Kọmitii Mkpịsị Akụ
The Simplified Spelling Board bụ òtù America nke e akara na 1906 iji Mgbanwe e si asụ otú Bekee, na-eme ka ọ si asụ asụsụ Bekee, na-eme ka ọ pụta mfe ma dị mfe ọrụ, ma na-akpa ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-ekwekọghị na ya. Kọmitii ahụ ọrụ ruo 1920, afọ mgbe onye na-enyere ya aka nwụsịrị, onye bịara katọọ akara na ụzọ nke ahụ.
Ntọala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mara ọkwa Simplified Spelling Board na Machị 11, 1906, na Andrew Carnegie na-akwado nzukọ ahụ, ka isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na New York City. The New York Times kwuru na Carnegie kwenyesiri ike na "English nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ ụwa nke ọdịnihu" na mmetụta na-eduga n'udo zuru ụwa ọnụ, mana ọrụ a gbochiri ya site na "ntụgharị okwu na-emegiderịta onwe ya na nke siri ike". Carnegie tinyere $ 15,000 kwa afọ maka afọ ise iji malite nzukọ ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, o nyere $ 25,000 kwa afọ ma nata ndị nkwado.
Otu iri atọ mbụ nke Board ahụ bụ ndị edemede, ndị prọfesọ, na ndị nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, n'etiti ha Onye ọka Ikpe nke ikpe Kasị Elu David Josiah Brewer, Onye isi ala Nicholas Murray Butler nke Mahadum Columbia, Melvil Dewey (onye ozi Dewey Decimal Classification), Isaac K. Funk (onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Standard Dictionary), onye bụbusugery United States nkeman Education nke The Standard Dictionary), onye bụbusugery United States nkeman. Harris (na onye nchịkọta isi nke 1909 Webster's New International Dictionary), edemede onye Henry Twain, prọfesor Mark Harris, onye isi akwụkwọ Henry Twain[1] E eka eka na Metropolitan Life Building na 1 Madison Avenue, a họpụtakwara Brander Matthews dị ka oga oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ..
Na Machị 13, 1906, The New York Times dezi iche iji kwado mbọ ndị Simplified Spelling Board na-agba, na-ekwu na 90% nke okwu Bekee "a na-asụ nke ọma", mana na "a ga-enwe akara dị ukwuu site n'ibelata nke iri a na-eme ihe nke na-eme nsogbu".[1] Otu nchịkọta akụkọ na isi nke ụbọchị na-ekwu na ndị na-manya mbụ ndị ahụ bụ aro ka a debeiche ahụ dị ka ọ dị, naanị ka a na-eme nke ọma, mana na ndị otu ahụ ga- ihe mere eme nke ahụ ike na mbọ ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mma n' ike izochi ma ọ bụ gbagọ ya.[2] Brander Matthews, onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mesiri ike na-eme bụ isi nke ụlọ ọrụ na ime ka ahụ dị mfe bụ ike egwu ndị a na- mkpa mkpa, na-ekwu na "[s]implification site na edemede - nke a bụ ikpo okwu ya; nke a bụ ikike ya." na- anya n'ịtọpụ akwụkwọ ozi na-akpa ekwu okwu", na-eme ka usoro na-agafe ọtụtụ afọ. Nke a ga-esochi site na iji ihe phonetic nke American Philological Association ikpe ma tinye ụkwụ 40 dị mkpa eji na Bekee. A ga- bronkị Phonetics n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọtaala.
