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Lewis Wolpert

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Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS FRSL FMedSci (19 Ọktoba 1929 - 28 Jenụwarị 2021) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na mba Saụt Afrịka, onye edemede, na onye mgbasa ozi. Wolpert mere ka ihe nlereanya ọkọlọtọ French ya nke mmepe nwa ebu n'afọ pụta ìhè, na-eji agba nke ọkọlọtọ French dị ka ihe enyemaka anya iji kọwaa otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwa ebu n'afọ si akọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka igosipụta njirimara nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịkọwa otu mgbaàmà dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ na mmalite morphogenesis nwere ike isi gwa mkpụrụ ndụ nwere otu netwọk usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọnọdụ na ọrụ ha..

O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị, gụnyere: Mmeri nke Embryo (1991), Mwute Ọjọọ (1999), Ihe Isii Na-agaghị Eme Tupu Nri Ụtụtụ: Mmalite Evolutionary nke Nkwenye (2006), na Otu Anyị Si Ebi Ndụ na Ihe Mere Anyị Ji Nwụọ: Ndụ Nzuzo nke Mkpụrụ Ndụ (2009).

Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ Wolpert na 19 Ọktoba 1929, na Johannesburg [1] [1] nye Sarah (née Suzman) na William Wolpert n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu South Africa nke sitere na Lithuania bụ ndị Juu. [2] Nna ya bụ onye njikwa ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na onye na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ.[3]Lewis Wolpert obituary (en). the Guardian (29 January 2021). Retrieved on 31 January 2021."Lewis Wolpert obituary". the Guardian. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</ref> Nwanne nne ya, Helen Suzman, bụ onye na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa.

Ọ gụchara BSc ya na injinia obodo na Mahadum Witwatersrand dị na Johannesburg ebe ọ hụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu na echiche ndị kọmunist, wee zute Nelson Mandela na 1952.Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka nye onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ụlọ na Pretoria, tupu ọ gaa Israel ma rụọ ọrụ na ngalaba nhazi mmiri. Ọ gara n'ihu mụọ maka nhazi ala na Imperial College London ma mechaa gụchaa doctorate ya na King's College London n'okpuru ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara ndụ James Danielli.[3]

Ọrụ na nyocha

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Wolpert gbanwere uche ya site n'itinye ihe ọmụma ya banyere usoro ala n'ịmụ sayensị nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ na aro nke enyi ya na South Africa. Ya na Trygve Gustafson na-arụkọ ọrụ iji tụọ ike igwe na nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ.[3] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na King's College London . Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejide ọkwa nke Emeritus Professor of Biology dị ka Applied to Medicine na Ngalaba Anatomy and Developmental Biology na Mahadum College London ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká mgbe ọ dị afọ 74.[3][4] A họpụtara Wolpert ka ọ bụrụ onye American Philosophical Society n'afọ 2002.[5]

Ihe nlereanya nke ọkọlọtọ France

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A maara Wolpert nke ọma maka ihe nlereanya ọkọlọtọ French nke mmepe nwa ebu n'afọ, nke o tinyere n'akwụkwọ 1969 nke akpọrọ Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Cellular Difference in the Journal of Theoretical Biology. [6] Ihe nlereanya ahụ na-eji ọkọlọtọ tricolor nke France iji gosipụta n'ụzọ anya otu mkpụrụ ndụ embryonic si akọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta otu usoro ahụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ewepụrụ ụfọdụ akụkụ nke embryo. Ihe nlereanya ahụ gara n'ihu na-akọwa etu esi eji mgbaàmà n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ na mmalite nke morphogenesis mee ihe iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ nwere otu netwọk na-achịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mara ọnọdụ na ọrụ ha.[6] Ihe nlereanya ahụ dabeere na nyocha Wolpert na àkwá sea urchin ma nye usoro maka nyocha na Gastrulation, usoro embryonic nke a na-eguzobe atụmatụ ahụ nke ihe dị ndụ. A na-eto Wolpert na okwu a: "Ọ bụghị ọmụmụ, alụmdi na nwunye, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ, kama gastrulation nke bụ n'ezie oge kachasị mkpa na ndụ gị. "

Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na-amata Wolpert maka ịkọwapụta na ịkwado echiche nke ozi ọnọdụ na uru ọnọdụ: mgbaàmà nke mkpụrụ ndụ na nzaghachi mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'ime ha nke na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ aka ime ihe ziri ezi n'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge mmepe embryonic.[7] Isi ihe nke echiche ndị a bụ na e nwere usoro a raara nye maka nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị na n'ofe ọkwa na anụ ahụ dị iche iche.[7][8] Nchọpụta nke koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Hox na ụmụ ahụhụ na vertebrates akwadowo echiche Wolpert nke uru ọnọdụ, ebe nchọpụta nke morphogens na-eto eto n'ọtụtụ ụdị akwadowo ozi ọnọdụ.[9]

