Gaa na ọdịnaya

Kimberlé Crenshaw

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

 

Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw (amụrụ na Mee 5, 1959) bụ onye America na-akwado ikike obodo na onye ọkà mmụta nke echiche agbụrụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na UCLA School of Law na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na okwu agbụrụ na okike.[1]

A maara Crenshaw maka iwebata na ịzụlite echiche nke intersectional, nke a makwaara dị ka intersectional theory, ọmụmụ nke otu mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị njirimara ndị pere mpe, si emetụta usoro na usoro nke mmegbu, ọchịchị, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè.[2][3] Ọrụ ya na-agbasawanye iji tinye intersectional femism, nke bụ sub-category metụtara intersectionel theory. Intersectional femism na-enyocha usoro mmegbu na ịkpa ókè nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu n'ihi agbụrụ ha, mmekọahụ, na akụ na ụba ha.[4]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ Crenshaw na Canton, Ohio, na Mee 5, 1959, [5] nne na nna Marian na Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr. [6] Site na nwata, ndị mụrụ Crenshaw gbara ya ume ka ọ kwurịta "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị" nke ọ "hụrụ n'ụwa n'ụbọchị ahụ". Ọzụzụ mbụ a ga-abụ ihe ndabere nke nhọrọ ọrụ ya ka oge na-aga.[7]

Crenshaw gara Canton McKinley High School. N'afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na gọọmentị na ọmụmụ Africana na Mahadum Cornell, [8] ebe ọ bụ onye otu Quill and Dagger senior Honors Society. [9][10] Ọ natara JD na Harvard Law School na 1984.[11] N'afọ 1985, ọ natara LLM site na Mahadum Wisconsin Law School, ebe ọ bụ William H. Hastie Fellow na odeakwụkwọ iwu na Wisconsin Supreme Court Judge Shirley Abrahamson . [10] [12][13]

Ọrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị LLM ya, Crenshaw sonyeere ngalaba nke UCLA School of Law na 1986. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ngalaba nke Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu na onye nkuzi na ikike obodo, ọmụmụ agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu iwu. [8] Na UCLA School of Law, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ kụziri klas anọ, Advanced Critical Race Theory, Civil Rights, Intersectional Perspectives on Race, Gender, and the Criminalization of Women & Girls, and Race, Law and Representation. [14]

N'afọ 1991, Crenshaw nyeere ndị otu iwu na-anọchite anya Anita Hill aka na US Senate confirmation hearings maka Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. [15] N'afọ 1991 na 1994, a họpụtara ya dịka prọfesọ nke afọ site n'ịbanye ụmụ akwụkwọ.[16] N'afọ 1995, a họpụtara Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, nke e guzobere na 2011.[16][17] Na Columbia Law School, ọmụmụ Kimberlé W. Crenshaw gụnyere ogbako intersectionalities na nke ọzọ lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem na ikike obodo. [18] 

Na 1996, Crenshaw ghọrọ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke African American Policy Forum (AAPF), onye na-eche echiche lekwasịrị anya na "ịkwụsị enweghị ahaghị nhata" na "ịkwalite na ịgbasa ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, na enweghị ike nke ikike mmadụ niile, ma na US na mba ụwa." Ebumnuche ya bụ iwulite njikọ dị n'etiti nyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta na okwu ọha na eze gbasara ahaghị nhata na ịkpa ókè.[1][2] Crenshaw enyela onye isi oche Fulbright maka Latin America na Brazil, na 2008, e nyere ya mkpakọrịta na Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies na Stanford.[3]

Na 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ ndabere na agbụrụ agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị maka United Nations World Conference on Racism, nyere aka kwado nsonye nwoke na nwanyị na nkwupụta ogbako WCAR, jere ozi dị ka onye otu National Science Foundation's Committee on Research on Violence Against Women na National Research Council on Research on Violence Against Women. Crenshaw bụ onye otu ndị otu Strategy Group na Aspen Institute site na 1992 ruo 1995, [1] Women's Media Initiative, [2] ma bụrụ onye na-ekwu okwu oge niile na NPR's The Tavis Smiley Show.[3]

N'afọ 2020, Crenshaw natara nzere doctorate n'aka KU Leuven . [19] O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebipụta.[20][21] Akwụkwọ Crenshaw na Luke Charles Harris na George Lipsitz, The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, na-eme atụmatụ ibipụta na Disemba 2025.