Okwu 300 mbụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E bipụtara ndepụta mbụ nke okwu 300 nke bọọdụ ahụ na Eprel 1, 1906. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndepụta ahụ gụnyere okwu ndị na-ejedebe na -ed gbanwere na njedebe -t ("adreesị", "na-emetụ n'ahụ", "na'ahụ", na-aghọ "adreesị" na "ọchịchọ", "na na-emetụ aka", "na" na "wisht", n'otu n'otu). Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ gụnyere iwepụ mkpụrụedemede na-adịghị ekwu okwu ("katalogue" ka ọ bụrụ "katalog"), ịgbanwe -re na -er ("calibre" na "sabre" ka ọ dị "caliber" na "snow"), ịgbanwe "ough" ka ọ pụta ìhè na ụdaume dị ogologo na okwu ọhụrụ altho, tho na thoro, na mgbanwe iji gosipụta ụda "z" na mkpụrụedemede ahụ, ebe ejirila "s" mee ihe ("brasen" na "surprise" ka ọ ghọọ "Brazen" na "superprize"). A ga-ewepụkwa Digraphs, na bọọdụ na-akwalite mkpụrụedemede ndị dị ka "anemia", "anesthesia", "archeology", "encyclopedia" na "orthopedic".
Kọmitii ahụ kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị dị na ndepụta ha ahọrọlarị site na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu atọ dị ugbu a: Webster's (ihe karịrị ọkara), Century (60%) na Standard (abụọ n'ụzọ atọ). Na June 1906, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwadebere ndepụta nke okwu 300 e mere maka ndị nkuzi, ndị nkuzi na ndị edemede, nke e zigara mgbe a rịọrọ ya.
Na June 1906, New York City Board of Education natara akụkọ site na Board of Superintendents na-atụ aro ka a nabata ndepụta okwu 300, ọ ga-enyekwa ndụmọdụ ahụ na Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ maka nkwado.
N'Ọnọ Ọgọstụ 1906, Onye isi ala nke United States Theodore Roosevelt papa ahụ, na-etinye aka n'iwu ndị isi n' akara ya dị na Oyster Bay, New York, na-enye iwu ka e jiri ike ọrụ na-eme na ozi ya na Congress. [1] Prọfesọ Matthews kwuru na ọ nataghị ọkwa ọkwa tupu oge eruo iwu iwu onye isi ala ma were ya na ike mgbe e nyere ya
Roosevelt gbalịrị ịmanye gọọmentị etiti ka ọ nabata usoro ahụ, na-eziga iwu na Public Printer iji usoro ahụ mee ihe na akwụkwọ gọọmentị niile. E rubere iwu ahụ isi; n'etiti ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara site na iji usoro ahụ bụ ozi pụrụ iche nke Onye isi ala banyere Canal Panama.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times kwuru na New York State Commissioner of Education chere na steeti akwado ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ọ kwetaghị na ngalaba steeti agwa ndị mmadụ ha ga-esi dee". Ka ọ na-erule n'ọgọstụ 1906, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kọrọ na ihe ụmụ mmadụ 5,000 kwere nkwa iji okwu ndị dị na ndepụta mbụ, ebe ndị ọzọ 500 ruo 600 iji ihe ụfọdụ okwu, mana na-eso ndị ọzọ..
ndị nta akụkọ nọ n'ụdị nke Atlantic nwere ihe egwuregwu na "agbanwe nke ihe", na ndị nchịkọta ihe nkiri ihe nkiri. The Louisville Courier-Journal sere otu isiokwu nke kwuru, sị: "Nuthing gbapụrụ Maazị Rucevelt. Ọ dịghị ihe ọ elala ka ị were ya, ma ọ bụ ka ị hụ ya. Ọ na-eme tretis na-achị nke Senit. " The Baltimore Sun mere ihe ọchị: "Olee otú ọ ga-esi dee aha nke n ya? Ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ahụ ma ọRusevel ya bụ́ ike ma ọRusevel ya, ọ ga-eme ka ọ ahụ ma ọRusevel ya bụ́ ike nke ma ọRusevel ya. ' Butt-in-sky? " Otu nchịkọta nyere nyere n'okwu a: "Nke bụ ihe onwunwe na-n' ka ọ ihe dị mma" [1] Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ dị mkpa na-edepụta ya na-ede akwụkwọ na-agba ọsọ iwu ndị isi na-emebi akwụkwọ na London, ebe ọ dị na-ede edi na-edezi ihe mere eme".
