Legend

Akụkọ ifo bụ ụdị akụkọ ifo nke nwere akụkọ na-egosipụta omume mmadụ, kwenyere ma ọ bụ chere na o meela n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ. Akụkọ dị n'ụdị a nwere ike igosi ụkpụrụ mmadụ, ma nwee ụfọdụ àgwà na-enye akụkọ ahụ eziokwu. Akụkọ mgbe ochie, maka ndị sonyere ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nwere ike ịgụnye ọrụ ebube. Enwere ike gbanwee akụkọ mgbe ochie ka oge na-aga ka ha dị ọhụrụ ma dị mkpa.

Ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbe ochie na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ala nke ejighị n'aka, ndị sonyere na-ekwere ya kpamkpam, kamakwa ọ dịghị mgbe a na-enwe obi abụọ.^[1] A na-ekewa akụkọ mgbe ụfọdụ site na Akụkọ ifo n'ihi na ha na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ dị ka ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ha nwere mmalite karịrị nke mmadụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ na ha nwere ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme ebe akụkọ ifo n"ozuzu ha anaghị enwe.^[2]^[3] Ụmụnne Grimm kọwara akụkọ ifo dị ka "Akụkọ ọdịnala nke akụkọ ihe mere eme". Otu ihe sitere na "nchegbu maka ụmụ mmadụ" bụ ndepụta dị ogologo nke ihe e kere eke a ma ama, na-ahapụghị "obi abụọ" na akụkọ ifo bụ "nke dabeere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme".

Timothy R. Tangherlini chepụtara nkọwa ọkachamara nke akụkọ ọdịnala nke oge a na 1990:

Akụkọ ifo, dịka ọ dị, bụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi (mono-) nke ọdịnala, nke a na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọma nke a na'ụzọ mkparịta ụka, na-atụgharị uche na ọkwa nke uche ihe nnọchianya nke nkwenkwe ndị mmadụ na ahụmịhe mkpokọta ma na-eje ozi dị ka nkwenye nke ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme nke otu nke ọdịnala ya.

Mmalite na mmalite

Akụkọ ifo bụ okwu mgbazinye sitere na Old French nke batara n'iji Bekee eme ihe n'ihe dị ka afọ . Aha French oge ochie legende sitere na Latin legenda. N'iji asụsụ Bekee eme ihe n'oge mbụ, okwu ahụ gosipụtara akụkọ banyere ihe omume. Okwu akụkọ ifo bụ aha mbụ (nke e webatara na 1510s) nke pụtara nchịkọta ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo. Okwu a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ifo ghọkwara ụdị adjectival.^[4]

Ka ọ na-erule 1613, Ndị Protestant na-asụ Bekee malitere iji okwu ahụ mee ihe mgbe ha chọrọ ịkọwa na ihe omume (karịsịa akụkọ nke onye nsọ ọ bụla a na-anabataghị na John Foxe's Actes and Monuments) bụ akụkọ ifo. N'ihi ya, akụkọ ifo nwetara nkọwa nke oge a nke "enweghị akwụkwọ" na "ihe na-abụghị eziokwu", nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme pụtara.

In 1866, Jacob Grimm described the fairy tale as "poetic, legend historic." Early scholars such as Templeeti:Interlanguage link Friedrich Ranke and Will Erich Peuckert followed Grimm's example in focussing solely on the literary narrative, an approach that was enriched particularly after the 1960s, by addressing questions of performance and the anthropological and psychological insights provided in considering legends' social context. Questions of categorising legends, in hopes of compiling a content-based series of categories on the line of the Aarne–Thompson folktale index, provoked a search for a broader new synthesis. In an early attempt at defining some basic questions operative in examining folk tales, Templeeti:Interlanguage link in 1925 characterised the folk legend as "a popular narrative with an objectively untrue imaginary content", a dismissive position that was subsequently largely abandoned.

