Lucy Parsons

 

Lucy E. Parsons (c. - Maachị 7, 1942) bụ onye America socialist anarchist na emesia anarcho-communist, nke amara nke ọma n'oge ndụ ya ogologo maka okwu na edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Industrial Workers of the World. Enwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ nwata Parsons: ya onwe ya kwuru na ya sitere na Mexico na American Indian; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na a mụrụ ya n'aka onye Africa-American nwere ohu, ikekwe na Virginia, wee lụọ nwoke ojii nweere onwe ya na Texas. Ọ zutere onye mkpochapụ Albert Parsons na Waco, Texas, ma ekwuru na ọ lụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ndekọ ahụghị. Ha kwagara Chicago ọnụ na ngwụsị 1873 na echiche ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ mmegide ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ na Chicago Railroad Strike nke 1877. Ọ rụrụ ụka maka nzukọ ọrụ na mgba otu, na-ede akụkọ na-ese okwu na-ekwu okwu na ihe omume. Ọ sonyeere United States Labour Union ma mesịa ghọọ Knights of Labour, na enyi ya Lizzie Swank na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ tọrọ ntọala Chicago Working Women's Union.

Parsons nwere ụmụ abụọ wee rụọ ọrụ na Chicago dị ka akwa akwa, na-ere ụlọ nke ya. Mgbe e gbuchara di ya na 1887 mgbe a mara ya ikpe na ọ bụ onye ndu na Haymarket Riots, ọ bịara mara ụwa niile dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu anarchist, na-eme njem ugboro ugboro n'ofe United States ma na-eleta England. O dere edemede ma dezie akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ike. Enyemaka na nkwado ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwadoro ya n'ụzọ ego wee dee Life of Albert R. Parsons site n'enyemaka nke Martin Lacher. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochiri Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917, Parsons nọgidere na-abụ onye Kọmunist. Ndị uwe ojii Chicago weere ya dị ka onye agha dị ize ndụ ma na-egbochikarị ya ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye toro eto, na-emegide onye anarchist Emma Goldman maka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ha na ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi na ikpe nke Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney, na Scottsboro Boys. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ bụ George Markstall nọ na olili ozu ahụ wee hụ ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma o nweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n’echi ya. E liri ya na ebe a na-eli ozu Waldheim German, ebe ncheta Haymarket Martyrs dị. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a maara Parsons dị ka Albert Parsons, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe mmadụ abụọ dị ndụ na-echeta ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ okporo ụzọ dị na Belmont Avenue aha ya na 2004.

Oge ọ malitere

Amachaghị ihe gbasara ndụ nwata Parsons. [A] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Caroline Ashbaugh na-ekwu na ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ kwenyere na Parsons bụ ohu na 1849 na a na-akpọ ya Lucy Gathings; N'ime ndụ ya niile, Parsons jikwa aha nna Carter, Diaz, Gonzalez na Hull. [1]: 11, 12 E nwere ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke aha etiti Parsons; ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Philip S. Foner nyere ya dị ka Eldine, na mgbe e mesịrị nke nwa ya nwanyị Ella.[2] :: 267  Parsons n'onwe ya nyere akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ.[2] : : 268  Ọ gọrọ agọ na ọ bụ onye Afrịka wee kwuo na ya nwere nne na nna Mexico na American India, na-atụgharị n'etiti ha abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume ndị butere ọnwụ ya mere ka a mara ya, akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike na-agụnye ihe nketa Texas ya mana o deghị aha ya n'ezie.[3][4] Otu echiche bụ na ọ lụrụ na Texas na Marie del Gather (nke sitere na Spanish-Mexica) na John Waller, onye bụ onye Muscogee.[5] Akụkọ ya na American National Biography na-egosi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nwa Pedro Díaz González, onye nyere ya Marie. Ọ bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a ole na ole kwuru banyere usoro ọmụmụ ya.[6][5]