N'ịzaghachi nkatọ na- ikike elu site na akwụkwọ Britain, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mgbakwunye nke James Murray, onye na-ede akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Scottish na onye nchịkọta nke Oxford English Dictionary, yana Joseph Wright, prọfesọ Mahadum Oxford nke nkà ihe na onye nchịkọta nke English Dialect Dictionary. Gwakọta ya na aha mbụ nke Walter William Skeat, onye nchịkọta nke Etymological English Dictionary, bọọdụ ahụ nwere ike ịsị na ọ nwere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, Bekee atọ hel site na United States na United Kingdom n' watch ya.
Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu banyere n'ọgụ ahụ ma nye iwu ka e bipụta echiche ya n'ụdị ochie.
| Asụsụ dị ugbu a | Iwu | Ihe Nlereanya |
|---|---|---|
| AE (Æ) na OE (Œ) a na-akpọ /ɛ/ | iji E | ịma mma→ ịma mma, nwa e bu n'afọ→fetus, alumnae (enweghị ọbara) |
| BT a na-akpọ /t/ | iji T | ụgwọ→kwụsị, obi abụọ→ obi abụọ |
| -CEED | iji -CEDE-Anyefe ya | gafere→gafere, gaa n'ihu→gafere |
| CH a na-akpọ /k/ | daa n'olu H n'ihu E, I, Y |
njirimara→àgwà, ụlọ akwụkwọ→scoolchemist, architect, monarchy (enweghị isi) |
| ụdaume abụọ ikpeazụ | wepụ mkpụrụedemede ikpeazụ, mana na -LL naanị mgbe ụdaume dị mkpirikpi gasịrị, na -SS naanị na monosyllables |
add→ad, bill→bil, bluff→bluf, doll→dol, egg→eg, glass→glas, loss→losMa chekwaa ụdaume abụọ n'ime ihe niile, tụgharịa, enweghị mkpa, a.s.f. |
| ụdaume abụọ tupu ụdaume -E | wepụ mkpụrụedemede abụọ ikpeazụ | ihe na-adịghị mma→bagatel, ihe dị ịtụnanya→bizar, sịga, giraffe→ giraf, gram→gram |
| na-agbachi nkịtị ma ọ bụ na-E eduhie -E | wE E | are→ar, give→giv, have→hav, were→wer, gone→gon,examine→examination, practise→practis, definite→definit, active→activ, involve→involv, serve→serv,achieve→achiev, leave→leav, freeze→freez, gauze→gauz, sleeve→sleeve aka |
| EA a na-akpọ /ɛ/ | iji E | isi→hed |
| EA a na-akpọ /ɑ/ | iji A | obi→hart |
| EAU na EAUX na-akpọ /əʊ/ | iji O | ọfịs→burobureaucracy |
| -ED a na-akpọ /d/ | jiri -D, belata ụdaume abụọ ọ bụla dị n'elu gaa n'otu mkpụrụedemede |
zara→azịza, a na-akpọ→cald, carry→carrid, preferred→preferd, wronged→wrongd. Emegbula mgbanwe a ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ okwu ahụ na-atụ aro ịkpọpụta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi: iri ngo na-abụghị iri ngo; eji ya eme ihe na-abụghị usd, a.s.f. |
| -ED a na-akpọ /t/ | jiri -T, belata ụdaume abụọ ọ bụla dị n'elu gaa n'otu mkpụrụedemede, gbanwee CED / SCED gaa na ST |
jụrụ→askt, advanced→advanst. Emegbula mgbanwe a ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ okwu ahụ na-atụ aro ịkpọpụta okwu na-ezighi ezi: baked not bakt; hopt, a.s.f. |