N'iji ya tụnyere akụkọ ọdịnala a haziri nke ọma, akụkọ ifo bụ ihe na-enweghị isi, Helmut de Boor kwuru na 1928. Akụkọ akụkọ ahụ dị n'ụdị ihe mere eme, kama ịbụ ihe na-atọ ọchị nke akụkọ ọdịnala; Wilhelm Heiske kwuru na ihe yiri ya n'akụkọ ọdịnala na akụkọ ọdịnala ma kwubie na, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya dị adị, akụkọ ọdịnala abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa akụkọ ọdịnala.

Na Einleitung na der Geschichtswissenschaft (1928), Ernst Bernheim kwusiri ike na akụkọ ifo bụ naanị asịrị ogologo oge. Gordon Allport kwuru na ike nke ụfọdụ asịrị na-adịgide adịgide na ọnọdụ ọdịbendị na-adịgidesi ike nke ha na-egosipụta ma na-eme ka ọ dị elu; ya mere "akụkọ ifo nke obodo" bụ akụkụ nke asịrị. Mgbe Willian Hugh Jansen tụrụ aro na akụkọ ifo ndị na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa bụ "akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi" na ndị na-adịgide adịgide a ga-akpọ "akụkọ ọdịbendị na-adịte aka", e kpochapụrụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụkọ ifo na asịrị, Tangherlini kwubiri.

Akụkọ ifo Ndị Kraịst

N'echiche dị mkpirikpi nke Ndị Kraịst, legenda ("ihe a ga-agụ [n'otu ụbọchị, na chọọchị]") bụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a na-anakwakarị n'Akụkọ ifo. N'ihi na a na-agụnyekarị ndụ ndị senti n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ọrụ ebube, akụkọ ifo, n'echiche sara mbara, bịara na-ezo aka n'akụkọ ọ bụla e debere n'akụnụ ihe mere eme, mana nke nwere ihe karịrị nke mmadụ, nke chi ma ọ bụ nke dị egwu.

Omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na-echekwa site n'ọnụ site n'ọtụtụ ọgbọ na-enwekarị ụdị akụkọ ma ọ bụ akụkọ ifo ka oge na-aga, ^[5] ihe atụ bụ ọdịnala ọnụ nke Great Lakes nke Africa.

Echiche ndị metụtara ya

Giants Mata na Grifone, ndị a na-eme ememe n'okporo ámá nke Messina, Ịtali, n'izu nke abụọ nke Ọgọstụ, dị ka akụkọ ifo si kwuo bụ ndị guzobere obodo Sicilian.

Hippolyte Delehaye mere ka akụkọ ifo dị iche na akụkọ ifo: "Akụkọ ifo ahụ, n'aka nke ọzọ, nwere, nke dị mkpa, njikọ ụfọdụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ nke ala. Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị e chepụtara echepụta na ụfọdụ ezigbo mmadụ, ma ọ bụ ọ na-etinye akụkọ ịhụnanya n'ebe ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ. "

Site n'oge a na-akọ akụkọ ifo dị ka akụkọ ifo, ezigbo àgwà akụkọ ifo ya na-amalite ịpụ n'anya ma na-alaghachi azụ: na The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Washington Irving gbanwere akụkọ ifo nke Hudson River Valley n'ime akụkọ ifo nwere "Gothic", nke na-ebelata àgwà ya dị ka ezigbo akụkọ ifo.^[6]

A na-akpọ akụkọ ndị gafere ókèala nke "realism" "akụkọ ifo". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro anụmanụ na-ekwu okwu nke Aesop na-akọwa akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi dị ka akụkọ ifo ọ bụghị akụkọ ifo. Ihe atụ nke Nwa ahụ ga-abụ akụkọ ifo ma ọ bụrụ na a gwara ya na ọ mere n'ezie nwa nwoke nke nna akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ bụrụ na ọ gụnyere Ịnyịnya ibu nke nyere nwa ahụ furu efu ndụmọdụ ọ ga-abụ akụkọ ifo. ^{[citation needed]}