Intersectionality

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Mmalite nke echiche a

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1989, Crenshaw chepụtara okwu intersectionality na edemede ya "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics" dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka kọwaa mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na America.[1][2] Echiche nke intersectionality dị ogologo oge tupu Crenshaw chepụta okwu ahụ mana a mataghị ya ruo mgbe ọrụ Crenshaw. Ndị inyom ojii dị ka Sojourner Truth na okwu 1851 ya "Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?" na Anna Julia Cooper na edemede ya nke 1892 "Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nwanyị Na-acha Acha" kwupụtara echiche dị n'etiti ogologo oge tupu e dee okwu ahụ.[3][4][5] Mkpali Crenshaw maka echiche ahụ malitere mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na Mahadum Cornell mgbe ọ chọpụtara na aghọtachaghị akụkụ agbụrụ nke agbụrụ.[6]

Arụmụka Crenshaw

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Crenshaw zoro aka na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors n'ihe odide ya, ajụjụ ọnụ ya, na nkuzi ya. Na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors,[1] otu ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America boro ebubo na ha enwetala ịkpa oke n'ebe ọrụ, na-ewepụ ha na ohere ọrụ. Ha rụrụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị tozuru oke maka ọkwa ụkọchukwu na odeakwụkwọ, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ka enyere ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America ịchọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ tụlere ebubo nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-achọpụta na ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ Africa-American bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ihi ya, ụlọikpe ahụ jụrụ ịtụle ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ ma kagbuo ikpe ahụ.[2]

Crenshaw kwukwara banyere intersectionality n'ihe metụtara ahụmahụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke 1991 iwu otu maka Anita Hill, nwanyị nke ebubo Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nhoputa bụ Clarence Thomas maka iyi egwu mmekọahụ.[1] Ikpe ahụ dọtara ndị mmadụ abụọ na-emegide: ndị ọcha na-akwado Hill na ndị Africa-American na-emegide Clarence Thomas. Akụkụ abụọ nke arụmụka ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmahụ Hill nke ịbụ ndị a na-akpagbu dị ka nwanyị, n'otu aka ahụ, na n'aka nke ọzọ, ịrịọ mgbaghara Thomas ma ọ bụ leghara omume ya anya n'ihi ohere ya ịghọ nanị onye America nke abụọ na-eje ozi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States. [1]

Crenshaw kwuru na n'ihi na otu abụọ ahụ na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'oge ikpe ahụ, Anita Hill tụfuru olu ya dị ka nwanyị ojii. A họpụtara ya n'amaghị ama ka ọ kwado akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'ụzọ mere ka njirimara agbụrụ ya ghara ịdị mkpa na usoro ahụ. "Ọ dị ka otu n'ime oge ahụ ebe ị na-eche n'ụzọ nkịtị ka a na-achụpụ gị n'obodo gị, ihe niile n'ihi na ị na-agbalị ikwu okwu ma kwuo banyere ụzọ ndị inyom Africa America si enweta mmekpa ahụ na ime ihe ike. "Ọ bụ oge na-akọwapụta oge maka Anita Hill, "Crenshaw kwukwara, "na ime ihe mere ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya .... Aghọtala ugbu a. Ihe a na-emeghị bụ ịnakwere ahụmahụ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ịkpa ókè."[1]