| A na-akpọ ya /iː/ | iji IEI.E. | conceit→conciet, ghọgburu→deciev |
| -EY a na-akpọ /iː/ | iji -Y | anwụrụ ọkụ→chimny, ego→mony |
| GH a na-akpọ /f/ | jiri F, tụfuo mkpụrụedemede na-adịghị ekwu okwu na digraph dị n'elu |
ụkwara→ ụkwara, ọchị→ ụkwara ụkwara, zuru ezu→ ụkwara |
| GH a na-akpọ /ɡ/ | iji G | aghast→agast, ghost→gost |
| -GM a na-akpọ /m/ | jiri M | apothegm→apothem, paradigm→paradim |
| -GUE mgbe ụdaume, ụdaume dị mkpirikpi ma ọ bụ digraph na-anọchite anya ụdaume dị ogologo ma ọ bụ diphthong | daa jụụ -UE | catalogue→catalog, Legị, prologue→prologue→tungBut not in rogue, vague, a.s.f. |
| -ISE na -YSE a na-akpọ /aɪz/ | iji -IZE | mgbasa ozi→advertize, analysis→analize, rise→rize |
| -MB mgbe ụdaume dị mkpirikpi gasịrị | jiri M | bomb→bom, crumb→crumMa ọ bụghị mgbe ụdaume dị ogologo dị ka na comb, tomb, a.s.f. |
| -OE a na-akpọ /oʊ/ | daa n'olu E, ma e wezụga n'ụdị ndị a gbanwere |
foe→fo, hoe→hofoes, hoed (enweghị akụkụ) |
| OEU a na-akpọ /uː/ | jiri U | Omume→Mgbagharị |
| OUL a na-akpọ /əʊl/ | jiri OL, ma e wezụga na "mkpụrụ obi" |
nkume→bolder, ebu→moldebu |
| -OUGH | jiri O/U/OCK/UP dịka ịkpọpụta | ọ bụ ezie na→altho, borough→boro, doughnut→donut, thoro, through→thru, hough→hock, hiccough→hiccup. ọ bụ ezie na→tho Maka ịsụ, dee ọrụ ugbo, mana ọ bụghị isi ala maka ahịhịa. |
| -OUR a na-akpọ /ər/ | iji -OR | agba→ agba, ụtọ→ ụtọ |
| PH a na-akpọ /f/ | iji F | mkpụrụ akwụkwọ→ mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, ekwentị→telefone |
| C">-RE mgbe ụdaume ọ bụla ma e wezụga C | iji -ER | etiti→etiti, mita→mita. Mana chekwaa -RE na uru, ọ bụghị nke ọma. |
| RH- a na-akpọ /r/ | jiR R | rhetoric→retoric, rhubarb→rubarb |
| RRH a na-akpọ /r/ | jiR R | ọbara ọgbụgba→ ọbara ọgbụrụ |
| M">S dị jụụ n'etiti I na L | daa n'olu S | agwaetiti→alailand |
| SC- a na-akpọ /s/ | iji S | ihe nkiri→ ihe ngosi, ihe nkedo→ ihe nkedo |
| -SQUE a na-akpọ /sk/ | ojiji -SK | burlesque→burlesk |
| U na-adịghị ekwu okwu n'ihu ụdaume | daa n'olU U | onye nche→gu, cheba→ge, onye ndu→guide |
| Y n'etiti ụdaume | jiri M | nyocha→analysis, ụdị→ụdị |
| A na-akpọ ya /jʌ/ | jiri YU | your→yur, young→yung |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Clarence G. Child
- Society nke Mkpịsị Akụ
- Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ okwu 1 (SR1)
- Asụsụ Ọdịnala E dezigharịrị
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the 'Progressiv' Era." Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era (2010) 9#3 pp. 365-394
- Pringle, Henry F. Theodore Roosevelt (1932; 2nd ed. 1956), akụkọ ndụ zuru ezu.
- Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Spelling Simplified. Kọmitii Mkpịsị Akpụkpọ Akpụkpọ Akwụkwọ, 1920.