Malak-Malak
Malak-Malak (a kpọkwara Mullukmuluk, Malagmalag), nke a makwaara dị ka Ngolak-Wonga (Nguluwongga), bụ asụsụ Aboriginal Australia nke ndị Mulluk-Mulluk na-asụ. Malakmalak fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ, ebe ụmụaka na-etolite na-asụ Kriol ma ọ bụ Bekee kama. A na-asụ asụsụ a na mpaghara osimiri Daly gburugburu Woolianna na Nauiyu . Ụdị Kuwema ma ọ bụ Tyerity (Tyeraty) dị iche.
Nhazi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ekebu Malakmalak dị ka onye nọọrọ onwe ya na asụsụ Northern Daly, mana ugbu a a na-ewere ya dị ka onye dịpụrụ adịpụ . Tinyere otu "Anson Bay" nke Wagaydy (Patjtjamalh, Wadjiginy, Kandjerramalh) na Giyug na-akwadoghị . Green kwubiri na Wagaydy na Malakmalak bụ ezinụlọ abụọ dị iche iche na-asụ asụsụ. Ụfọdụ nhazi ọkwa mechara jikọta ha dịka Bowern (2011). Otú ọ dị, ndị Wagaydy bụ ndị bịarutere n'ógbè ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na asụsụ ha nwere ike ịdị ka nanị n'ihi ịgbazinye ego. AIATSIS na Glottolog na-emeso Wagaydy dị ka onye nọpụrụ iche yana Giyug dị ka enweghị nkewa.
Na ojiji nke oge a, "Northern Daly" (dịka Harvey 2003, Cahir 2006, Nordlinger 2017 [1] ) na-ezokarị aka kpọmkwem na otu asụsụ nke gụnyere Malakmalak na Tyerraty [2] (nke a makwaara dị ka Guwema nke ukwuu) na Malak 6 dị iche iche. dị ka ndepụta okwu 200 nke Tryon siri dị), mana ọ dị nso na morphologically. [3]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Udaume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Central | Azu | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mechie | i | ɨ | ɯ / u |
| N'etiti | ɛ | ɜ | |
| Mepee | ɐ |
Consonants
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Mpụta | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
| imi | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ||
| Kwụsị | enweghị olu | p | k | c | t | |
| <small id="mwrg">kwuputara</small> | b | g | d | |||
| Rhotic | ɾ | | ||||
| N'akụkụ | ʎ | l | ||||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Nkewa ụdịdị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Njirimara Morphosyntactic
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akpaokwu ngwaa MalakMalak na-eji amụma mgbagwoju anya . Ndị a nwere ngwaa na-emegharị emegharị nwere njirimara nke mmadụ, ọnụọgụgụ na ahụ . MalakMalak nwere naanị ngwaa isii dị otú ahụ. Na ọmụmaatụ (4), yuyu na vida na-emegharị ngwaa. Na mgbakwunye, enwere mkpuchi nke nwere ihe pụrụ iche, mana anaghị atụgharị maka ọnụọgụgụ, ogologo oge ma ọ bụ mmadụ. Ha na-eme na ngwaa na-atụgharị. Ha na-akparaghị ókè na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma na-agbaziri ngwaa ọhụrụ na klaasị a. Na (4), kubuk-karrarr, dat-tyed, na ka bụ mkpuchi. Ha nwekwara ike ịmepụta ngwaa usoro ( kubuk-karrarr, dat-tyed ). [4]
Asụsụ oghere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]MalakMalak na-eji ụdị "kpochapụwo" atọ nke ụdị nkọwa gbasara oghere: ihe dị n'ime, ikwu na nke zuru oke. Na mgbakwunye, asụsụ ahụ na-eji aha ebe na nhazi akụkụ ahụ na-ekwu maka oghere. [5] [6] Frame dị n'ime chọrọ ụdị ụfọdụ nke oke ala ma ọ bụ akara ala n'ime akụkụ aha ya bụ nke enwere ike isi na ya wepụta ngalaba ọchụchọ. [7] Na Bekee nke a ga-abụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi dị n'ihu nwoke ahụ. Na MalakMalak ọ ga-abụ (5). Okpokoro ntụaka nke ikwu na-agụnye eserese site na anyụike nke onye na-ekiri ya ( ihu, azụ, aka ekpe, aka nri ) n'elu ihe ala. [7] Otu ihe atụ Bekee bụ bọọlụ dị n'aka nri. Na MalakMalak ọ ga-abụ (6) Okpokoro ntụaka zuru oke chọrọ njiri xed nke dị ndị otu obodo niile ozugbo. [7] Otu ihe atụ Bekee bụ opera dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ebe a. Na MalakMalak, enwere ike iji ụdị okpokolo agba atọ dị iche iche. Ndị na-adabere n'ụzọ anyanwụ ( n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ / ọdịda anyanwụ ) (7a), na ifufe na-emeri ( n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ / ndịda ) (7b), na n'akụkụ abụọ nke osimiri Daly a ma ama ( n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ / ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ) (7c).
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Tryon (1968)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu ndị dị iche iche nke Northern Daly, gụnyere Malak-Malak (ma ọ bụ Mullukmuluk), sitere na Tryon (1968).
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Nordlinger (2017). "Chapter 37: The languages of the Daly region (Northern Australia)", in Fortescue: Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 782–807.
- ↑ The Daly Languages.
- ↑ Tryon (1974). Daly family languages, Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 24–41.
- ↑ Hoffmann. "Dorothea Hoffmann: "Complex Predicates and Serialization in the Daly River Languages (and beyond?)"". Retrieved on 2016-05-10.
- ