Khasic
Asụsụ Khasic ma ọ bụ Khasian bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Austroasiatic sitere na Shillong Plateau ma ndị Khasi, Pnar na ndị ọzọ metụtara ya na-asụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na steeti Meghalaya nke dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Khasi na-asụ ọtụtụ mmadụ. A na-ahụ obere obere akpa ndị na-asụ Khasic na ngalaba Assam, Manipur, Mizoram na Sylhet nke Bangladesh.[1]
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sidwell (2018: 27-31) kewara asụsụ Khasian dị ka ndị a: Ụdị dị iche iche a na-akpọ Bhoi bụ olumba nke Pnar na Khasi.
Mmekọrịta mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Paul Sidwell (2011) na-atụ aro na Khasian na Palaungic nwere njikọ chiri anya, na-etolite alaka Khasi-Palaungic..
Sidwell achọpụtala isoglosses asatọ na-esonụ nke Khasian-Palaungic (2018: 32).
| Nkọwa | Proto-Khasia (Sidwell 2018) |
Proto-Palaungic (Sidwell 2015) [2] |
|---|---|---|
| ọbara | *nriːm | *nriːm |
| mkpịsị aka | __ibo____ibo__ *Treesị | *rənsiːm |
| ntutu isi | *sɲuʔ | *ɲuk |
| nwoke/di | trmɛ (Amwi) | *-meʔ |
| Mmiri ozuzo | *slap; slɛ (Amwi) |
*clɛʔ |
| igwu mmiri | *ɟŋiː | Ndị Kraịst |
| abụọ | *ʔaːr | *ləʔaːr |
| mmiri | *ʔum | *ʔoːm |
Ihe ọhụrụ e ji emepụta okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sidwell (2018: 23) depụtara ihe ọhụrụ Khasian lexical formations (ya bụ, ịkọwapụta ụdị lexical forms) nke dị naanị na alaka Khasian, mana ọ bụghị na ngalaba Austroasiatic ndị ọzọ).
| Nkọwa Bekee | Ndị Ọmụmụ Ihe nke Asia | Lyngam | Maram | Khasi | Pnar | Mnar | Agha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| osikapa e siri esi | *Aː | __ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị | Ja Ja Ja Ja | __ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị | ihe ndị ọzọ | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị |
| ọnwa | *bnəːj | bni | bne | bnai /bnaːi/ | bnaj | pni | pnʊ |
| ịbụ abụ | *rwəːj | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ | Rwej | Rwanda /rwaːi/ | Rịa | - | rvʊ |
| anọ | *saːw | saw | saw | saw /saːw/ | ya mere | sɔu | ria |
| osimiri | *waʔ | - | na-adị | wah /waːʔ/ | na-adị | na-adị | na-adị |
| niile | *baronụ | prok | barɔʔ | baroh /barɔːʔ/ | warɔʔ | - | Leftɒʔ |
| Ezì | *sniaŋ | Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ | sniaŋ | sniang /sniaŋ/ | sniaŋ | chɲaŋ | rniŋ |
| ájá | *ịdị arụsị | Isiokwu | __ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ́ Xizi | shyiap /ʃʔiap/ | Isiokwu | ʃʔip | ʃʔiap |
| ịṅụ mmanya | *di:ʔ/c | dec | Na-arụ ọrụ na ya | dih /diːʔ/ | diʔ | deʔ | deʔ |
| okooko osisi/kpakpando | *khloːr | khlor | Khandar | khlúr //kʰloːr// | khlor | - | khlʊə |
| ire | *thnləːc | Mkpụrụ osisi | Isiokwu | thyllied //tʰɨlleːc// | Isiokwu | khlut | Klit |
| ice/freeze | *thaʔ | thaʔ | thaʔ | __ibo__ Ịnọzọn //tʰaːʔ// | thaʔ | thaʔ | thaʔ |
Ihe owuwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Paul Sidwell (2018) emegharịala Proto-Khasian na Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam. A na-eme atụmatụ na Proto-Khasian malitere ihe dị ka afọ 2,000-2,500 gara aga, ebe Agha kewara site na ụdị asụsụ Khasian ndị ọzọ ihe dị ka afọ 1,500 gara aga (Sidwell 2018: 20).
Ụdị ọdịdị Proto-Khasian gụnyere *pN- prefix na *-r- infix (Sidwell 2018: 66-67).
