola'ath, "maggot") na-ata mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ na-enye ndò na-eme ka ọ kpọnwụọ; ebe na Epic nke Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh na-eke nkume n'ụkwụ ya ma na-ewepụta osisi ya n'ala oké osimiri. [157][158] Ozugbo ọ laghachiri n'ikpere mmiri, agwọ riri osisi ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ.[157][159]

Jason (akụkọ ifo ndị Gris)

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Campbell kwukwara ọtụtụ myirịta dị n'etiti akụkọ Jonah na nke Jason na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris.[157] Nsụgharị Grik nke aha Jo' bụ Jonah, nke dị iche na Jason naanị n'usoro ụda - ha abụọ bụ omegas na-atụ aro na enwere ike ịgbagwoju Jason anya na Jonah.[157] Gildas Hamel, na-adabere n'Akwụkwọ Jona na isi mmalite ndị Gris - gụnyere Arịa ndị Gris na akụkọ Apollonius nke Rhodes, Gaius Valerius Flaccus na Orphic Argonautica - na-akọwa ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, gụnyere aha ndị dike, ọnụnọ nke nduru, echiche nke "ịgba ọsọ" dị ka ifufe ma na-akpata oké ifufe, àgwà nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọnụnwụ nke anụ mmiri ma ọ bụ dragọn na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ na-elo ya, na-eji "gourd" (ụdị na-eri ya, na okwu ahụ). Hamel na-ewere echiche na ọ bụ onye edemede Hibru meghachiri ma gbanwee akụkọ ifo a iji kwupụta ozi nke ya dị nnọọ iche.[32]

Hụkwa

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  • Aquanaut, onye na-anọ n'okpuru mmiri ruo ogologo oge
  • Akụkọ Bible na nke kor'an
  • Jona n'elu ụlọ ekpere Sistine
  • Akụkọ ifo na kor'an
  • Ndị amụma nke Islam
  • Qisas Al-Anbiya

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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Ihe edeturu

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Edensibia

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Njikọ mpụga

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  •  
  • Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). "The Prophet Jonas.", A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder. 
  • Lasine, Stuart 2020. Jona na Ọnọdụ Mmadụ: Ndụ na Ọnwụ na Ụwa Yahweh.New York: Bloomsbury/T & T Clark.
  1. ↑ "Sanhedrin", Babylonian Talmud. .
  2. ↑ Brenton Septuagint Translation Tobit 14.
  3. ↑ Tobit, CHAPTER 14 | USCCB.
  4. ↑ Lives of all saints commemorated on September 22. Orthodox Church in America (22 September 2017). Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  5. ↑ Commemoration of the Prophet Jonah. Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  6. ↑ Commemoration of the 12 Minor Prophets. Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  7. ↑ Commemoration Day of the 12 Minor Prophets. 24 July 2018. Saint Stepanos Armenian Apostolic Church of Elberon in New Jersey. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  8. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SycOrth
  9. ↑ The Commemoration of Jonah, Prophet, 22 September. Concordia and Koinonia. Retrieved on 13 March 2018.
  10. ↑ G’nsel Renda (1978). "The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh". Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  12. ↑ Link to Google map with Nineveh markers at gates, wall sections, hills and mosque. Goo.gl (19 March 2013). Retrieved on 29 June 2014.
  13. ↑ ISIS destroys 'Jonah's tomb' in Mosul. Al Arabiya (25 July 2014). Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved on 28 July 2014. “The radical Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group has destroyed shrines belonging to two prophets, highly revered by both Christians and Muslims, in the northern city of Mosul, al-Sumaria News reported Thursday. "ISIS militants have destroyed the Prophet Younis (Jonah) shrine east of Mosul city after they seized control of the mosque completely," a security source, who kept his identity anonymous, told the Iraq-based al-Sumaria News.”
  14. ↑ Halhoul. www.travelpalestine.ps. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved on 8 January 2023.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Archaeology and the Book of Jonah", delivered in January, 1978, published as Donald Wiseman (1979). "Jonah's Nineveh". Tyndale Bulletin 30: 29–52. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named blb
  17. ↑ Interlinear Bible: Greek, Hebrew, Transliterated, English .... Bible Hub. Retrieved on 24 August 2016. 
  18. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Robertson1960
  19. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Parris2015
  20. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Huber2013
  21. ↑ Wood (1976). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats]. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-900424-60-1. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Smolla1997
  23. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lidz2016
  24. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gudger1940
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  26. ↑ Reidenberg (19 November 2014). What would happen if you were swallowed by a whale?. The Naked Scientists. Retrieved on May 7, 2021.
  27. ↑ Smith (27 June 2010). Could a human survive swallowing by a whale?. The Naked Scientists. Retrieved on 7 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named TuretBayram1996
  29. ↑ "Afflicted with a Jonah; The Sea Captain's Fear of Parsons' Sons", The New York Times, 6 March 1885.
  30. ↑ Jonah. Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved on 6 October 2012.
  31. ↑ Deming. Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). AllMovie. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.
  32. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hamel2015
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