Josie Palmer
Josie Mpama | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Parent | Stephen Bonny Mpama and Georgina Garson |
Josie Mpama (21 Maachị 1903 – 3 Disemba 1979), amụrụ Josephine Palmer, bụ onye South Africa mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye na-akwado ọrụ.
Onye na-eme mkpọsa siri ike megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na maka ọrụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị, a na-ewere ya dị ka nwanyị ojii mbụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Communist Party nke South Africa.
Oge ọ malitere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Josephine Palmer na 1903 na Potchefstroom n'ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Transvaal Colony, nke bụzi North West Province nke South Africa.[1][2]
Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Georgina Garson na Stephen Bonny Mpama, onye ntụgharị okwu gọọmentị.[1] Ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka agba; nna ya bụ Zulu, n'agbanyeghị na ezinụlọ ya ahapụla obodo ha wee ghọọ Onye Kraịst, ma nne ya bụ Mfengu, Afrikaner, na moSotho.[2][3][4]
A maara ya maka akụkụ ndụ ya dị ka Josie Palmer, na-eji ụdị Anglicized nke aha nna nna ya Zulu. Ọ malitere iji aha Mpama emechaa, na ịkwaga obodo ojii, mana ọ na-eji aha abụọ ahụ mee ihe n'oge ndụ ya niile, dabere na akụkụ ebe ọ bi.[1][3]
A zụlitere Mpama na Sophiatown, n'èzí Johannesburg, tupu ya akwaghachi na Potchefstroom na 1921. Nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, ma mesịa nwee ike igbo mkpa onwe ya na nne ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ohu ezinụlọ ndị ọcha..[1][2]
Mgbalị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na ngwụcha afọ 1920, Mpama ghọrọ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ sonyeere ndị Communist Party nke South Africa, onye bu ụzọ nke South African Communist Party. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ sonyere, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ alaka nke Communist Party maka Potchefstroom . [1][3]
N'afọ 1928, ọ duziri mkpọsa megide ịchọ ka ndị isi ojii bi n'ógbè Potchefstroom nweta ikike obibi maka onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ ha, gụnyere ụmụ ha toro eto. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme mkpọsa megide ọtụtụ ebe obibi ndị ọzọ na mmachi njem.[1][5] Mpama sokwa na 1929 Beer Hall Riots.[6]
N'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ na-asa ákwà maka ezinụlọ ndị ọcha iji nweta ego.[7]
A manyere ya na di ya ịhapụ Potchefstroom na 1931, ha kwagara Johannesburg.[2] Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Communist Party na 1937 na Central Committee ya. Ọ ghọkwara onye otu kọmitii Johannesburg nke pati ahụ n'afọ ndị 1940 ma bụrụ onye ndú na ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke pati ahụ.[1][5]
Mpama dere maka Umsebenzi, ụlọ Ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke Communist Party, na 1920s na '30s, na-eme ka ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ ojii pụta ìhè. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado òtù ndị ọrụ ma lụọ ọgụ maka ịbawanye ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị nkuzi. [1] [5][8]
N'afọ 1935, ọ gara Moscow ịga Seventh World Congress of the Communist International ma mụọ na Mahadum Communist nke Toilers nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ.[9][10]
Ọrụ Mpama gụnyekwara ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1947, o nyere aka guzobe Transvaal All Women's Union, na-aghọ odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ. O nyere aka guzobe Federation of South African Women na 1954, mechaa duzie alaka Transvaal ya. [1]
Afọ ndị sochirinụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mpama chere nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị ihu, gụnyere iwu machibidoro iwu n'etiti afọ 1950 na njide na 1960. E mechara manye ya ịhapụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi iwu mmachibido iwu na nsogbu ahụike. Ọ nọrọ afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya na-ahazi ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na ụka ya.[1][2]
Mpama nwụrụ na 3 Disemba 1979, mgbe ụgbọala kụrụ ya mgbe ọ na-echere ịnakwere ezumike nká ya.[1][6]
Ndụ onwe onye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mpama bụ onye iwu nkịtị lụrụ Thabo Edwin Mofutsanyana, onye ndu na African National Congress na Communist Party nke South Africa, na 1920s.[1][2][3][4] N'ihi na e kewara Mofutsanyana dị ka ndị Africa n'okpuru iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ebe Mpama na-ekewa dị ka agba, n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro mmekọrịta ha mebiri iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Di na nwunye ahụ kewara na ngwụcha afọ 1930.[2]
Ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị mbụ ya, Carol, na nwoke na-acha ọbara ọbara na Doornfontein na 1920. Ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, Francis, na nwoke ọzọ na 1926. [2]
Ya na Mofutsanyana, ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Hilda, na 1928. [11] O mechara mụọ nwa nwoke, Dennis, ma eleghị anya site na mmekọrịta ya na Moses Kotane.[2]
Mpama bụ onye Anglịkan na-eme ihe, ọ na-ekwukwa okwu n'okwukwe ya na enweghị esemokwu n'etiti okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya na mkpebi ya na ọchịchị Kọmunist.[2]
Nkwado
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 2004, ọ natara Order of Luthuli in Silver mgbe ọ nwụsịrị maka ọrụ ya megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkwado ikike ndị ọrụ.[12][13]
A na-anọchite anya ya na ihe a tụrụ atụ na National Heritage Monument na Groenkloof Nature Reserve . [14]
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Josie Palmer. South African History Online. Retrieved on 6 August 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Edgar (2020). Josie Mpama/Palmer: Get Up and Get Moving. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4094-0. OCLC 1155989728. Edgar, Robert R. (2020). Josie Mpama/Palmer: Get Up and Get Moving. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4094-0. OCLC 1155989728.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 60 Iconic Women — The people behind the 1956 Women's March to Pretoria (21-30) (en-ZA). The Mail & Guardian (2016-08-25). Retrieved on 6 January 2021.
- ↑ Josesphine "Josie" Mpama. National Heritage Monument. Retrieved on 6 January 2021.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 van Rensburg (May 2012). "Protest by Potchefstroom native location’s residents against dominance, 1904 to 1950". Historia 57: 1: 22–41.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 (2011) Dictionary of African biography, Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku., Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-985725-8. OCLC 767838646.
- ↑ Van Wyk, Chris.. Thabo Mofutsanyana. ISBN 978-1-77008-385-1. OCLC 889937113.
- ↑ Roth (1996-01-01). "Josie Mpama: The contribution of a largely forgotten figure in the South African liberation struggle". Kleio 28 (1): 120–136. DOI:10.1080/00232089685310101. ISSN 0023-2084.
- ↑ (2008) The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Smith, Bonnie G., 1940-, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533786-0. OCLC 174537404.
- ↑ Josie Palmer Mpama (en-US). Our Constitution. Retrieved on 2021-01-06.
- ↑ 2. Potchefstroom: A Fighting Location. South African History Online (2012-01-16). Retrieved on 2021-01-06.
- ↑ Josie (Palmer) Mpama (1903 - 1979). The Presidency Republic of South Africa. Archived from the original on 2021-06-04. Retrieved on 2024-12-03.
- ↑ "President Mbeki honours South Africa's great", BBC Monitoring Africa, 2004-06-16.
- ↑ The Long March to Freedom. National Heritage Monument. Retrieved on 2021-01-07.