Makah asụsụ
Asụsụ Makah bụ asụsụ obodo ndị Makah na-asụ . A naghị asụ Makah dị ka asụsụ mbụ kemgbe 2002, mgbe onye na-asụ ya na-asụ asụsụ nke ikpeazụ nwụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-adị ndụ dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, ebo Makah na-anwa ịtụte asụsụ ahụ, gụnyere site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara. [1] Ihe njedebe maka Makah bụ qʷi·qʷi·diččaq .
Makah bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Olimpik Peninsula nke Washington n'akụkụ ndịda nke Strait nke Juan de Fuca . Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nuu-chah-nulth na Ditidaht, ndị bụ asụsụ nke mba mbụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Vancouver Island n'akụkụ ugwu nke strait, na mpaghara Canada nke British Columbia . Makah bụ naanị onye otu ezinụlọ asụsụ Wakashan na United States, yana ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-asụ na British Columbia, site na Vancouver Island ruo mpaghara Central Coast .
Makah, Nuu-chah-nult na Ditidaht bụ ngalaba ndịda Nootkan nke ezinụlọ Wakashan . Asụsụ Northern Wakashan, nke bụ Kwak'wala, Heiltsuk-Oowekyala na Haisla, ka a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu, gafere ókèala Nuu-chah-nulth .
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E gosipụtara fọnịm (ụda pụrụ iche) nke Makah n'okpuru mkpụrụedemede Makah; ọ bụrụ na akara nke dị na mkpụrụedemede obodo dị iche na akara IPA, a ga-enye ihe kwekọrọ na IPA na brackets.
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Labial | Alveolar | Mkpesa-<br id="mwTA"><br><br><br> alveolar | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||||
| Na-egbu egbu / Mmekọrịta |
voiceless | p | t | c [ts] | ƛ [tɬ] | č [tʃ] | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ |
| ejective | p̓ [pʼ] | t̓ [tʼ] | c̓ [tsʼ] | ̓ [tɬʼ] | č̓ [tʃʼ] | k̓ [kʼ] | k̓ʷ [kʷʼ] | q̓ [qʼ] | q̓ʷ [qʷʼ] | ||
| voiced | b | d | |||||||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | s | ł [ɬ] | na [ʃ] | x | xʷ | x̌ [χ] | x̌ʷ [χʷ] | ||||
| Odika | l | y [j] | w | ||||||||
Makah enweghị fọnịm imi imi, àgwà a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'etiti asụsụ ụwa nke ọ na-ekerịta asụsụ Quileute gbara agbata obi.
Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nkenke | ogologo | nkenke | ogologo | nkenke | ogologo | |
| Mechie | ɪ | iː | ʊ | uː | ||
| N'etiti | ɛ | æː | ə | ɔ | oː | |
| Mepee | a ː | |||||
Enwere ụdaume ise dị mkpụmkpụ nke ụda olu (nke e dere ⟨aeiou ⟩ ma kpọọ ya [ə], [ɛ], [ɪ], [ɔ], na [ʊ] ) na ụdaume ise nwere ogologo ogologo oge (nke e dere ⟨a· e· i· o· u·⟩ ma kpọpụta [a], [æ], [i], [o], na [u] ). Enwekwara diphthong isii (nke e dere ⟨aw ay ey iy oy uy⟩, akpọ [aw], [aj], [e], [iː], [ɔj], na [uːj] ).
Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka asụsụ Wakashan ndị ọzọ, Makah na-atụgharị ngwaa maka ihe akaebe, na-egosi ọkwa na isi mmalite nke ihe ọmụma nke ọkà okwu banyere nkwupụta. Egosiri ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ na tebụl na-esonụ:
| Ọmụmaatụ | Ntụgharị asụsụ | Ihe akaebe |
|---|---|---|
| hi·dawʔaƛ wa·d | "Anụ m na ọ chọtara ya" | -wa·t, ikwu okwu |
| pu·pu· q̓adʔi | "ọ na-afụ ụfụ" | -q̓adi, ntị |
| č̓apac caqil | "Ọ dị ka ụgbọ mmiri" | -caqił, ihe akaebe anya na-ejighị n'aka, dị ka ịnwa ime ihe dị n'ebe dị anya |
| haʔuk̓aƛ pi·d ic | "Ahụrụ m ka ị riri nri" | -pi·t, ntinye sitere na ihe akaebe anụ ahụ |
| dudu·k̓aƛ x̌a·š | "Ma eleghị anya ọ na-abụ abụ" | -x̌a·-š, ihe gbasara puru omume |
N'akụkụ ihe atụ ndị ahụ, tulee ahịrịokwu ndị kwekọrọ n'ahịrịokwu na-enweghị ihe akaebe: hi·dawʔal, "Ọ chọtara ya"; č̓apac̓, "ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri"; haʔuk̓alic, "ị na-eri"; dudu·k̓al, "ọ na-abụ abụ"" [2]
Okwu ndị dị na Makah na-etinye ọtụtụ ozi; Davidson (2002) na-akọwapụta usoro nhazi okwu n'okpuru (pg. 160),
| isi | isi suffixes | akụkụ | mpụta suffixes | akụkụ | usoro clitic |
| okwu agbasaghị | |||||
| okwu agbasaghị agbasa | |||||
| ogologo okwu | |||||
'Okwu a na-agbasaghị' nwere mgbọrọgwụ ('ndabere'), suffixes lexical, na suffixes aspectal. Ọ na-ebu 'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu pụtara' nke okwu ahụ, ebe clitics na-anọchi anya ihe enwere ike iche dị ka 'ntụgharị' maka edemede edemede ndị ọzọ.
- Mkpesa nke lexical: Bịa n'ụdị abụọ; nuclear, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe isi ihe pụtara ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke okwu, na mgbochi, nke na-agbakwụnye na isi pụtara na-enweghị ịgbanwe okwu klas. Nke ikpeazụ gụnyere suffixes ọnọdụ na ntụzịaka.
- Mgbakwunye a na-ahụ anya: Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-adịgasị iche na nghọta, okwu agbatịkwuru nwere ike kaa akara maka akụkụ ndị a, [3]
- Zuru okè, Na-ezughị okè, Na-agụsị akwụkwọ, Na-adịgide adịgide, Na-aga n'ihu, Na-emegharịghachi, & Na-emegharị
A na-etolite okwu 'gbatịa nke agbasaghị' site na mgbakwunye nke suffix dị n'akụkụ, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ nke okwu ma na-enwekarị uru a na-ahụ anya. Suffixes ndị a 'gafere-ịkpụ' isi/iche nuklia. Usoro nke usoro clitic bụ nke a: [3][3] A na-ejikọta modal-pronominal clitics, na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche nke clitics maka ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Makah bụ akara maka ngosipụta, ebumnobi, nhota, onye nọ n'okpuru, inferential, mirative, ọnọdụ, ikwu, ọdịnaya ajụjụ na ọnọdụ ajụjụ ọnụ. [3]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]mgbe onye na-asụ ya na-asụ asụsụ nke ikpeazụ nwụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-adị ndụ dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ, ebo Makah na-anwa ịtụte asụsụ ahụ, gụnyere site na ụlọ akwụkwọ
- ↑ Makah Language and the Makah Indian Tribe (Macaw, Classet, Klasset). www.native-languages.org. Retrieved on 2025-02-02.
- ↑ Jacobsen Jr. (1986). "The Heterogeneity of Evidentials in Makah", in Chafe: Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 3–28. ISBN 0-89391-203-4.
- 1 2 3 4 Davidson, Matthew (2002). Studies in Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY Buffalo, p. 94, p. 161, p. 222, p. 169, p. 320, p. 256, p. 260
Akwụkwọ akụkọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Renker, Ann M. na Gunther, Erna (1990). "Maka". Na "Northwest Coast", ed. Wayne Suttles. Vol. 7 nke Handbook of North America India, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, DC: Ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]