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, Pasons, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze Jacqueline Jones na-ekwu na e rere ya dị ka ohu na Virginia na 1863 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na onye nwe ya, Thomas J. Taliaferro, kpọọrọ ya na nne ya na nwanne ya na McLennan County, Texas. N’ihi ya, a kpọrọ ya Lucia; ọ kwagara Waco, Texas, ebe a na-egosi ndị mmadụ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ha gara aga dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ndị agha Confederate. Ya na ya “biri” (ma o doro anya na ọ lụọla) nwoke ojii aha ya bụ Oliver Benton, nke a maara dị ka Oliver Gathings n'ihi na e nyere ndị ohu aha ikpeazụ nke ndị nwe ha. Ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 35 ma ọ bụ 36 mana ọ dị iche iche 16 ma ọ bụ 17. Benton nwetara $1.50 kwa ule maka ngwaọrụ ya na-ebu akwụkwọ ojii n'osimiri ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ nwere nwatakịrị nwụrụ anwụ.[1] Ashbaugh na-atụ aro na Parsons bụ (dị ka Benton) bụbu ohu nke ezinụlọ Gathings, ebe Philip Gathings nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Lucy na 1849 ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ n'aha Parsons. Ọ bụ ebe a na-edobe ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ezinụlọ Gathings nwekwara ụmụ ndị ohu na 1860 bụ ndị ga-anọrịrị n'afọ Parsons.[2] : 267 : 267

Mgbe ọ nọ na Waco, Lucy zutere Albert Parsons. Ọ bụ nwoke nke bụbu onye agha Confederate nke agha obodo America na onye Radical Republican bụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka ikike ndị isi ojii; a gbagburu ya n’ụkwụ maka inyere ndị ojii aka ịdebanye aha ịtụ vootu. A kwenyere na ha alụrụla di na nwunye kemgbe oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] : 13-14 E kwuru na ha zutere na Austin na 1872, ọ gwakwara Dictionary of American Biography for Albert's state na ha lụrụ na June 10, 1871. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Lucie C. Price kwuru na Parsons bụ ohu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Parsons na ọ bụ ya dere akụkọ ahụ. : 12, 461 Ashbaugh siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-esiri ha ike ịlụ di na nwunye n'otu ụzọ ahụ, mana di na nwunye na di ya na nwunye ya bụ otu ihe, ebe Lucy na-akpọ aha ikpeazụ Parsons.[1] :  13–14 : 13–14

Lucy na Albert Parsons kwagara Chicago na ngwụcha afọ 1873.  : 15 : 15 Obodo mmepụta ihe na-eto ngwa ngwa. Di na nwunye ahụ biri n'ụlọ ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu Larrabee Street na North Avenue na North Side. : 16 Albert Parsons rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-Ebe Ugwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lucy Parsons nwetara ego dị ka onye ịkwa akwa. Di na nwunye ahụ sonyere na Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America, mgbe e mesịrị na Workingmen'S Party of the United States.  : 17 Parsons gosikwara njikere ya iguzo maka ikike ya site n'ịkpọrọ ndị ọcha ugboro abụọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe na 1875, n'ihi ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ na nsogbu ndị agbata obi, n'otu n'otu.

Mgbe Ọgbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè Chicago nke 1877 mere dị ka akụkụ nke Great Upheaval, Albert Parsons na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ibe ya Philip Van Patten na George Schilling gwara ìgwè mmadụ 25,000 okwu. : 20, 21 A chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ ya na Chicago Times ma tinye ya na Ndepụta ojii; ndị ikom abụọ a na-amaghị ama tinyere égbè n'isi ya mgbe ọ gara Chicago Tribune ịrịọ maka ọrụ. : 31, 32 A manyere Lucy Parsons inweta ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ya wee malite ụlọ ahịa na-ere uwe na uwe. : 25 Ọ gbasaa azụmahịa ahụ n'ime Parsons & Co., Manufacturers of Ladies' and Children's Clothing, na-emeghe ebe ọrụ na 306 Mohawk Street ma na-ewe onye mmekọ ya ugbu a na-edepụtaghị aha.

