Gaa na ọdịnaya

Lesbian feminism

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, a na-eji labrys eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike na afọ ojuju nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.
Flaglọ nsọpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke. A labrys superposed on the black triangle, seted on a lavender-purple background.
Flaglọ ọkọlọtọ Lesbian nke nwere akara Venus abụọ (na biology na botany, akara Venus na-anọchite anya nwanyị [1])

ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ usoro ọdịbendị na Echiche nke na-agba ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha lekwasị mgbalị ha, nlebara anya ha, mmekọrịta ha, na omume ha anya n’ebe ụmụnwaanyị ibe ha nọ karịa ụmụ nwoke, ma na-akwadokarị mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n’etiti ụmụnwaanyị dịka nsonaazụ ezi uche dị na ya nke ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị..[2] Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe mmetụta kachasị na 1970s na mmalite 1980s, karịsịa na North America na Western Europe, mana ọ malitere na ngwụcha 1960s ma pụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke New Left, ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju na New Left, na Campaign for Homosexual Equality, sexism n'ime usoro nnwere onwe nwoke na nwanyị, na homophobia n'ime ndị inyom a ma ama n'oge ahụ.[3][4][5][6] Ọtụtụ n’ime ndị na-akwado mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị bụ n’eziokwu ụmụanyị sonyere n’ọrụ nnwere onwe ndị nwoke na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi mmegbu na ilekwasị anya n’ebe ndị nwoke ahụ nọ n’ime obodo ha. Ha bụkwa ụmụanyị nọ n’òtù mmegharị ụmụanyị n’ozuzu ya, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi ịkpọasị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị nke dị n’ime ya..[4][4]

Ụfọdụ ndị isi na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gụnyere Charlotte Bunch, Rita Mae Brown, Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, Barbara Smith, Pat Parker, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Cheryl Clarke, Gloria E. Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Monique Wittig, na Sara Ahmed (ọ bụ ezie na abụọ ikpeazụ na-ejikọkarị na mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị).

Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Sheila Jeffreys kwuru, "Lesbian femism pụtara n'ihi mmepe abụọ: ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ n'anya n'ime Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịmepụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, na ụmụ nwanyị na Gay Liberation Front hapụrụ iji sonyere ụmụnne ha nwanyị".[7] Dị ka Judy Rebick, onye Canada na-ede akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ ma bụrụ mgbe niile "obi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị", ebe nsogbu ha "na-adịghị ahụ anya" n'otu òtù ahụ.[8]

Ụdị feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta sitere n’etiti ndị nwere agba pụtara dịka nzaghachi megide echiche feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta nke na-etinyeghị nsogbu nke… klas na agbụrụ dị ka isi iyi nke mmegbu yana nwoke na nwanyị.

Echiche ndị dị mkpa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta, dịka feminism, ọmụmụ gbasara ndị nwanyị na nwoke nwere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, na echiche queer, bụ nke e ji echiche nke ịrụ ụka na ime mgbanwe mara. N’otu oge ahụ, otu n’ime isiokwu dị mkpa nke feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta bụ nyocha nke…nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị bụ nyocha nke nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ.[2] Ihe odide ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie nwoke na nwanyị na, dabere na nke a, iji nyochaa "mgbọrọgwụ" nke nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka nna ochie, akụrụngwa, na ọchịchị ala ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. [2]

Sheila Jeffreys na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị dị ka ndị nwere isiokwu asaa dị mkpa:

  • Mmetụta na ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'ebe ibe ha nọ
  • Òtù Ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha
  • Obodo na echiche
  • Echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ maka nhọrọ na nguzogide
  • Echiche na nke onwe bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịnke onwe ya bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
  • Ịjụ usoro ndị isi obodoỌchịchị ọha na eze
  • Nkatọ nke ịdị elu nwoke [7]

Onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Bonnie Zimmerman na-enyocha ugboro ugboro asụsụ ndị odee sitere n’ime mmegharị ahụ ji eme ihe, na-adakarị n’akụkọ ndụ onwe ha na iji akaebe onwe onye. Dị ka Zimmerman siri kwuo, ederede ndị feminist lesbiyan na-adịkarị n’usoro na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ, juputara n’abụ uri ma ọbụna bụrụ ndị siri ike nghọta..[9]

Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na-arụ ụka maka intersectionality, ọkachasị crossings nke okike, okike, klas, na agbụrụ, na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ nnyocha na data gbasara mmekọahụ bụ ndị ọcha cis ụmụ nwoke.[10]

Biology, nhọrọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu, ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụdị nguzogide maka ụlọ ọrụ "nke mmadụ mere". Cheryl Clarke dere na edemede ya New Notes on Lesbianism: [11]

Ana m akpọ onwe m "ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị" n'ihi na omenala a na-emegbu, na-agbachi nkịtị, ma na-ebibi ndị inyom na nwanyị, ọbụnadị ndị inyom le nwanyị na-edeghị onwe ha "ndị na-edine nwanyị". Ana m akpọ "ndị nwanyị na-adina nwanyị" na-edinni nwanyị" n" n’ihi na achọrọ m ka ndị lesbian ojii ndị ọzọ hụ m ma mata m. A na m akpọ onwe m “lesbian” n’ihi na anaghị m anabata ma ọ bụ soro usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke e guzobere n’ụzọ na-emegbu ma na-achịkwa ndị ọzọ.ị.

Otú ọ dị, dị ka A Dictionary of Gender Studies si kwuo, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ndị kwenyere na ha 'amụrụ n'ụzọ ahụ' weere onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ndị kwenyere ete ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị bụ nhọrọ dabere na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ 'ndina nwanyị' ma ghara ịnwale ma ọ bụ na-ekwu okwu megide mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-enwe.[12] Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu na "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụ n'anya," nke na-ebelata ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji jụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-eleghara ọdịdị onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ngosipụta nke mmasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ehichapụ ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmekọ ha.[13]

  Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị na-edina nwanyị na-ele nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ nwa oge na dị ka omume ndụ niile, mana ọ ka ukwuu nke ikpeazụ.[14] N'ime ụmụ nwanyị nkewa, a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ usoro dị mkpa nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye ume ha n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta ohere ọhụrụ na mkparịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-egbochi mmekọrịta ha na ụmụ nwoke.

Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'afọ ndị 1970, ebe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke na nwoke nwere ihe ọ bụla ha ga-enye ha. N'afọ 1970, ụmụ nwanyị asaa, gụnyere Del Martin, zutere North Conference of Homophile [nke pụtara nwoke idina nwoke] Organizations banyere mkpa nke òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwanyị n'ime ya. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ mere mkpebi na-akwado nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, mana Martin chere na ha emeghị ihe zuru ezu wee dee "Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ bụ ihe niile dị adị", edemede nwere mmetụta nke 1970 nke ọ katọrọ òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, The Furies Collective guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ, ndị dị afọ iri na asatọ ruo iri abụọ na asatọ, ndị inyom niile, ndị inyomi niile, ndị ọcha niile, na ụmụ atọ n'etiti ha. Ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ụlọ na uwe, na-ebikọ ọnụ, na-ejikọ ụfọdụ ego ha, ma na-ehi ụra na matarasị n'otu ala.[15] Ha malitekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ụgbọ ala na ịrụzi ụlọ ka ha wee ghara ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị site na Jenụwarị 1972 ruo June 1973; obodo ahụ n'onwe ya kwụsịrị na 1972.

Charlotte Bunch, onye otu mbụ nke "The Furies", lere ụmụ nwanyị nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ, oge "nzọụkwụ mbụ", ma ọ bụ mwepụ nwa oge site na ọrụ ndị isi iji mezuo ebumnuche ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ melite uto onwe onye. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka onye edemede Lambda Award Elana Dykewomon, ahọrọla nkewa dị ka omume ndụ.

Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu Bunch kọwara n’akwụkwọ Learning from Lesbian Separatism, na “n’ime ọha mmadụ ebe nwoke bụ onye kachasị elu (male-supremacist society), mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị (heterosexuality) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị,” ma omume nke ịkewapụ onwe (separatism) bụ ụzọ isi gbapụ n’aka ọchịchị ya." ma tụọ aro na "ọ bụrụhaala na ụmụ nwanyị ka na-erite uru site na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-enweta ihe ùgwù na nchekwa ya, ha ga-arara ụmụnne nwanyị ha nye, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Lesbian ndị na-anabataghị uru ndị ahụ".[16]

Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu nke Bunch kwupụtara na Learning from Lesbian Separatism, na "n'ime ọha mmadụ na-akwado nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị bụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" na omume nke nkewa bụ ụzọ isi gbanahụ ọchịchị ya. Maka The Furies, lesbianism bụ naanị ụzọ na-eduga na nnwere onwe site na ịdị elu nwoke ma a na-ahụ ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa mmasị mmekọahụ.[17]

N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1988, Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma lesbian Sarah Lucia Hoagland na-ezo aka na ikike nkewa nke lesbian nwere ịgba ndị lesbian ume ịzụlite ụkpụrụ omume obodo dị mma dabere na ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ekerịta. Hoagland na-akọwa ọdịiche (nke onye edemede Lesbian Separatist na onye na-amụ ban’etiti omenala obere ndị lesbian (lesbian subculture) na obodo ndị lesbian (lesbian community); ịbụ onye so na subculture na-akọwa ya “n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke omenala mpụga na-emegide na-akọwa,” ebe ịbụ onye so na obodo na-adabere na “ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ omume anyị kwenyere na anyị nwere ike mezuo ebe a.”.

Bette Tallen kwenyere na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụfọdụ òtù ndị ọzọ na-ekewapụ onwe ha, "ọ bụghị maka nguzobe nke steeti nwere onwe ya, ọ bụ maka mmepe nke njirimara onwe onye na ịmepụta obodo ụmụ nwanyị siri ike". Mgbalị ndị e mere iji mepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, nke guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara na maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọtụtụ ndị lesbian na ndị na-akwado lesbian separatism nwere nnukwu mmetụta na mmegharị <i>women in print</i>, gụnyere Bunch.June Arnold, Barbara Grier, Barbara Smith.[18][19][20]

Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Lillian Faderman na-akọwa mkpali nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị nke mepụtara ọdịbendị na ihe ọdịbendị dị ka "na-enye ịhụnanya n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ka ukwuu" na ọdịbendị sara mbara.[21] Faderman kwekwaara na ndị inyom na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ nkewa mere ya iji "eweta echiche ha banyere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ịzụlite ndị nọ ná mkpa, mkpebi onwe onye na nha nhata nke ọrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ n'akụkụ niile nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba".[21]

Omume nke nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye echiche ndị metụtara Ịhụ mba n'anya na Ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ndị nkewa ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbian separatists) na-ejikọtakwa onwe ha na omume nke ikpere arụsị Dianic.[22][23]

ala ụmụ nwanyị bụ obodo ndị inyom bu n'obi nke ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha na-emepụta, na-ebi, ma na-elekọta. [24] [25][26]

N'ebe ọzọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nyochaa akụkọ ifo gbara ya gburugburu. edemede Marilyn Frye (1978) Notes on Separatism and Power bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị otú ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na-eme, n'oge ụfọdụ, ma na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị (otu nwere ike ịkọwa ebe mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị, oke ntuli aka ma ọ bụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị). Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ya, n'onwe ha dị ka nkewa site na ụmụ nwoke, ka a na-emeso ya na esemokwu (ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-atụ aro hysteria). N'aka nke ọzọ, nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke (otu nwere ike ịkpọ aha klọb ụmụ nwoke, òtù ndị ọrụ, otu egwuregwu, ndị agha na, karịa, ọnọdụ mkpebi n'ozuzu) bụ ihe dị mma.

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewepụta echiche nke "ịpụ iche" site na ụmụ nwoke, na-arụ ụka ma na-etinye ego n'ihe ndị dị ka ebe nsọ ụmụ nwanyị na ìgwè ndị na-eme ka a mara, kamakwa na-enyocha omume kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịlaghachi ma ọ bụ na-eme onwe ha n'ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ.

Margaret Sloan-Hunter jiri nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị tụnyere nkewa nke ndị isi ojii. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Making Separatist Connections: The Issue is Woman Identification o kwuru, sị: [27]

Ọ bụrụ na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị adaa ọ ga-abụ n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị dị n'otu nke na anyị ga-egosipụta njirimara nwanyị n'ebe ọ bụla anyị na-aga. Mana ebe ọ bụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị dị ogologo karịa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, o yiri ka anyị ga-anabata nkewa ugbu a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ uche, maka ahụike na ịma. Nke a bụ mgbanwe, ọ bụghị mkpọsa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, anyị ga-anọgide na-echeta onwe anyị.

Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ banyere nkewa. N'ihi nke a, otu ndị isi ojii na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Combahee River Collective, kwuru na nkewa abụghị usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè maka ha.

Nwanyị a maara dị ka nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịkọwa ntọala nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'otu oge, ọ ga-abụ na Mee 1970, mgbe Ndị Radicalbians, otu ụmụ nwanyị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke iri abụọ, gụnyere onye edemede Rita Mae Brown, weghaara Nzukọ nke Abụọ iji jikọta ụmụ nwanyị, nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị na New York City. [28] [29][30] N'enweghị oku, ha kwụ n'ahịrị n'elu ikpo okwu na-eyi T-shirts kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke e dere okwu "Lavender Menace", ma chọọ ka igwe okwu gụọ akwụkwọ ha n'olu dara ụda, "The Woman-Identified Woman", nke setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke mmegharị ha. [28] [31] Ka oge na-aga, Adrienne Rich tinyere echiche a na edemede ya "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence", Nke a bụ ebe ọ na-akọwa echiche ahụ na ọchịchị nna (patriarchy) na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị lekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ ma ọ bụ bụrụ “ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-adabere n’ịmata ụmụ nwoke.” Ịghọ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha nọ, ya bụ, ịgbanwe uche na ike site n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ gaa n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, bụ ụzọ isi gbochie mmegbu ọchịchị nna.. "[2]

N'adịghị ka nkwenkwe ụfọdụ a ma ama banyere "nwoke na-ịkpọ mmadụ asị", echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị anaghị akwado echiche nke nwoke. Ndị na-akwado ya dị ka Sheila Jeffreys (2003:13) ekwuola na "ụdị nwoke niile nwere nsogbu".

Nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe dị iche na echiche nwoke na nwanyị, ikekwe nke kachasị mma nke Jack Halberstam chịkọtara na "Ọ bụrụ na Sheila Jeffreys adịghị, Camille Paglia gaara echepụta ya" [32]

Omenala Womyn

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

"Womyn" tinyere "wimmin" na "womin" bụ okwu ndị jikọtara aka n'ime òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị iji mee ka ha dị iche na ụmụ nwoke na asụsụ "phallogocentric". A. A na-ahụ okwu “ụmụ nwanyị” dịka ihe sitere n’aka ụmụ nwoke, ma n’ikpeazụ ọ na-anọchi anya ụdị mmegbu a na-etinye n’ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu ọhụrụ malitere ịpụta n’ozuzu, ụfọdụ n’ime ha na-ekwu maka ihe efuola ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ekwughị okwu banyere ya. Ndị agha Amazon, chi nwanyị oge ochie - ọkachasị ndị Gris - mgbe ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ahụ nwanyị ma na-ezobe mgbe niile n'ụwa okike. A na-ekwukarị na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ ga-aga n'ihu, ọ nweghị ihe ọmụma banyere mgbọrọgwụ ya, ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị iji nweta. N'ihi ya, a na-ekwusi ike na ịmara ihe na ịkpụpụta ọdịbendị ọhụrụ (nke nwere ike ịbụ) "gynocentric".[33]

N'afọ 1974, e guzobere Salsa Soul Sisters na New York City dị ka nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị, nke ghọtara mmegbu atọ nke okike, agbụrụ, na ọkwa, karịa naanị okike, dị ka omenala "womyn".[34]

Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ngagharị mpako nwoke na nwanyị, Rouen, France (2019)

Dị ka echiche dị oke egwu, a na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị nke ọma na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị na echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị. O doro anya na a na-ekwu na ndị inyom bụ ndị ikpe mara maka homophobia na ọdịda ya ijikọta mmekọahụ dị ka ụdị dị mkpa nke nyocha gbasara okike na mmeso ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị dịka nsogbu dị iche.[35][36] N'ihe banyere nke a, akwụkwọ edemede Adrienne Rich nke afọ 1980 "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence" bụ ihe na-akụzi ihe na otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama na ụmụ nwanyị.[35]

Mmetụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị

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National Organization for Women (USA)

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Ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbians) arụsiwo ọrụ ike n’ime mmegharị feminist bụ isi na America. Oge mbụ e webatara nsogbu na nchegbu ndị lesbian n’ime…e National Organization for Women (NOW) bụ na 1969, mgbe Ivy Bottini, nwa nwanyị na-emeghe nke bụ onye isi oche nke New York chapter nke NOW, nwere nzukọ ọha na eze akpọrọ "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?". Otú ọ dị, onye isi ala NOW Betty Friedan megidere ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na mmegharị ahụ. N'afọ 1969, o kwuru na ọ na-eto eto na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya dị ka "ihe iyi egwu nke ndị na-eme ihe ike" ma chụpụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Rita Mae Brown, na 1970, ọ kwadoro ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị n"anya, gụnyere Ivy Bottini, na isi nke New York nke NOW. Na nzaghachi, n'uhuruchi mbụ, mgbe narị anọ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gbakọtara n'ụlọ nzukọ na 1970 Congress to Unite Women, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na-eyi T-shirts nke na-agụ "Lavender Menace" bịara n'ihu ụlọ ahụ wee chee ndị na-ege ntị ihu. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gụrụ nkwupụta nke otu ahụ, The Woman-Identified Woman, nkwupụta mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị. [37] Ìgwè ahụ, bụ ndị mechara kpọọ onwe ha "Radicalesbians", so na ndị mbụ na-ama heterosexism nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na ịkọwa ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị mma. N'afọ 1971, NOW weputara mkpebi nke kwupụtara "ikike nwanyị nwere n'onwe ya gụnyere ikike ịkọwa ma gosipụta mmekọahụ nke ya na ịhọrọ ụzọ ndụ nke ya", yana mkpebi nzukọ na-ekwu na ịmanye ndị nne nwanyị ka ha nọrọ n'alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ ibi ndụ nzuzo na mgbalị iji mee ka ụmụ ha bụrụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. N'afọ ahụ, NOW kpebikwara inye nkwado iwu na nke omume n'okwu nnwale metụtara ikike nlekọta ụmụaka nke ndị nne nwanyị.[38] N'afọ 1973, e guzobere NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism.

N'afọ 1967, Del Martin na Phyllis Lyon bụ di na nwunye mbụ sonyeere NOW.[39] Martin bụ nwanyị mbụ a na-ahụ anya nke nzukọ ahụ họpụtara.[40]

N'afọ 2014, Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) wepụtara "Anti-Sexism Statement" nke na-ekwu: [41]

Mmetụta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1977, Nzukọ Ndị inyom nke mba ahụ wepụtara Atụmatụ Ọrụ Mba, nke kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ:

Nzukọ omebe iwu, steeti, na ndị omebe iwu obodo kwesịrị itinye iwu iji wepụ ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke mmekọahụ na mmasị ịhụnanya na mpaghara gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị, ọrụ, ụlọ, ebe obibi ọha na eze, ụgwọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị imezigharị iwu ntaramahụhụ ha ma ọ bụ kagbuo iwu steeti nke na-egbochi omume mmekọahụ onwe onye n'etiti ndị okenye kwenyere. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị itinye iwu nke ga-amachibido ịtụle mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ mmetụta ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na mkpebi ikpe ọ bụla gbasara nlekọta ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ikike ileta. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-enyocha ikpe nlekọta ụmụaka naanị na uru nke onye bụ nne na nna ka mma, n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ na mmetụta ịhụnanya nke onye ahụ.

Onye America na-ese foto bụ Deborah Bright mepụtara usoro a na-akpọ Dream Girls nke na-ama njirimara nwoke na nwanyị aka nke Ụlọ ọrụ Hollywood na 1980s họọrọ ịgbasa.

Mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị na 1990s wuru n'elu ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị, gụnyere nkatọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, nghọta nke okike dịka akọwapụtara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na nwoke na nwanyị. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-etinye echiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-emegide ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na-akatọkarị BDSM, njirimara na mmekọrịta, ndị transgender na ndị transsexual, ihe na-akpali agụụ Mmekọahụ, na ịgba akwụna, echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata ha. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata Mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị ma mesịa katọọ ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe nghọta dị mkpa banyere okike nke na-emegide ebumnuche ha kwuru. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ echiche nwoke na nwanyị dị ka nke na-emetụta ụmụ nwoke na ntụrụndụ nke ndị na-ahụkarị maka nnwere onwe nwoke na-emetụ n'ahụ nke ndị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke na mbụ chọrọ ebe mgbaba. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị agbaghawo site n'ikwu na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwanyere echiche nwoke na nwaanyị bụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ọtụtụ (gụnyere Judith Butler, Jack Halberstam, na Gayle Rubin) bụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge a chọpụtara na ha bụ ndị na - nwanyị.[42]

Barry (2002) na-atụ aro na ịhọrọ n'etiti njikọ ndị a nwere ike (ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị na / ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị) mmadụ ga-aza ma ọ bụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe "dị mkpa na njirimara onwe onye" [43]

Echiche banyere njirimara na mmekọrịta butch/femme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ekwuola na butch-femme bụ ihe na-emegharị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, ebe ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ihe na-ekwu na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emetụta usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, butch-fem n'otu oge na-agbagha ya.[44]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ butch-femme bụ ụzọ bụ isi iji mata ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ma na-atụle mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na 1940s, 1950s, na 1960s, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị agbanweela ọrụ ndị a ka ọ bụrụ "mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara ụmụ nwanyị".[45] A na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị n'ihu ọha n'agbanyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha, ma na-ewepụkarị ma na-ekewapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edine nwanyị. N'ime obodo ndị a a na-ewepụghị, ọrụ butch-femme nọgidere na-eto ma na-eto n'afọ ndị 1970.[46] N'agbanyeghị nkatọ sitere n'aka ma ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ butch na femme pụtara ọzọ na 1980s na 1990s, mana ọ bụghịzi naanị ndị na-arụ ọrụ.[47]

N'ihi na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịha nhata na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-emegide ụdị ọ bụla nke BDSM nke na-agụnye ịkwalite echiche nwoke na nwanyị. Echiche a mara aka na ngwụcha afọ 1970, [48] ọkachasị site n'aka otu Samois, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya na BDSM. Ndị otu Samois chere n'ụzọ siri ike na ụzọ ha si eme BDSM dakọtara kpamkpam na ụmụ nwanyị, ma kwenyere na ụdị mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Women Against Violence na Pornography na Media kwadoro bụ nke na-agbaso omenala na nke puritan.[49]

  1. ↑ Stearn (May 1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology". Taxon 11 (4): 109–113. DOI:10.2307/1217734. ISSN 0040-0262. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 Rich (1986). "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (1980)", Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31162-4. 
  3. ↑ Faderman (1981). "The Rise of Lesbian-Feminism", Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present, 1st, New York: William Morrow and Company, 377–391. ISBN 0-68803733X. 
  4. 1 2 3 (2017) "The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms", in McCammon: The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Women's Social Movement Activism. Oxford University Press, 89–108. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4. ISBN 978-0190204204. 
  5. ↑ DuBois. Feminism Old Wave and New Wave. The Feminist eZine. Lilith Press Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 March 2025. Retrieved on 28 May 2007.
  6. ↑ DuBois (September 22, 2016). Feminism Old Wave and New Wave (1971). Chicago Women's Liberation Union. Archived from the original on 9 July 2025.
  7. 1 2 Jeffreys (2003). Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective, 1st, Cambridge, UK: Polity. ISBN 978-0745628370. 
  8. ↑ Rebick. Feminism in a neo-liberal age. Research Initiative on International Activism. University of Technology Sydney. Archived from the original on May 26, 2005. Retrieved on March 23, 2012.
  9. ↑ Zimmerman (Autumn 1981). "What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism". Feminist Studies 7 (3): 451–475. DOI:10.2307/3177760. 
  10. ↑ Cerezo (2020-03-19). "Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation". Psychology of Women Quarterly 44 (1): 67–83. DOI:10.1177/0361684319875977. ISSN 0361-6843. PMID 32194296. 
  11. ↑ Cheryl (2006). The Days of Good Looks: The Prose and Poetry of Cheryl Clarke. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-7867-1675-3. 
  12. ↑ Griffin (2017). A Dictionary of Gender Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191834837. 
  13. ↑ Stephanie Farnsworth (2016-01-30). Being a lesbian is not a political choice. The Queerness. Retrieved on 2024-10-12.
  14. ↑ Hess (1980). Feminismo Primero: Un Ensayo Sobre Separatismo Lesbiano / Feminism First: An Essay on Lesbian Separatism. Seattle, Washington: Tsunami Press. 
  15. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Clendinen2001".
  16. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Bunch 1972, pp.8-9".
  17. ↑ (2010) in Hewitt: No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 221–245. ISBN 978-0813547244. 
  18. ↑ Adams (1998). "Built Out of Books: Lesbian Energy and Feminist Ideology in Alternative Publishing". Journal of Homosexuality 34 (3–4): 113–141. DOI:10.1300/J082v34n03_07. PMID 9505228. 
  19. ↑ Harker (2018). The Lesbian South: Southern Feminists, the Women in Print Movement, and the Queer Literary Canon.. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469643359. 
  20. ↑ Travis (2008). "The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications.". Book History 11 (1): 275–300. DOI:10.1353/bh.0.0001. 
  21. 1 2 Faderman (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America, 1st, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231074883. 
  22. ↑ Empowering the Goddess Within Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, by Jessica Alton
  23. ↑ Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism Archived 2014-10-26 at the Wayback Machine, by Rosemary Ruether
  24. ↑ Kershaw. "My Sister's Keeper", The New York Times, January 30, 2009. Retrieved on 1 February 2009.
  25. ↑ Ellison (September 30, 2013). Lesbian Intentional Community: "Yer not from around here, are ya?". Fellowship for Intentional Community. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved on 21 December 2018.
  26. ↑ (1985) in Cheney: Lesbian Land, 1st, Word Weavers. ISBN 978-0961560508. 
  27. ↑ Making Separatist Connections. www.feminist-reprise.org. Archived from the original on 21 February 2025. Retrieved on 2016-03-10.
  28. 1 2 Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women. NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Fund for the City of New York. Retrieved on 10 September 2021.
  29. ↑ Radicalesbians. 1969: The Year of Gay Liberation. New York Public Library. Retrieved on 10 September 2021.
  30. ↑ 2nd Congress to Unite Women : weekend of May 1st thru 3rd at 333 W. 17 St.. Library of Congress (1970). Retrieved on 10 September 2021.
  31. ↑ Jay (1999). "The Lavender Menace", Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation. Basic Books, 142–144. ISBN 0-465-08364-1. 
  32. ↑ Bindel, Julie. "The ugly side of beauty", The Guardian, UK, July 2, 2005., Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  33. ↑ Newton (1984). "The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman". Signs 9 (4): 557–575. DOI:10.1086/494087. 
  34. ↑ Salsa Soul Sisters. National Museum of African American History and Culture (June 16, 2022). Retrieved on June 8, 2025.
  35. 1 2 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Feminism But Were Afraid to Ask | Bitch Media. Bitch Media (11 October 2008). Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved on 2016-03-24.
  36. ↑ Bouchillon (2007). Evoke Journal. University of Colorado. Retrieved on March 24, 2016.
  37. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "google2".
  38. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "autogenerated2".
  39. ↑ Pioneers Del Martin (1921–2008) and Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020). Institute for Public Relations (June 1, 2023). Retrieved on 2025-06-29.
  40. ↑ Belge. Del Martin. About.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-13. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
  41. ↑ OLOC's Anti-Sexism Statement. Retrieved on 21 November 2014.
  42. ↑ Jagose (1996). Queer Theory: An Introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press. 
  43. ↑ Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory - PDF Free Download (en). epdf.tips. Retrieved on 2018-12-07.
  44. ↑ Sullivan (2003). Critical Introduction to Queer Theory. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748615971. Retrieved on October 16, 2020. 
  45. ↑ Smith (1989). "Butches, Femmes, And Feminists: The Politics Of Lesbian Sexuality". NWSA Journal 1 (3). 
  46. ↑ Faderman (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231074889. OCLC 22906565. Retrieved on October 16, 2020.  p.210
  47. ↑ Faderman (1992). "The Return of Butch and Femme: A Phenomenon in Lesbian Sexuality of the 1980s and 1990s". Journal of the History of Sexuality 2 (4): 578–596. ISSN 1043-4070. 
  48. ↑ (2004) in Loue: Encyclopedia of Women's Health. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-306-48073-5. 
  49. ↑ Rubin. "Samois", Leather Times, Spring 2004, pp. 3–7. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.

 

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