Crenshaw kwukwara banyere echiche nke intersectionality na a TED Talk na October 2016. [1] Ọzọkwa, Crenshaw nyere okwu isi okwu na Women of the World event na Southbank Center na London, England, na 2016. [2] O kwuru banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ndị inyom na-agba agba n'ọgụ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ, na ike. [3] N'okwu TED ya na okwu isi okwu na 2016, o kwuru okwu banyere nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ụmụ nwanyị agba: obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. O webatara mkpọsa #SayHerName, nke e mere iji mee ka a mara akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ndị uwe ojii gburu. [4] A na-elekwasị anya na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị SayHerName sitere na echiche nke intersectionality, nke Crenshaw na-akọwa otú a: "Ọ dị ka Lazy Susan - ị nwere ike ịnakwere agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, njirimara transgender, ma ọ bụ klas ma na-akatọ ndị inyom site na njedebe. [5]

Kemgbe afọ 2010, Crenshaw ekwuola megide nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke intersectionality, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ akọwaala ya n'ụzọ na-eweghi ezi dị ka okwu mkpuchi maka nsogbu "dị mgbagwoju anya", "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steroid," ma ọ bụ "usoro iji gbanwee ndị ọcha ka ha bụrụ ndị a jụrụ ajụ ọhụrụ". [22] Kama nke ahụ, Crenshaw na-akọwa intersectionnality dị ka,  

Onye Na-elekọta Nwanne M

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbalị mba imeghe ubube nke ohere maka ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ojii.[1] Crenshaw na ndị ọzọ sonyere na African American Forum egosila site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na atụmatụ a nwere ezi ebumnuche mana e mere ya iji mee ka ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike mana ewepu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O dere otu akụkọ na New York Times na-akọwapụta nsogbu ndị dị na atụmatụ ahụ.[2] AAPF ewepụtala mgbasa ozi #WHYWECANTWAIT iji kwado maka mmezigharị nke "My Brothers Keeper" gụnyere ndị isi ojii, ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwoke. A na-akwado atụmatụ a n'ebe nile, nke ndị ikom ojii bịanyere aka na ya, akwụkwọ ozi ndị ụmụ nwanyị ojii bịanyere aka na ya, na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ụmụnna ndị kwenyere n'ihe kpatara ya.

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara na Laura Flanders Show, Crenshaw kwuru na ewepụtara mmemme a maka nzaghachi oke iwe n'etiti ndị Africa-America ka a tọhapụrụ George Zimmerman na agbapụ na igbu onye Africa-American n'afọ iri na ụma Trayvon Martin. Ọ kọwara mmemme ahụ dị ka “ezi obi” na atụmatụ nna mana o kwenyeghị na ọ bụ usoro dị mkpa ma ọ bụ usoro ga-enyere aka ịlụso mbibi nke ikike obodo ọgụ; atụmatụ ahụ agaghị enye ụdị ihe onwunwe nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ọdịiche. O kwenyere na n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha odo odo bụ akụkụ nke obodo na-adịghị mma dị ka ụmụ nwoke ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya na atụmatụ ahụ, ka ọ bụrụ mmemme dị irè maka obodo, ọ dị mkpa ịgụnye ndị niile nọ n'obodo ahụ, ma ndị inyom ma ndị nwoke.[1].

  • #Ihe mere na anyị enweghị ike ichere: Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie na-agba ume itinye aka na "Onye Nlekọta Nwanne m"
  • June 17, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 1000 ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara[23]

Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ ndụ niile na ndị dị iche iche bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na'ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị prọfesọ mahadum na-aja Onye isi ala Obama mma na mbọ White House, ọrụ ebere onwe onye, na òtù ikpe ziri ezi, ma na-agba ume itinye ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ. Mgbanwe ahụ ga-adị mkpa "iji gosipụta ụkpụrụ nke itinye aka, ohere nhata na ọdịnihu a na-ekerịta nke mere ka ọgụ akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị maka ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ gaa n'ihu".

  • Mee 30, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi nke 200 Black Men na ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie na-akpọ oku maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na "My Brothers Keeper" [24]

Ọtụtụ ndị ikom sitere n’akụkụ nile nke ndụ bịanyere aka n’akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n’oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ndị ụkọchukwu, ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ndị nna ụmụ nwoke, nna ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị ọzọ. Ndị ikom niile kwekọrịtara na ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'obodo ebe ndị ikom a na-ekerịta ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ebe ntụrụndụ na-ekerịta ọdịnihu na ibe ha nakwa na atụmatụ ahụ enweghị isi ma ọ bụrụ na atụmatụ ahụ agụnyeghị ma nwoke ma nwanyị.