Ọrụ mbụ Parsons bipụtara bụ akwụkwọ ozi o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ The Socialist banyere agụụ na ịda ogbenye nke ndị ọrụ. Ọ malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke, Albert Parsons Jr., na Septemba 1879 (na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya o depụtara aha nwa agbọghọ ya dị ka Carter na Virginia dịka ebe ọmụmụ ya). [1]: 30 [2] Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Parsons na-agbanwe, o kpebiri na nsogbu nke ya adịghị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị otu òtù ọha na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. Ọ bụ onye agha karịa onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, na-eme mkpọsa megide votu ahụ n'oge a na-enyeghị ya ikike ime otú ahụ n'onwe ya. [1]: 32, 39 [3] Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara banyere ọgba aghara ahụ e mere na 1877 kụziiri ya na ndị ọrụ na-esikwu ike mgbe ha jikọrọ aka. [4] Ọ zụlitere echiche anarchist ya, bụ nke kwadoro ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kwadoro ịgbachitere onwe ya megide ime ihe ike agbụrụ, ma kpọọ oku maka mgba megide okpukpe. [5]: 92, 96 O nyeere aka chọta Chicago Working Women's Union (WWU) na ụmụ nwanyị dịka Elizabeth Chambers Morgan, Elizabeth Flynn Rodgers, Alzina Stevens, na Lizzie Swank wee gaa nzukọ n'oge ime ime ya, n'oge a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ nwanyị nọrọ n'ụlọ mgbe ha na-amụ nwa. Swank ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Parsons, ma ozugbo ndị Knights of Labour kpebiri ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị, ha abụọ sonyeere.[1] : 34 WWU gbara ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha sonye n'otu ndị ọrụ ma kwalite ụbọchị awa asatọ. [2][7]

Na Eprel 20, 1881, Parsons mụrụ nwa ya nke abụọ, Lulu Eda, onye nwụrụ site na lymphedema mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. :: 41 ">: 451  : 41 N'afọ 1883, onye nnupụisi anarchist Johann Most gara Chicago wee zute ezinụlọ Parsons. : 43 N'ọnwa Nọvemba, Albert Parsons guzobere American Group of Chicago dị ka ngalaba mpaghara nke International Working People's Association (IWPA). Lucy gara nzukọ, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ya, na-azụlite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka ekpe ya. Mgbe IWPA bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ siri ike The Alarm na 1884, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nyere aka, na-ekwu na ime ihe ike bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọgụ nke ndị otu ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpali mgbanwe ahụ. O dere ederede nke gụnyere "Mmalite anyị. Ọ bara uru ịzọpụta?", "Nwatakịrị ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọjọọ ha gosipụtara na nnapụta ha chọrọ" na "The negro. Ka ọ hapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nye onye ndọrọ ọchịchị ma kpegara onye nkwusa ekpere". : 99 : 54, 57, 63, 64, 99 E bipụtara edemede ya "Nye ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a napụrụ ihe nketa na ndị nhụsianya" site na The Alarm ma ree ihe karịrị 10,000 n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba 1885.  :: 135  N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara "Dynamite! Nanị olu ndị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta" na Denver Labor Enquirer, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nkwalite nke mgbasa ozi nke omume ahụ. : 56 Na Eprel 28, 1885, Parsons na Lizzie Holmes (née Swank) duziri ngagharị iwe IWPA iji mee ngagharị iwe n'èzí oriri na Board of Trade Building, nke e wuru ọhụrụ na ọnụahịa nke $ 2 nde. : 59 :: 146  N'oge a, Parsons na onye mmekọ ya na-agwakarị ìgwè mmadụ 1,000 ruo 5,000 na Sunday n'ikperé mmiri nke Lake Michigan. Onye na-ahazi ọrụ Mother Jones gara ma chee na okwu ndị ahụ kwadoro ime ihe ike dị ukwuu. : 60 : 60 