Enwere ike ibunye akụkọ mgbe ochie n'ọnụ, bufee mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ma ọ bụ, n'echiche mbụ, site na ederede ederede. Jacobus de Voragine's Legenda Aurea ma ọ bụ "The Golden Legend" nwere usoro vitae ma ọ bụ akụkọ ndụ nkuzi, jikọtara ya na kalenda liturgical nke Ụka Roman Katọlik. A na-egosi ha dị ka ndụ nke ndị nsọ, mana ụbara nke ihe omume dị ebube na karịa ihe ndị gbara ha gburugburu bụ njirimara nke hagiography. Ebum n’obi Legenda ahụ iji kpalie mmụọ nsọ na okwuchukwu kwesịrị ekwesị nye onye nsọ nke ụbọchị ahụ..

Akụkọ ifo nke obodo

Akụkọ ifo nke obodo bụ ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala ọgbara ọhụrụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na omenala obodo, na-enwekarị akụkọ ifo ndị a na-ewepụtakarị dị ka eziokwu, nwere macabre ma ọ bụ ihe ọchị. Enwere ike iji akụkọ ifo ndị a maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ, yana nkọwa dị oke mkpa maka ihe ndị yiri ihe omimi, dị ka ihe efu na ihe ndị dị ịtụnanya.

Okwu a bụ "akụkọ akụkọ obodo," dị ka ndị na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala na-ejikarị eme ihe, apụtala na ebipụta kemgbe opekata mpe 1968.[1] Jan Harold Brunvand, prọfesọ nke Bekee na Mahadum Utah, webatara okwu ahụ n'ihu ọha na usoro akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama nke e bipụtara malite na 1981. Brunvand ji nchịkọta akụkọ akụkọ ya, The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends & Their Meanings (1981) mee ihe abụọ: nke mbụ, na akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo adịghị eme nanị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, nke na-eme ka otu omenala na-amụ ihe dị ukwuu na nke abụọ. banyere omenala obodo mepere emepe na nke oge a site n'ịmụ akụkọ ndị dị otú ahụ.

The tale of the White Lady who haunts Union Cemetery is a variant of the Vanishing hitchhiker legend.
Bahay na Pula in the Philippines is believed to be haunted by all those who were murdered and raped by the Japanese army within the property during World War II.

Hụkwa

Edemsibia

↑ Georges, Robert (1995). Folkloristics. United States of America: Indiana University Press, 7. ISBN 0-253-32934-5.
↑ Baldick (2015). Legend. Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online. ISBN 978-0-19-871544-3. Retrieved on 2021-04-24. “A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern human beings rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently. The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives..”
↑ Bascom (1965). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives]. University of California, 4–5, 9. “Myths are often associated with theology and ritual. Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld....Legends are more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. They tell of migrations, wars and victories, deeds of past heroes, chiefs, and kings, and succession in ruling dynasties.”
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named etymonline
↑ Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10213-5.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica (2006). "Fable", Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, 652. ISBN 9781593392932.

[1] Georges, Robert (1995). Folkloristics. United States of America: Indiana University Press, 7. ISBN 0-253-32934-5.

[Oxford_literary-2] Baldick (2015). Legend. Oxford University Press – Oxford Reference Online. ISBN 978-0-19-871544-3. Retrieved on 2021-04-24. “A story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition, usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person—often a saint, monarch, or popular hero. Legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern human beings rather than gods, and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not; but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently. The term was originally applied to accounts of saints' lives..”

[bascom-3] Bascom (1965). [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives]. University of California, 4–5, 9. “Myths are often associated with theology and ritual. Their main characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities, or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld....Legends are more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. They tell of migrations, wars and victories, deeds of past heroes, chiefs, and kings, and succession in ruling dynasties.”

[etymonline-4] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named etymonline

[5] Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10213-5.

[6] Encyclopædia Britannica (2006). "Fable", Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, 652. ISBN 9781593392932.

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