Mmetụta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A maara Crenshaw maka iguzobe echiche nke intersectionality, nke na-enyocha otú agbụrụ, klaasị, okike, na àgwà ndị ọzọ si ejikọta na njikọta iji kọwaa ịkpa ókè na enweghị aha na ọha mmadụ.[1] Crenshaw jere ozi dị ka onye ndu na onye na-akwado ọrụ na ngalaba nke ikike obodo, agbụrụ, intersectionality, na iwu na United States na mba ụwa. Ọrụ Crenshaw na intersectionality nwere mmetụta na-edepụta Iwu South Africa na Iwu Equality.[2] N'afọ 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị maka Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, bụ nke butere ịmepụta iwu nke ga-abara ndị pere mpe uru n'ụwa niile. Na mgbakwunye, Crenshaw kwadoro maka itinye okike na WCAR.[2][3]

Kemgbe 2010, Crenshaw abụrụla onye nkwado maka mmegharị #SayHerName. O jikọtara ya (ya na Andrea Ritchie) Kwuo Aha ya: Iguzogide obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-edekọ na ịdọrọ uche gaa na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States.[1] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Crenshaw gara mmemme Women of the World, nke e mere na March 8-13, 2016 na Southbank Center na London, bụ ebe o nyere okwu isi okwu banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu, ya bụ mmegide ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2]. Ọ kwalitere mkpọsa #SayHerName, bụ nke e mere iji mee ka a mata ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị uwe ojii gburu.[3][4]

N'afọ 2017, Crenshaw kwuru okwu were otu awa nye igwe mmadụ juru na Rapaporte Treasure Hall na Mahadum Brandeis.[1] Ọ kọwara ọrụ intersectionality na-ekere na ọha nke oge a.[2] Mgbe ememe ụbọchị atọ nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, Onye isi oche Mahadum Ron Liebowitz nyere Crenshaw na Toby Gittler Award na ememe na-esochi okwu ahụ.[3] N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Women in Animation Gender Equality Forum nke The Animation Guild, Local 839 kwadoro. Crenshaw tụlere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekpa ahụ n'ebe ọrụ ma gbanwee mkparịta ụka ahụ gaa n'otú o si arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe ọrụ taa. Ndị Crenshaw ibe ha kwetara na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe nchebe iji lụso iyi egwu mmekọahụ ọgụ n'ebe ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka ga-edozi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka iji dozie okwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[4]

Na 2021, a họpụtara Crenshaw na American Academy of Arts and Sciences maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na mmezu ọsụ ụzọ na intersectionality, ikike obodo, echiche agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu.[1] Nakwa na 2021, a gbara Crenshaw ajụjụ ọnụ na nzaghachi Jon Wiener, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na The Nation, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu na USA, wee kwuo maka nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu, na-ekwupụta "Ebe ọ bụla enwere mgbanwe agbụrụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere".[2]

Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement, May 1, 1996. Nchịkọta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide kachasị mkpa nke guzobere ma kwado echiche agbụrụ (CRT). Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere isiokwu sitere na Derrick Bell, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda, Anthony Cook, Duncan Kennedy, Gary Peller, Kimberlé Crenshaw, na ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu niile na-agbakwunye ihe na CRT, ma gụọ n'onwe ya, na-agbanye akụkụ dị mkpa na CRT movement.[25]
  • Okwu ndị merụrụ ahụ: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment, 1993.
  • The Race Track: Nghọta na Ihe ịma aka nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, July 30, 2013
  • Nkwado Ịkpa Ókè: Echiche na-ezighị ezi nke Colorblindness, Remedy and Diversity, 2013
  • Black Girls Matter: A chụpụrụ ha, chụpụ ha n'elu ndị uwe ojii na n'okpuru nchebe. 2016. Akụkọ dabere na nyocha ọhụrụ nke data mba na ajụjụ ọnụ onwe onye na ụmụ agbọghọ na Boston na New York.[26]
  • Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color, Jenụwarị 25, 2010. Crenshaw na-azaghachi omume n'àgwà dị n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara iji leghara anya ma ọ bụ mechie ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, ihe a na-ekwughachi n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-enyocha akụkụ agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara (na-ele anya kpọmkwem na mmeghachi omume na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike) iji dọta uche na otu esi eleghara anya, leghara anya, na-ezighị ezi, na / ma ọ bụ mechie. Crenshaw na-elekwasị anya na akụkụ nhazi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke intersectionality n'ihe gbasara ndina n'ike na mmetọ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-eji nyocha a nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara iji mee ka mkpa nke intersectionality na itinye aka na okwu ndị dị ka ime ihe ike maka ụmụ nwanyị site na oghere intersectional pụta ìhè.[27]
  • On Intersectionality: Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw, September 24, 2015. Ọbịbịa. edemede na isiokwu ndị na-enyere aka ịkọwa echiche nke intersectionality. Crenshaw na-enye nghọta site na onye na-agba ọsọ na Central Park, akaebe Anita Hill megide onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Clarence Thomas na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ọdịmma ọha na eze.[28]
  • Ịhụ agbụrụ ọzọ: Ịlụso ndị ìsì ọgụ n'ofe ọzụzụ (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) [29]
  • The Race Track: Otu Akụkọ ifo nke Ohere Ịha nhata si merie Ikpe Ziri Ezi agbụrụ (ya na Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz), Disemba 2025. The Race Track na-ewepu akụkọ ifo nke America na-esote agbụrụ, na-akọwa ọ bụghị naanị ihe mere agbụrụ ji dị mkpa karịa mgbe ọ bụla kamakwa ihe ngwọta nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ ga-enye usoro maka ịghọta otu esi na ihe mere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ji dịgide n'oge a.
  • #SayHerName: Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ime ihe ike na ịgbachi nkịtị (nke Kimberlé Crenshaw na African American Policy Forum, Okwu mbido nke Janelle Monáe), Haymarket Books, July 2023. Ijikọta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii na okwu ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na-eziga ozi dị ike na, n'ezie, ndụ ndị isi ojii niile dị mkpa na ndị uwe ojii enweghị ike igbu n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Nke a bụ akụkọ dị ike nke omume ụmụ nwanyị ojii, iwu obodo, enablement, na ndekọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii.