Na Mee 5, ụbọchị mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, Lucy Parsons nọ n'ọfịs nke Arbeiter-Zeitung mgbe ndị uwe ojii wakporo ya n'enweghị akwụkwọ ikike ịchọ ya. Ha jidere ndị ọrụ niile gụnyere Parsons, onye otu onye uwe ojii kpọrọ "nwaanyị ojii"; a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebughị ebubo ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii nwere olileanya na ọ ga-eduga ha na onye mmekọ ya. N'ime ọnwa isii sochirinụ, e jidere ya obere oge ọtụtụ ugboro. : 226-227 : E jidere mmadụ iri asatọ na otu ma mee nnyocha iwu na-akwadoghị na Julius S. Grinnell, onye ọka iwu Illinois nke ga-aga n'ihu na-ekpe ikpe ahụ, kwuru "Bido mee ka mwakpo ahụ leba anya n'iwu mgbe e mesịrị". : 84 Lucy Parsons kwuru na Denver Labor Enquirer mwakpo ahụ buru ibu. : 85 Otu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe mara ebubo megide ndị ikom 31 na Mee 27, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ megide mmadụ iri, ndị na-akwado mgbasa ozi site na omume ahụ (gụnyere Lucy Parsons na Lizzie Holmes) ebughị ebubo. : 83, 84, 87 : 83, 84, 87 

Àgwà nke ndị ọrụ US n'ebe ndị a na-ebo ebubo nọ dị mgbagwoju anya, na ụfọdụ ndị agha na-ekwupụta nkwado na ndị ọzọ na-echegbu onwe ha maka ọnwụ nke ndụ na square. : 88 Mgbe Albert nọ na nzuzo, o degaara Lucy Parsons akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ya na ọkàiwu William P. Black kwurịta okwu ma kwurịta ọnọdụ nke inyefe onwe ya. Black gbara ya ume ka ọ kpọbata ya n'ụlọ ikpe, na-ekwere na ohere dị nta maka ikpe. Onye isi enyemaka ya William A. Foster ekwenyeghị, na-eche na ọ ka mma na Parsons nọgidere na-enwere onwe ya. : 252, 254, 255 : 90 N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ikpe, Albert Parsons pụtara mgbe ya na Lucy nọrọ awa ole na ole ma nyefee onwe ya n'aka Onyeikpe Joseph Gary. : 90, 91 Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na-emegide ndị anarchist siri ike, na Chicago Tribune na-akpọ maka ogbugbu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Texas na-eleghachi anya na ihe ihere nke Parsons na-ahapụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Oliver Benton maka Albert. The Waco Day bụ isi akụkọ "Beast Parsons: mkparị na-ezighị ezi site na ụfọdụ omume ọma nke ọ na-ezo na ya; onye na-agwakọta agbụrụ, onye ogbu mmadụ, onye omekome, onye osisi na-echere". Na nzaghachi, Parsons gara leta onye ya na ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na onye nta akụkọ si na Tribune ma kwuo na ya na nwunye Benton nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mana na ọ bụ onye dị iche na Lucy. : 86, 87 

Lucy Parsons gara ụbọchị ọ bụla nke ikpe ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a mara onye mmekọ ya, George Engel, Samuel Fielden, Adolph Fischer, Louis Lingg, Michael Schwab na August Spies ikpe Ọnwụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o mere njem nkuzi izu asaa iji nweta ego maka ndị a na-ebo ebubo; ọ gwara ihe karịrị mmadụ 200,000 okwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Cincinnati, New York na Philadelphia. : 297, 298 :: 108 ">: 105  Na New Haven, Connecticut, o kwuru "Ị nwere ike ịtụ anya na m ga-agbapụta nnukwu ire ọkụ nke dynamite ma jiri bọmbụ guzo n'ihu gị n'aka m. Ọ bụrụ na enwere nkụda mmụọ, ị nwere naanị ndị nta akụkọ nke isi obodo iji kelee ya". : 108 Ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Thomas J. Morgan kwurịtara okwu na nzukọ na Sheffield, Indiana, nke dị n'ofe akara steeti site na Illinois, nke mere na ndị uwe ojii Chicago enweghị ike ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ. :: 306  Na Columbus, Ohio, e gbochiri ya ikwu okwu ma zigara ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Franklin County. :: 113  Mgbe ọ na-adịghị akụzi ihe, Parsons ga-eleta onye ibe ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na-akpọrọ ụmụaka ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ ahịa ịkwa ákwà ya ma manye ezinụlọ ahụ ịpụ n'ụlọ ha dị n'okporo ámá Indiana gaa na nke ọzọ dị na Milwaukee Avenue. :: 323  Mgbe a mara ọkwa ikpe ọnwụ ya, Albert Parsons degaara nwunye ya akwụkwọ ozi "Enwere m otu arịrịọ ka m mee gị: Emeghị ihe ngwa ngwa n'onwe gị mgbe m hapụrụ, mana were nnukwu ihe kpatara Socialism ebe a manyere m ịtọ ya. " :: 322  E guzobere Amnesty Association ma mee ihe iji zọpụta Albert Parsons na ndị ikom isii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọnụ ọnwụ; Lucy Parsons jiri oge ya na-anakọta ego na ịbịanye aka n'okporo ámá, na mkpọsa iji gbanwee ikpe ahụ ọbụna site na Melville onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Chicago News, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Daily, onye a mara ndị ahụ, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Chicago, onye na-akwado ọbụna dị ka Melville News, onye na mbụ, : 337, 338 : 337, 338 

