Kinnauri
Kinnaur bụ ịhụnanya a na-eme ihe na Kinnaur. Asụsụ ndị ahụ ahụla aha dị iche iche n'akwụkwọ ikara. A ndekọ Kinnauri aha dị ka Kunawaree (Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844), Kanauri (Konow 1905), Kanawari (Bailey 1909) na Kunawari (Grierson 1909).[1] Ọ bụ nke ndị n'azụ dị elu na Kinnaur dị ala.[2] A na-asụkwa ya na Moorang tehsil na, Ropa na Giabong n'elu Kinnaur. Ọ bụ ahụmahụ Sino-Tibetan nke dị na mgbasa Kinnaur nke steeti India nke Himachal Pradesh .
Kaike, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ Kinnauri, dị nso na Tamangic. Bhoti Kinnauri na Tukpa (nke a na-akpọ Chhoyuli) bụ ndị Bodish (Lahauli-Spiti).
Ụdị asụsụ na nkesa ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Kinnaur nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ iri, ebe Kinnauri bụ asụsụ bụ isi. Ethnologue depụtara ebe ndị a maka asụsụ Kinnauri n'onwe ya na asụsụ ndị yiri ya.
A na-asụ Kinnauri n'obodo nta site na Badhal Rampur Bushahr ruo Sangla na n'ebe ugwu n'ịkpọ oku Satluj ruo Morang. mgbochi ebe a na-asụ Kinnauri dị n'ụdị ala nke Kinnaur na Himachal Pradesh. Ozi ndị na-asụ Kinnauri bụ 45,000.
Otu puku mmadụ na-asụ Chitkuli Kinnauri na mpaghara Baspa nke Ndagwurugwu Sangla na mpaghara Nichar, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh (n'ime obodo Chitkul na Rakchham).
A na-asụ Jangshung na Morang tehsil, Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh (n'ime obodo Jangi, Lippa, na Asrang). Obodo nta ndị nwere ihe nsogbu nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 2600.
A na-asụ Sumcho na Poo tehsil, Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh (n'ime obodo Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, na Rushkaling) site na mmadụ 2500.
A na-asụ Kinnaur" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bhoti Kinnauri">Bhoti Kinnauri na ngalaba Poo nke elu Kinnaur. Asụsụ ahụ na-egosi obere ihe dị na ahụ ahụ..
Chhoyuli bụ nke Tibetic a na-asụrụ n'obodo Nesang na Kunnu Charan nke ngalaba Poo na elu Kinnaur. O nwere ndị bi na ya dị ihe dị ka 700. A na-ewere ahụ dị ka ụdị Bhoti Kinnauri dị iche iche mana ọ na-egosi zuru ezu iji guzo dị ka ahia kwụụrụ onwe ya.
A na-asụ asụsụ Sunnami n'obodo Sunnam nke Poo nke dị n'elu Kinnaur. O nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 700.
Kinnaur_language" id="mwag" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri bụ akara Indo-Aryan nke Kinnaur nke ndị Scheduled Caste nke Nichar, Kalpa, Sangla na Moorang tehsils na Kinnaur na-asụ. O nwere mmadụ 9000.
N'enweghị nyocha zuru ezu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gbasara iji asụsụ eme ihe, a maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ KL nke ọma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ala karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ niile. Ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ gụnyere ụmụ amaala na ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala nakwa ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na nyocha ahụ.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa a bụ nke asụsụ Pangi nke Kinnauri.
Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | kwuru okwu | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||
| enweghị olu | p | t | ʈ | k | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||
| Africate | kwuru okwu | dz | dʒ | ||||
| enweghị olu | ts | tʃ | |||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | ʃ | h | ||||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | r | ||||||
| Ihe atụ | l | j | w | ||||
Rịba ama na palatals: /dʒ/, /tʃ/, / tʃh/, na /ʃ/ bụ post-alveolar. /ɲ/ bụ alveolo-palatal.
Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Kinnauri nwere ụdaume isii dị ogologo / dị mkpirikpi:
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | ɨ | u |
| N'etiti | e | o | |
| Emeghe | a |
Akara okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]/h/, ihe mgbochi aspirated (ya bụ /ph/, /th/, /kh/, /t͡sh/, / t͡ʃh/), na glides (ya bụ, /w/, /j/) anaghị apụta na koodu mkpụrụedemede.
