Kalinago
| Kalinago | |
|---|---|
| Igneri, Iñeri, Inyeri | |
| Kalhíphona | |
| A mụrụ ya | Windward Islands (Guadeloupe ruo Grenada, ma e wezụga Barbados) |
| Agbụrụ | Kalinago, Igneri |
| Ndị nwụrụ anwụ | c. 1918 na Dominica, na ọnwụ nke Ma Gustave [1] mepụtara na Garifuna na St. Vincent |
Arawak
| |
Ụdị mbụ |
|
| Latịn | |
| Koodu asụsụ | |
| ISO 639-3 | crb |
crb Kalhíphona | |
qgq Iñero | |
| Glottolog | isla1278 |
 Iñeri (Kalinago) n'etiti asụsụ ndị ọzọ Pre-Columbian nke Antilles | |
Asụsụ Kalinago, nke a makwaara dị ka Island Carib na Igneri (Iñeri, Inyeri, wdg), bụ Asụsụ Arawak nke Kalinago nke Lesser Antilles na Caribbean na-asụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Kalinago n'onwe ya ghọrọ ihe na-adịghịzi adị n'ihe dị ka afọ 1920 n'ihi mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na nchụpụ nke oge ọchịchị na-akpata ọnwụ asụsụ, mana otu alaka dị ka Garifuna, karịsịa na Central America.
N'agbanyeghị na a maara ya dị ka Island Carib, asụsụ ahụ enweghị njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Carib nke ndị Carib bi na mpaghara ala. Kama nke ahụ, o yiri ka ọ bụ mmepe nke asụsụ Arawakan nke ndị mbụ bi na agwaetiti ahụ na-asụ, nke ndị Carib bịara nabata n'oge tupu Columbian. N'oge ọchịchị ndị France, ndị Carib na-asụkwa asụsụ pidgin sitere na Caribbean n'etiti onwe ha..
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'oge ndị Yuropu na-akpakọrịta, Kalinago bi n'Agwaetiti Windward nke obere Antilles, site na Guadeloupe ruo Grenada. Omenala oge a gosiri na Kalinago nwere njikọ na ala Caribs (Kalina) nke South America ma merie agwaetiti ndị a site n'aka ndị bi na ha mbụ, Igneri. N'ihi ya, a makwaara Kalinago dị ka Caribs ma ọ bụ Island Caribs, a na-echekwa na ha na-asụ Carib ma ọ bụ asụsụ Cariban yiri ya. Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ ihe na narị afọ nke 20 chọpụtara na asụsụ Antillean Caribs abụghị Cariban, kama Arawakan, nke metụtara asụsụ Lokono na ala South America na n'ebe dị anya karịa na asụsụ Taíno nke Greater Antilles.[2]
Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a atụwo aro ọtụtụ echiche na-akọwa mgbasa nke asụsụ Arawak n'etiti ndị Kalinago. Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Irving Rouse tụrụ aro na ndị Carib si South America meriri ndị Igneri mana ha ewepụghị ha, ma were asụsụ ha ka oge na-aga.[2] Ndị ọzọ na-enwe obi abụọ na e nwere mwakpo. Sued Badillo tụrụ aro na Igneri bi na Lesser Antilles nabatara njirimara "Carib" n'ihi njikọ chiri anya ha na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arị elu na narị afọ nke iri na isii.[2] N'ihe omume ọ bụla, eziokwu ahụ bụ na asụsụ Kalinago doro anya na ọ sitere na ụdị Arawakan dị adị emeela ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ kpọọ ya "Igneri". O yiri ka ọ dị iche na Taíno dị ka ọ dị na ụdị Arawak.[2]
N'oge ọchịchị ndị France na narị afọ nke 17, nakwa ikekwe tupu mgbe ahụ, Kalinago nwoke jiri asụsụ pidgin nke dị na Cariban tinyere asụsụ Arawakan Kalinago. O doro anya na pidgin ahụ yiri nke ndị Carib na-eji agwa ndị agbata obi ha okwu. Berend J. Hoff na Douglas Taylor chere na ọ malitere n'oge mgbasa nke Carib n'agwaetiti ndị ahụ, nakwa na ụmụ nwoke nọgidere na-eji ya iji mee ka mmalite ha pụta ìhè.[4] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-enwe obi abụọ banyere ịdị adị nke mwakpo Carib na-atụ aro na pidgin a bụ mmepe e mechara nweta site na mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ amaala nke ala ahụ.[2]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | ɨ | u |
| N'etiti | e | o | |
| Emeghe | a |
Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Kalinago nwere ụdaume iri na isii.
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala dị larịị | asp. | |||||
| Kwụsị | p | t | k | |||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | ɸ | (s) | ɕ | x | h | |
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | nʰ | ɲ | ||
| Ihe atụ | w | l | j | |||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Yesno' not found. nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka alveolar [s] na nnwere onwe.[3]
Ihe edeturu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Taylor, Douglas MacRae (1977). Languages of the West Indies. Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-1729-8.
- 1 2 Hill (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252073843. Retrieved on June 17, 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Hill54" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Josephs (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago. University of Arizona.
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Rouse (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved on June 17, 2014.