Na Thursday November 10, Gọvanọ Illinois Richard J. Oglesby mara ọkwa na a ga-egbu Parsons na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ n'echi ya. :: 138 ">: 134  N'ụtụtụ echi ya, Lucy Parsons kpọọrọ ụmụaka ahụ hụ ya maka oge ikpeazụ, ya na Lizzie Holmes. A na-egbochi ya ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na eriri ndị uwe ojii ma mgbe ọ nwara ịgafe ya, e jidere ìgwè ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Chicago Avenue ebe a chọtara ha maka bọmbụ ma jide ha ruo elekere 15:00. :: 396 , 387 E bugara igbe ozu nke Albert Parsons n'ụlọ ahịa Lucy Parsons, ebe ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 bịara ịsọpụrụ n'otu ụbọchị. : 138 Ngụkọta nke mmadụ dị n'agbata 10,000 na 15,000 bịara olili ozu na Sunday, November 13; Parsons gara n'azụ igbe ozu ahụ. : 396 : 138, 140 Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dezigharịrị ma bipụta The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court nke rere ihe karịrị 10,000 n'ime ọnwa 18.

Foto nke Parsons e sere na 1886

Mgbe emesịrị olili ozu nke onye mmekọ ya, Parsons gara n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyere ya ego enyemaka nke $ 12 kwa izu ma na Machị 1888 ọ gara East Coast na-ekwu okwu. :: 159 ">: 156 ">: 155  N'oge ntuli aka onye isi obodo Chicago nke 1887, Parsons kwadoro onye United Labor Party megide onye mmeri, Onye Republican John A. Roche. Roche haziri asọmpi ahụ dị ka agha dị n'etiti ọkọlọtọ US na ọkọlọtọ nke anarchism na ọchịchị Kọmunist, mgbe e mesịrị gbalịa machibido iji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara na nzukọ ndị aka ekpe. :: 121  Parsons malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ndụ nke o mechara bipụta dị ka The Life of Albert R. Parsons . Martin Lacher, nwa okorobịa German nke ya na ya biri site na 1889 gaa n'ihu ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya nyeere ya aka. : 156 N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1888, ọ gara London, ebe ọ zutere ndị anarchist Peter Kropotkin na William Morris wee gaa na Tower of London na Westminster Abbey na Jane Morris. Ọ gwara ndị Socialist League okwu ma kwenyeghị na Annie Besant, onye ndú nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike. : 159 Mgbe o ji ụgbọ mmiri laghachi na New York City, otu onye nta akụkọ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee kwuo na ọ na-alụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German Eduard Bernstein. Ndị anarchist nke oge Parsons dị ka Justus Schwab katọrọ akụkọ ahụ ma ọ gọnahụrụ ya.

Mgbe Parsons laghachiri Chicago na 1889, nzukọ ọhụrụ a kpọrọ Albert R. Parsons nke Knights of Labor kpọsara okwu na-abịa site n'aka ya nke akpọrọ Review of the Labor Movement in Europe. Onye isi ndị uwe ojii Chicago George W. Hubbard kpebiri ịkwụsị ihe omume ahụ ma n'ụbọchị ahụ n'onwe ya, e jidere Lacher na nwoke ọzọ ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike Parsons nwere ikwu okwu. : 161,: 183 ">: 182  Hubbard kwupụtara na "ọ pụghị ikwu okwu na Chicago" ma kwụsị ihe omume na-eme ugboro ugboro. N'otu afọ ahụ, Parsons bipụtara The Life of Albert R. Parsons na okwu mbido nke George Schilling. :: 175  Na Nọvemba 1890, a gbochiri Johann Most, Parsons na Hugh O. Pentikọst ikwu okwu na Newark, New Jersey mgbe ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ nzukọ ahụ. Parsons gbalịrị ikwu okwu n'okporo ámá: e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo na ọ na-ịkpali ọgba aghara. : 182 Ọ dezigharịrị Freedom akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist-communist kwa ọnwa site na 1891 gaa n'ihu :: 449  : 183 ma wuo ụlọ na 999 Hammond Avenue, mgbe e mesịrị North Troy Street[C] na Avondale. Òtù Pioneer Aid and Support Association nyeere ya aka n'ụzọ ego, mana ụfọdụ ndị otu ahụ malitere iwe maka mkpa ego ya, na-azọrọ na ọ ka na-azọ ụgwọ iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị, onye nwụrụ anwụ. Mmekọrịta ya na Lacher bụ ihe arụmụka ebe ọ bụ na ọ nọgidere na-alụ onye ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a malitere ịhụ di na nwunye ahụ ọnụ n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ha kwụsịrị ma ha gara ụlọ ikpe. Parsons boro Lacher ebubo na ọ na-eji anyụike wakpo ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ ya. O kwetara na ya mebiri arịa ụlọ ahụ mana o kwuru na ọ bụ nke ya ma kwụọ ya $ 25 na ego maka omume aghara aghara. O kwukwara na o dere ọtụtụ n'ime Life of Albert R. Parsons . [1] : 178, 179 Parsons jiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Freedom wakpo Lacher, na-azọrọ na o zuru ego n'aka otu ìgwè dị n'ógbè ahụ ma na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ megide ya.

Ka Parsons na-etolite, e nwere ihe omume iji mee ememe ncheta nke Haymarket na ndị uwe ojii nọgidere na-akwụsị ya ikwu okwu na nzukọ ndị a na ndị ọzọ. : 412, 413 :: 197 ">: 198  Mgbe onye anarchist Alexander Berkman nwara igbu onye mmepụta ihe Henry Clay Frick na 1892, Parsons dere na Freedom "N'akụkụ anyị anyị, anyị nwere naanị mmasị kachasị ukwuu maka dike dị ka Berkman" ma ọ kwadoro ndị enyi ya Henry Bauer na Carl Nold bụ ndị e jidere maka ebubo nkata aghụghọ n'agbanyeghị na ha etinyeghị aka. A mara Berkman ikpe afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ma nye Nold na Bauer afọ ise. : 184, 185 N'afọ 1893, Parsons sooro onye isi obodo kwurịta okwu na ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ katụghị ya ikpe, wee gaa n'ihu ma kwuo ozugbo na onye isi obodo ahụ abụghị onye ka mma karịa eze. : 192, 193 N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1896, ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ ma mebie akwụkwọ ya, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara ree akwụkwọ Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Scientific Basis na The Life of Albert R. Parsons. : 197 

Parsons dọtara mmasị na ọrụ nke Social Democracy of America, nke Eugene V. Debs duziri, wee zute Emma Goldman site na otu ahụ na 1897. Ọ bụ ezie na Goldman na-akwalite Ịhụnanya n'efu, nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị na nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla, Parsons (n'agbanyeghị inwe mmekọahụ na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na ndụ onwe ya) kwadoro ịlụ otu nwanyị, alụmdi na ụba na ịbụ nne n'ihu ọha, ọ ka kwenyere na ọ bụ isi nke ọgụ nke ndị ọrụ n'ozuzu. : 200, 201 N'oge ahụ, Goldman, Parsons na Louise Michel so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile dị ka ndị anarchist na ndị ọrụ. Mgbe Oscar Rotter dere banyere ịhụnanya n'efu na mbibi nke mmekọrịta ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist Free Society, Parsons ji iwe zaghachi na nkwado nke otu nwanyị na nke a dugara na esemokwu na-adịgide adịgide na Goldman, : 203, 206 onye mere mkpesa na Parsons na-ebi ndụ site na ihe nketa nke onye ya e gburu egbu.  : 75 Parsons megidere ma Agha Spain na America na Agha Philippine na America; mgbe nwa ya nwoke Albert Jr. nwara ịbanye, o tinyere ya na Northern Illinois State Mental Hospital na 1899; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, ọ nwụrụ na 1919 n'ihi ụkwara nta. : 451 : 207, 208 : 207, 208 