Mkpụrụ okwu niile nwere ike ịpụta na mmalite na okwu etiti.
Kinnauri nwere ụdị mkpụrụedemede ndị a:
- (C)V(C)(C)(C)
- CCV(C)
- CCCVC
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro okwu na Kinnari bụ SOV, ọ bụ akara postpositional, ọ na-egosi mmetụta na ndị mmadụ, adjective na-ebute isi na ndị agha aha, ndị na- agbanwe aha na-ebu ụzọ, ihe na-eme ya na-esote ngwa isi, akara nke ntụnyere na-esochi ọkọlọtọ nke ntụnyere, ndị na-egosi mma na-esota ngwaa isi na-ụzọeso, anaphor na-feeso nke na-isi. Ọ na-agụ ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ na akara SOV. Asụsụ SOV kwesịrị inwe preposed genitives na adjective kwesịrị aha. Mana Kinnauri nwere postpositional genitive na adjective na-ebute aha.
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ ahụ enweghị edemede. Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-asụ n'ọnụ
Ike asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị Kinnaura bụ ndị na-asụ akara abụọ na-ahọpụtapụta Hindi gosiri nnne ha. Hindi bụ isi maka ndị si n'asụsụ dị iche iche na Kinnaur. Ọ bụkwa akara bụ isi n'akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, ngalaba, ngalaba, ụlọ akụ na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ. A na- BIOS ụgbọ na-eto eto na mgbasa ozi mgbasa dị ka ihe nkiri, egwu, oku mkpanaaka, akwụkwọ ọkọ wdg, na Hindi. Egwú Kinnauri ndị na-egosi na-egosi siri ike nke Hindi. A na-agba ndị na-eto eto ume ma kwuo Hindi iji rite uru na ọrụ na ọrụ n'etiti. Ndị na-asụ Kinnauri nke ọma bụ naanị ndị okenye ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'agbata afọ iri na ụma na-enwe nsogbu ihe ha na ụwa dị iche iche ma ọ bụ na-egosi ike oge a. Mana a na-enwe obi abụọ ma ụgbọ na-esote ga-eketa ihe akara ma ọ bụ ihe nketa nke ndị nna nna. Site na egwuregwu nke UNESCO, ihe niile dị na mpaghara Kinnaur nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na-aga n'etiti ụgbọ dị iche iche iche, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-eji Kinnauri dị ka egwuregwu mbụ dị ala, ngalaba na-agbanwe agbanwe, Hindi na-emebe Kinnauri n'ụdị ngalaba, ihe edemede, nkwado maka na na ike Kinnaur ma ọ bụ alụ ọgụ, mpagharaD obere ihe a na-arụ ọrụ. ike Manya n'ime akara ngosi ya n'ihi akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mkpa na nkwado na-egosi obodo. N'etiti ihe ndị dị ngwa, aha Kinnauri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị obodo aka iji dekọọ ma kpà n'etiti ndị obodo, ndị ọkà, ndị ọkà n'asụsụ na ndị agha. [citation needed]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ Kanashi nke Malana, Himachal Pradesh, nke Kinnauri na-aghọta ọnụ
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- (2001) in Nagano: New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages, Bon studies. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
- Negi (2012). "A Sociolinguistic profile of the Kinnaura tribe". Nepalese Linguistics 27: 101–105.
- Perumalsamy (2022). "Kinnauri language", Linguistic Survey of India. New Delhi: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General India, 935–1028.
- Takahashi (2001). "A descriptive study of Kinnauri (Pangi dialect): A preliminary report", in Nagano: New research on Zhangzhung and related Himalayan languages. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 97–119. DOI:10.15021/00002143.
- Takahashi (2007). "On the deictic patterns in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect)", in Bielmeier: Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond. Mouton de Gruyter, 341–354.
- Takahashi (2009). "On the Verbal Affixes in West Himalayan". Senri Ethnological Studies 75: Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics: 21–49. DOI:10.15021/00002556. ISSN 0387-6004.
- Takahashi (2012). "On a Middle Voice Suffix in Kinnauri (Pangi dialect) Yoshiharu". Senri Ethnological Studies 77 (77): 157–175. DOI:10.15021/00002533.