Ihe ndị na-esonụ e wughachiri na nke mechiri emechi na Proto-Khasian sitere na Sidwell (2018: 51-67).
- Aha nnọchiaha
| Ụmụ nwoke | Ụmụ nwanyị | Ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Onye nke mbụ | *ŋa (isi okwu / oblique); *ʔɔ (mmejọ) |
*ŋa (isi okwu / oblique); *ʔɔ (mmejọ) |
*ʔi |
| Onye nke abụọ | *m | *pha | *phi |
| Onye nke atọ (animate) |
*ʔu | *ka | *ki |
| Onye nke atọ (inanimated ~ obere) |
*ʔi | *ʔi | *ʔi |
- Ihe ngosi
- *na 'onye dị nso'
- *ị 'mesị'
- *taj 'nke a na-ahụ anya'
- *te 'mesioproximal'
- *tɛ 'ihe dị anya (nke a na-adịghị ahụ anya) '
- Ndị na-ajụ
- *ʔ eji 'ọ bụghị'
- *ham 'adịghị'
- *ta 'ọ bụghị'
- Okwu mbido / akara akara
- *ha 'locative/oblique'
- *Anyị nwere
- *da 'ihe eji eme ihe'
- *ba (?) 'na/na'
- *tV 'gbagọrọ agbagọ'
- Ụdị ụda / ọdịdị
- *la:j 'ịga'
- *dɛp 'ọgwụgwụ'
- *diʔ 'ịga'
- *daː 'nwere'
- * *Same'
- Ihe ngosi ọdịdị
- *pN- 'prefix'
- *-r- 'okwu'
- Ọnụ ọgụgụ
| Nkọwa | Ndị Ọmụmụ Ihe nke Asia | Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam |
|---|---|---|
| otu | *wiː~*miː | |
| otu | * * * * | |
| abụọ | *ʔaːr | |
| atọ | *laːj | |
| anọ | *saːw | |
| ise | *san | |
| isii | *n'ihi ya: | |
| asaa | *hnɲəw | |
| asatọ | *phraː | |
| itoolu | *khndaːj | |
| iri | *phəw |
Mgbanwe ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Sidwell (2018) depụtara mgbanwe ụda ndị a site na Pre-Khasian (ya bụ, ọkwa nna nna nke Khasian nke bu Proto-Khasian ụzọ) gaa na Proto-Kh Asian.
- Pre-Khasian *b- > *p-, *ɓ- > *b- chain shift Proto-Austroasiatic *b-> proto-Khasian*p- Proto-Austrasiatic *ɓ-> proto -Khasian * b-
- Proto-Austroasiatic *b- > proto-Khasian *p-
- Proto-Austroasiatic *ɓ- > proto-Khasian *b-
- Pre-Khasian *d- > *t-, * ɗ- > *d- chain shift Proto-Austroasiatic *d-> proto-Khasian*t- Proto-Austrasiatic *ɗ- > proto-Kh Asian *d-
- Proto-Austroasiatic *d- > proto-Khasian *t-
- Proto-Austroasiatic *ɗ- > proto-Khasian *d-
- Tupu Khasian *-l > *-n/*-Ø
- Tupu Khasian *-h > *-s > *-t
- Pre-Khasian *-ʔ > *-Ø >, *-k > *-ʔ chain shiftMgbanwe nke eriri
- Tupu Khasian *g- > *k-
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndepụta nke Proto-Khasian reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Sidwell, Paul. Khasian Languages Project.
- ↑ Sidwell, Paul. 2015. The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. München: Lincom Europa.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2011. Proto-Khasian na Khasi-Palaungic. Journal of the South East Asia linguistics society E debere ya na Wayback Machine, Vol. 4.2, peeji nke 144-168, December 2011.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2011b. Proto-Khasian (ma ọ bụ -War-Khasi); nrụzigharị na nkewa. E gosipụtara ya na SEALS 21, Mahadum Kasetsart, Bangkok, Thailand.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2018. Asụsụ Khasian: Nchịkọta, Nrụzigharị, na Comparative Lexicon. Asụsụ nke Ụwa 58. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783862889143
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Sidwell (2014). Proto Khasian: An Emerging Reconstruction. Asia-Pacific Linguistics.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Khasian Languages Project (nke Paul Sidwell)