Isiokwu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • "Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions" na 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, nke Robin Morgan dezigharịrị.[30]
  • Kwuo Aha ya: Ịguzogide Obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii (ya na Andrea J. Ritchie, Rachel Anspach, Rachel Gilmer, Luker Harris, Columbia Law School, 2015) [31]
  • Otu Colorblindness si gbasaa n'oge Obama, na Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) [29] [32]
  • Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019 dezigharịrị).[32]
  • An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection (with Devon W. Carbado), 129 The Yale Law Journal Forum 108 (2019). [32][33]
  • Anyị Amụtaghị site na Anita Hill's Testimony, 26 UCLA Women's Law Journal 17 (2019). [32][34]
  • Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform, 130 Harvard Law Review 2298 (2017). [32][35]
  • Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis (ya na Sumi Cho na Leslie McCall), 38 (4) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 785 (2013). [36][32]
  • Na-anọgide na Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer, 2013 Wisconsin Law Review 703 (2013). [37][32]
  • Site na ime ihe ike nke onwe gaa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ: iche echiche gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, agbụrụ, na nchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, 59 UCLA Law Review 1418 (2012). [38][32]
  • Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 12 German Law Review 247 (2011). [39]
  • Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward, 43 Connecticut Law Review 1253-1352 (2011). [40]
  • Encounters Close of Three Kinds: On Teaching Dominance, Feminism, and Intersectionality, 46 Tulsa Law Review 151-89 (2010). Symposium: Catharine MacKennon.[32]
  • Framing Affirmative Action, 105 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 123 (2007). [41]
  • A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Law, na Philosophical Problems in the Law, 339-343, 4th ed. (nke David M. Adams dezigharịrị, Wadsworth, 2005). [42]
  • Afọ Iri Mbụ: Critical Reflections, ma ọ bụ "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA Law Review 1343-72 (2002). [42]
  • Okwu mmeghe: Nweghachi Ọdịnihu Yesterday, 47 UCLA Law Review 1459-65 (2000). [43]
  • Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Pro-active Defense of Affirmative Action, 16 National Black Law Journal 196-214 (1998). [44]
  • Okwu mbido, na Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader (nke Devon W. Carbado dezigharịrị, New York University Press, 1999). [32]
  • The Contradictions of Mainstream Constitutional Theory (ya na Gary Peller), 45 UCLA Law Review 1683-1715 (1998). Symposium: Voices of the People: Essays on Constitutional Democracy In Memory of Professor Julian N. Eule. [32] 
  • Nrọ na-enweghị ụcha na nrọ ọjọọ agbụrụ: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, na Birth of A Nation'hood: Gaze, Script and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Trial (nke Toni Morrison na Claudia Brodsky LaCour dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1997). [32]
  • Panel Presentation on Cultural Battery, 25 University of Toledo Law Review 891-901 (1994). [32]
  • N'èzí ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na misogyny: Black Feminism na 2 Live Crew, na Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech na First Amendment (Westview, 1998). E bipụtakwara ya na Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (nke Diana Tietjens Meyers dezigharịrị, Routledge (1997). [32]
  • Reel Time/Real Justice (ya na Gary Peller), 70 Denver University Law Review 283-96 (1993). Mkparịta ụka: Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Los Angeles Riots.[45] 
  • Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na Mmekọala Mmekọm, 65 Southern California Law Review 1467-76 (1992).[46]
  • Running from Race (Nkwupụta na Okwu Democrats banyere agbụrụ) (ya na Gary Peller), 7 Taken 13-17 (1992).[32]
  • Ònye ka Akụkọ Ọ bụ, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ? Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Anita Hill, na Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 402-40 (nke Toni Morrison dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1992). [32]
  • Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 Stanford Law Review 1241-99 (1991). Women of Color at the Center: Nhọrọ sitere na Nzukọ nke Atọ nke Mba na Women of Color na Iwu. [47] 
  • Nkwụsị nke njikọ agbụrụ na mmekọahụ: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-67 (1989). E bipụtaghachiri ya na The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 195-217 (2nd ed., edited by David Kairys, Pantheon, 1990). [48]
  • Toward a Race-Conscious Pedagogy in Legal Education (Okwu mbido: Ikike ịtụ vootu: Atụmatụ maka Iwu na Ọrụ Obodo), 11 National Black Law Journal 1-14 (1989).[32]
  • Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe, na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 101 Harvard Law Review 1331-87 (1988). E bipụtaghachiri ya na Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate (nke Christian Joerges na David M. Trubek dezigharịrị, Nomos, 1989).[49]

Onyinye na nsọpụrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • 1985: William H. Hastie Fellow
  • 1991: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law[50]
  • 1994: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law [50]
  • 2007; Fulbright Chair maka Latin America na Brazil [51]
  • 2008: onye natara Alphonse Fletcher Fellowship [52]
  • 2008: onye otu, Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies in the Social Sciences, Mahadum Stanford [52]
  • 2015: No. 1 Most Inspiring Feminist, Ms. Magazine[51]
  • 2015: "Power 100" Ebony Magazine[53]
  • 2016: Onyinye Ọkà mmụta pụtara ìhè, Fellows of the American Bar Foundation (ABF) [17]
  • 2017: Ihe nrite Gittler [54]
  • 2021: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Service Award, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) [55]
  • 2021: Onyinye Triennial, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) [56]
  • 2021: A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences [57][58]
  • 2023: O.A. Ihe nrite A. Winslow [59]