Echiche

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N'otu edemede nke afọ 2005 nke akpọrọ "Spiked", The Guardian jụrụ usoro ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị "Gịnị bụ otu ihe onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịmụta banyere sayensị?" Wolpert zaghachiri:

Aga m akụziri ụwa na sayensị bụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji ghọta ụwa, nakwa na maka usoro ọ bụla nke nchọpụta, enwere naanị otu nkọwa ziri ezi. Ọzọkwa, sayensị enweghị uru, dịka ọ na-akọwa ụwa dịka ọ dị. Nsogbu omume na-ebilite naanị mgbe a na-etinye sayensị na teknụzụ - site na ọgwụ gaa na ụlọ ọrụ.

Banyere akwụkwọ ya How We Live & Why We Die: The Secret Lives of Cells, Wolpert kwuru na ndị na-ege akwụkwọ ya ntị bụ ọha na eze. O kwuru na o chere na ọ dị mkpa ka ọha na eze ghọta na ndị mmadụ bụ otu mkpụrụ ndụ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịghọta ụmụ mmadụ. Wolpert kwekwaara na otu ajụjụ dị ezigbo mkpa, na nke a na-edozighị, na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ bụ mmalite na evolushọn nke mkpụrụ ndụ mbụ, yana ajụjụ nke omume mkpụrụ ndụ, nke n'echiche ya ga-aba uru maka ọmụmụ ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa ma ọ bụ Ọrịa Alzheimer.

Wolpert rụrụ ụka na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Christian William Lane Craig banyere ịdị adị nke Chineke, Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe Christian Hugh Ross banyere ma enwere ikpe maka onye okike, na William Dembski na isiokwu nke imewe nwere ọgụgụ isi. N'okwu ihu ọha akpọrọ "Is Science Dangerous?" ọ gbakwunyere na nke a, na-ekwu, sị: "M na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume iji nyochaa akụkụ ọ bụla nke ịnwa ịghọta ọdịdị nke ụwa anyị. "[10][11]

Na 25 Mee 1994, Wolpert gbara Francis Crick ajụjụ ọnụ were otu awa nke akpọrọ "How the Brain 'sees'" maka The Times Dillon Science Forum; Just Results Video Productions mepụtara vidiyo nke ajụjụ ọnụ maka The Times. Na 15 Jenụwarị 2004, Wolpert na Oge na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ / Oge na-amụ banyere uche Rupert Sheldrake sonyere na arụmụka na-adị ndụ na ihe akaebe maka Telepathy, nke emere na Royal Society of Arts na London.[12] Wolpert ekwenyeghị na Sheldrake na ohere nke igosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ embryo na kọmputa, nke Wolpert kwenyere na ọ ga-enweta n'ime afọ 20. O kwuru na o kwenyere na ime nke a ga-ebu amụma n'ụzọ zuru ezu otú mkpụrụ ndụ ga-esi akpa àgwà, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwetara na ihe isi ike nke ọrụ a n'ihi netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke protein, mmekọrịta protein na protein, na oke nke molecules na mkpụrụ ndụ.

Tinyere akwụkwọ sayensị na nyocha ya, o dere gbasara ahụmịhe ya nke ịda mbà n'obi n'akwụkwọ "Malignant Stress: The Anatomy of Depression" (1999). O gosipụtara ihe omume telivishọn atọ dabere na akwụkwọ ahụ ma kpọọ ya "A Living Hell" na BBC2. E mere ya Fellow nke Royal Society [13] na 1980 ma nye ya CBE na 1990. Ọ ghọrọ Fellow nke Royal Society of Literature na 1999 na otu n'ime ndị mbụ Fellows nke Academy of Medical Sciences na 1998. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Humanists UK. N'afọ 1986, a kpọrọ Wolpert ka ọ kwuo okwu Krismas nke Royal Institution na Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life . N'afọ 2018 ọ natara Royal Medal. [14] Wolpert bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka nghọta ọha na eze nke sayensị n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1998. Ọ bụ onye natara Michael Faraday Medal na Prize maka nkwurịta okwu sayensị site na Royal Society na 2000.[3]

Ọ jụrụ nchegbu gbasara ụmụ mmadụ na nyocha nke nwa e bu n'afọ, ọ bụ ezie na o kwupụtara nguzo megide ụmụ mmadụ na-ekwu, "nwatakịrị ahụ ga-arịa ọrịa ma ọ bụ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma". Ọ bụ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke ma sonye na arụmụka ọha na eze banyere sayensị na okpukpe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwetara na ụfọdụ ndị na-erite uru site na ahụmịhe okpukpe. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke British Humanist Association . [3] Ọ bụkwa enyi ogologo oge nke onye South Africa ibe ya na onye edemede Jillian Becker, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Atheist Conservative . [15]

Akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi

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Mpụta ya na Germaine Greer na After Dark na 1994

Na mbido afọ 1980, ọ malitere mgbasa ozi na Redio 4">BBC Radio 3 na Radio 4 dị ka onye na-akọwa sayensị, na mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bipụtara dị ka A Passion for Science (1988). [3]Ọ gara n'ihu dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị ama ama, gụnyere The Unnatural Nature of Science (1994), Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief (2006), Triumph of the Embryo (1991) na How We Live And Why We Die: The Secret Lives of Cells (2009). Akwụkwọ ya bụ Malignant Sadness (1999) nyochara ahụmịhe nke ya na ịda mbà n'obi mgbe ọ dị afọ 65.

Na 2011, Wolpert bipụtara akwụkwọ a nke akpọrọ "You're Looking Very Well", nke na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na sayensị gbasara ịka nká. Onye bipụtara akwụkwọ a wepụrụ ya n'ahịa na 2014 mgbe achọpụtara na o nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ e depụtaghachiri na-enweghị nkọwa sitere na akwụkwọ sayensị na weebụsaịtị dị iche iche, gụnyere Wikipedia.[16] Mbipụta nke akwụkwọ Wolpert na-abịanụ, Gịnị mere na nwanyị enweghị ike ịbụ nwoke? , e mekwara ka ọ ghara ịdị ngwa mgbe achọpụtara na e depụtaghachiri akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ n'enweghị onye na-akọwa ya. Wolpert rịọrọ mgbaghara ma were ibu ọrụ maka njehie ahụ na nkọwa "n'amaghị ama na n'ihi enweghị uche". [16] [3]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Wolpert lụrụ nwunye mbụ ya Elizabeth Brownstein na 1961 n'alụmdi na nwunye nke mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.[3] O mechara lụọ onye edemede Australia bụ Jill Neville ma ha nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe Neville nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 1997. Ọ lụrụ Alison Hawkes n'afọ 2016, di na nwunye ahụ nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Wolpert mụrụ ụmụ anọ gụnyere Miranda Wolpert na Daniel Wolpert, ndị prọfesọ na neuroscience na psychology, site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya, na ụmụ di na nwunye abụọ..

Na 28 Jenụwarị 2021, Wolpert nwụrụ na University College Hospital na London site na nsogbu metụtara COVID-19, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na England. [17]

Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

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Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ Lewis Wolpert. The British Library. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved on 29 January 2021.
  2. ↑ "Professor Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS", Humanists UK, 24 May 2012. Retrieved on 27 October 2017. (in en)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Lewis Wolpert obituary (en). the Guardian (29 January 2021). Retrieved on 31 January 2021."Lewis Wolpert obituary". the Guardian. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  4. ↑ Lewis Wolpert (en). UCL Division of Biosciences (8 February 2019). Retrieved on 29 January 2021.
  5. ↑ APS Member History. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved on 2021-07-06.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wolpert (October 1969). "Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation". Journal of Theoretical Biology 25 (1): 1–47. DOI:10.1016/S0022-5193(69)80016-0. PMID 4390734. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Humanists UK mourns Professor Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS (1929–2021) (en). Humanists UK. Retrieved on 31 January 2021.
  8. ↑ Green (April 2015). "Positional information and reaction-diffusion: two big ideas in developmental biology combine". Development 142 (7): 1203–1211. DOI:10.1242/dev.114991. PMID 25804733. 
  9. ↑ Durston (7 April 2020). "A Tribute to Lewis Wolpert and His Ideas on the 50th Anniversary of the Publication of His Paper 'Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Differentiation'. Evidence for a Timing Mechanism for Setting Up the Vertebrate Anterior-Posterior (A-P) Axis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21 (7): 2552. DOI:10.3390/ijms21072552. PMID 32272563. 
  10. ↑ Is Science Dangerous?. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved on 6 October 2007.
  11. ↑ Wolpert (11 March 2002). Who's to blame? (en). the Guardian. Retrieved on 31 January 2021.
  12. ↑ The Telepathy Debate, Royal Society of Arts, London, 15th January 2004. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved on 6 October 2007.
  13. ↑ Tickle FRS (2024). "Lewis Wolpert. 19 October 1929 — 28 January 2021". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 76: 477–499. DOI:10.1098/rsbm.2023.0048. 
  14. ↑ Royal Medals | Royal Society. royalsociety.org. Retrieved on 29 January 2021.
  15. ↑ Jillian Becker (en). Jewish Lives Project. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved on 31 January 2021.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Davis. "Eminent scientist Lewis Wolpert sorry for using others' work", The Guardian, 18 January 2014.
  17. ↑ Ferry. "Lewis Wolpert obituary", The Guardian, 29 January 2021.

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