Afọ 1900

Peeji ihu nke September 10, 1905, mbipụta nke The Liberator

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Parsons bụ onye nnọchi anya Chicago maka Free Society nke ndị uwe ojii bibiri ígwè obibi akwụkwọ ya mgbe ogbugbu nke Onye isi ala William McKinley gasịrị. : 210, 211 N'otu afọ ahụ, onye anarchist Errico Malatesta letara Parsons ma kwuo okwu n'akụkụ onye otu ọrụ Jay Fox na picnic na Memorial Day. N'afọ 1905, Parsons guzobere ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ụwa (IWW) na Eugene V. Debs, Bill Haywood na Nne Jones.  : 451, 452 Ọ gara US na-ekwu okwu ma na-ere akwụkwọ nta, n'otu oge ahụ na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ The Liberator na The Alarm. Ndị uwe ojii na-egbochi ya ikwu okwu, ọkachasị na Chicago, ma ọ nọgidere na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1920. : 452, 453 N'afọ 1912, ọ kwadoro nzukọ nke guzobere Syndicalist League of North America. Ọ bụ William Z. Foster duziri ya, onye ya na Parsons nọrọ n'oge ahụ.

Mgbe Parsons kwuru okwu na njem agụụ na Jenụwarị 1915 na Chicago nke mechiri na mmadụ 1,500 na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii na-alụ ọgụ na nso Hull House na Halsted Street, e jidere ya na Nna Irwin St. John Tucker na mmadụ 19 ndị ọzọ. Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia gasịrị na 1917, Parsons gara n'ihu na ọchịchị Kọmunist. O mechara degara Carl Nold akwụkwọ na ndị Kọmunist bụ "naanị ụyọkọ na-eme ngagharị iwe siri ike megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ dị ugbu a!" ma kwaa arịrị na "ọchịchị anarchism bụ okwu nwụrụ anwụ na ndụ America taa". :: 253 ">: 453  :: 254  Ọ sonyeere International Labor Defense na 1930, ọ gwara ọtụtụ puku mmadụ okwu na May Day (International Workers' Day) ihe omume na Ashland Auditorium na Chicago, na-ekwu okwu nke e bipụtara ọzọ na Hearings Before a Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities na US.  : 253 : 55 N'ịga n'ihu na asọmpi ha, Emma Goldman katọrọ ya maka ịwụli elu site n'otu ihe kpatara mgbanwe gaa na nke ọzọ. Parsons mechara sonye na Communist Party na 1939.  : 516 : 261 : 261 

Parsons nwere Ọrịa pleurisy na 1932, na-agbake nke ọma iji gaa Chicago World's Fair n'afọ sochirinụ. :: 254  Ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ banyere òtù anarchist nke US, na-atụle ọdịda ya na ndị enyi dị ka Nord, ma ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya, na-akwado ihe ịma aka maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ikpe gbasara Angelo Herndon, Tom Mooney na Scottsboro Boys. : 256-258 Ọ kpuru ìsì, nweta ezumike nká ma biri na ịda ogbenye na Avondale na North Troy Street na ọbá akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 3,000 nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị Socialist French, Victor Hugo, Jack London, Marx na Engels, Rousseau, Leo Tolstoy na Voltaire.  : 453 : 262 : 262 

Ọnwụ

Ili Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois

N’ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Mee 1941, Parsons sonyeere Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo dị ka onye ọbịa nri. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 91, ọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ụlọ na March 7, 1942. [D] Onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ ogologo oge bụ George Markstall na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ịhụ ka ụlọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ ma enweghị ike ịzọpụta ya; ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'echi ya.[1] : :  263   Ọ gwara Ben Reitman ka o hazie olili ya wee dee akwụkwọ ikike na 1938, hapụ ụlọ Markstall na Pioneer Aid and Support Association mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ ka e rere ụlọ ahụ $800 na 1943. [1]: 263, 265, 266 Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ọbá akwụkwọ ya, ma akwụkwọ ndị ahụ emebighị; Mgbe otu enyi ya gara ịgbalị inweta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, a gwara ya na ha bụ adịgboroja. Ndị uwe ojii nọ n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ gakwuuru ya gwa ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchọpụta Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha (FBI) ejidela ha. Ndị FBI jụrụ itinye aka na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, mgbe Reitman laghachiri Chicago Red Squad, a gwara ya na ndị FBI nwere ha; eweghachighị akwụkwọ ndị ahụ.[1] : 263, 266 Afọ mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, William Morris 'A na-etinye akara ngosi nke mgbanwe maka ire ere, na-ebu nraranye "To Lucy E. Parsons, nke William Morris, Nov. 15th 1888" na stampụ sitere na Library nke Congress na FBI.

Mmadụ 300 bịara emume akwụkwọ maka Parsons na Markstall na Machị 12. Reitman kwuru, na-akpọ ya "nke ikpeazụ n'ime dinosaurs, otu ndị Chicago Anarchists nwere obi ike." E liri Parsons na German Waldheim Cemetery na Forest Park, Illinois, n'Haymarket Martyrs Monument ebe e liri di ya. E liri Voltairine nke Cleyre, Emma Goldman, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ọnụ iwe n'ebe ahụ.[1] : 283 : 283   Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Parsons bụ Elizabeth Gurley Flynn chetara ya dị ka ọkà okwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na onye na-eme mgbanwe.  :: 265  Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Ruth Kinna kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2020 Great Anarchists na a na-akpọ Parsons n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka nwunye Albert Parsons, ma ọ bụ n'ezie "onye edemede nwere nkà, ọkà okwu na onye nhazi n'onwe ya". : 91 Ruo mgbe Ashbaugh dere akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 1976, a na-ekwukarị na Parsons n'ihe odide ala ala: n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, akụkọ banyere ọrụ ya amụbaala. Òtù dị iche iche na-akwado aka ekpe ekwuola na ọ bụ onye isi ma kpọọ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta onwe ya na Boston aha ya.

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Gale Ahrens, Mary Condé, na Robin Kelley akatọọla okwu Parsons na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba nke ndị Africa America, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọ dị ka ndị ọrụ bilie megide ndị were ha n'ọrụ, karịa mkpa maka ịha nhata. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gọnahụrụ ihe nketa ojii nke ya, o lekwasịrị anya na ide nke otu ahụ.[1][2] : 70 N'ihi ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na onye isi ojii Chicago mgbe ahụ Ida Wells-Barnett, ma ọ bụ National Association of Colored Women na National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3][4] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme lekwasịrị anya na njụta Parsons jụrụ usoro USB, ebe n'oge ahụ, akara ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na Albert Parsons dere, sị: "A na-akpọ anyị ndị Kọmunist, ma ọ bụ ndị Socialist, ma ọ bụ Anarchists. Anyị na-anabata usoro ndị ahụ niile. "[5]

Obodo Chicago guzobere ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme a raara nye Parsons na di ya na 1997 n'ebe ụlọ ha dị, 1908 North Mohawk Street, na mpaghara Old Town. Mpaghara Chicago Park kpọrọ obere ebe dị na Belmont Avenue ogige "Lucy Ella Gonzales Parsons" n'afọ 2004, mkpebi nke Fraternal Order of Police megidere. : 62 N'afọ 2022, a kpọrọ ụlọ ọhụrụ na Logan Square, Chicago nke nwere pasent 100 dị ọnụ ala Lucy Gonzalez Parsons Apartments.

Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

• Parsons (2004). in Ahrens: Lucy Parsons: Freedom, equality and solidarity – writings and speeches, 1878–1937. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. ISBN 978-0882863009. 
• (1910) in Parsons: The famous speeches of the eight Chicago anarchists in court: When asked if they had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed upon them - October 7, 8, and 9, 1886. Chicago: Lucy E. Parsons. OCLC 21042544. 
• Parsons (1889). Life of Albert R. Parsons, with brief history of the labor movement in America. Chicago: L.E. Parsons. OCLC 1048339877.