Edensibia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Reunion Renews Commitment to William H. Hastie Fellowship Legacy | University of Wisconsin Law School. law.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved on March 10, 2016.
  2. ↑ Adewunmi. "Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'", New Statesman, April 2, 2014. Retrieved on March 10, 2016.
  3. ↑ Ruparelia [2016] (2019). "The Invisibility of Whiteness in the White Feminist Imagination", in Kirkland: Shades of Whiteness. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers, 77–89. DOI:10.1163/9781848883833_008. ISBN 978-1-84888-383-3. 
  4. ↑ Miller. "Kimberlé Crenshaw Explains The Power Of Intersectional Feminism In 1 Minute", Huffington Post, August 11, 2017. Retrieved on December 16, 2017. (in en-US)
  5. ↑ Mohdin (November 12, 2020). Kimberlé Crenshaw: the woman who revolutionised feminism – and landed at the heart of the culture wars. The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021.
  6. ↑ Marian Williams Crenshaw. The Repository/The Independent (November 22, 2008). Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved on 10 February 2022.
  7. ↑ Meet Kimberlé Crenshaw, a Dr. John Hope Franklin Award Recipient (en-us). Diverse: Issues In Higher Education (2020-04-07). Retrieved on 2023-03-13.
  8. 1 2 Lang. "Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21", Cornell Chronicle, 7 October 2013. Retrieved on March 10, 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ "Congratulations!", The Cornell Daily Sun, October 31, 1980, p. 8. Retrieved on February 10, 2022.
  10. 1 2 Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born (en). African American Registry. Retrieved on 2023-03-13.
  11. ↑ Kimberle W. Crenshaw. Columbia Law School. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved on 10 February 2022.
  12. ↑ William H. Hastie Fellowship Program. University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020.
  13. ↑ Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born (en). African American Registry. Retrieved on 2023-02-14.
  14. ↑ Courses Page. law.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved on December 16, 2017.
  15. ↑ Where Are All the Black Feminists in Confirmation?. ELLE (April 18, 2016). Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved on April 22, 2016.
  16. 1 2 Columbia University Record (September 15, 1995). Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved on March 9, 2016.
  17. 1 2 Foundation. UCLA and Columbia Law Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to Receive 2016 Fellows Outstanding Scholar Award - American Bar Foundation. www.americanbarfoundation.org. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved on March 10, 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "foundation1" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Kimberle W. Crenshaw (en). Columbia Law School. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. Retrieved on December 16, 2017.
  19. ↑ Laudatio - Motivatio Kimberlé Crenshaw (nl). www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved on 2023-06-13.
  20. ↑ Kimberle W. Crenshaw (en). www.law.columbia.edu. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  21. ↑ Kimberle Williams Crenshaw (1959- ) (en-US) (2017-08-19). Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  22. ↑ Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later (en). www.law.columbia.edu. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  23. ↑ AAPF (2014-06-17). Why we can't wait: Women of Color Urging Inclusion in "My Brother's Keeper" (en). AAPF. Retrieved on 2023-02-16.
  24. ↑ AAPF (2014-05-28). Letter of 250+ Concerned Black Men & Other Men of Color calling for the Inclusion of Women and Girls (en). AAPF. Retrieved on 2023-02-16.
  25. ↑ (1995) Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the .... New Press. Retrieved on May 10, 2015. 
  26. ↑ COMING SOON: #BlackGirlsMatter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected - AAPF. www.aapf.org. Archived from the original on 2015-01-08.
  27. ↑ "Mapping the Margins:Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color" (January 25, 2010). Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved on May 10, 2015.
  28. ↑ Kimberlé Crenshaw. On Intersectionality: The Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw by Kimberlé Crenshaw. Goodreads.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved on 2022-06-12.
  29. 1 2 (February 2019) in Crenshaw: Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines (in en). Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-30099-6.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":16" defined multiple times with different content
  30. ↑ Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth. Vufind.carli.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved on 2015-10-15.
  31. ↑ Crenshaw (2015-01-01). "Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women". Faculty Scholarship. 
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Crenshaw, Kimberlé | UCLA Law (en). law.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  33. ↑ Carbado (2019-01-01). "An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection". Yale Law Journal Forum 129: 108. 
  34. ↑ Crenshaw (2019-01-01). "We Still Have Not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony". UCLA Women's L.J. 26: 17. DOI:10.5070/L3261044346. 
  35. ↑ Crenshaw (October 26, 2017). Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform (en-US). harvardlawreview.org. Retrieved on 2023-03-14.
  36. ↑ Cho (2013). "Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis". Signs 38 (4): 785–810. DOI:10.1086/669608. ISSN 0097-9740. 
  37. ↑ Crenshaw (2013-01-01). "Keeping Up with Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer". Wis. L. Rev. 2013: 703. 
  38. ↑ Crenshaw (2012-01-01). "From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally about Women, Race, and Social Control". UCLA L. Rev. 59: 141. 
  39. ↑ Crenshaw (1988). "Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law". Harvard Law Review 101 (7): 1331–1387. DOI:10.2307/1341398. ISSN 0017-811X. 
  40. ↑ Crenshaw (2011-01-01). "Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking back to Move Forward Commentary: Critical Race Theory: A Commemoration: Lead Article". Connecticut Law Review. 
  41. ↑ Crenshaw (2006-01-01). ""Framing Affirmative Action"". Michigan Law Review First Impressions 105 (1): 123–133. 
  42. 1 2 Crenshaw (2015-12-07). "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics". University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1). ISSN 0892-5593. 
  43. ↑ Crenshaw (2000-01-01). "Opening Remarks: Reclaiming Yesterday's Future". UCLA Law Rev. 47: 1459. 
  44. ↑ Crenshaw (1998-01-01). "Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Proactive Defense of Affirmative Action". Nat'l Black L. J. 16: 196. 
  45. ↑ Crenshaw (1993-01-01). "Reel Time/Real Justice". Denver Law Review 70 (2): 283. ISSN 0883-9409. 
  46. ↑ Crenshaw (1992-01-01). "Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment". S. Cal. L. Rev. 65: 1467. 
  47. ↑ Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (1994).. 
  48. ↑ Crenshaw (1989-01-01). "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics". U. Chi. Legal F. 1989: 139. 
  49. ↑ Crenshaw (1988-01-01). "Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law". Harv. L. Rev. 101 (7): 1331–1387. DOI:10.2307/1341398. 
  50. 1 2 Kimberlé W. Crenshaw. UCLA Law. Retrieved on 27 October 2025.
  51. 1 2 Canton native Kimberlé Crenshaw receives legal scholar award. The Repository. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved on March 10, 2016.
  52. 1 2 Canton native wins fellowships to study race. The Repository. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved on March 10, 2016.
  53. ↑ report. Kimberlé Crenshaw named to Ebony Magazine's 'Power 100'. The Repository. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved on March 10, 2016.
  54. ↑ Kimberlé Crenshaw honored with Gittler Prize | BrandeisNOW (en). BrandeisNOW. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved on December 16, 2017.
  55. ↑ AALS Honors Kimberlé W. Crenshaw with Lifetime Service Award. Association of American Law Schools. Retrieved on 2023-03-13.
  56. ↑ Triennial Award. Association of American Law Schools. Retrieved on 2023-03-13.
  57. ↑ Kimberlé W. Crenshaw (en). American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved on 2023-03-13.
  58. ↑ Crenshaw Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences | UCLA Law (en). law.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2023-03-13.
  59. ↑ The Winslow Medal. Yale School of Public Health. Archived from the original on June 27, 2025. Retrieved on June 17, 2025.

Ebe e si nweta ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

  • Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị: kimberlecrenshaw.com
  • "Intersectionality: The Double Bind of Race and Gender" E debere ya na Wayback Machine, ajụjụ ọnụ na Kimberlé Crenshaw, American Bar Association, Spring 2004.
  • Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw na Teaching Truthfully About U.S. History, site na Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series.
Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimberlé_Crenshaw&oldid=621196"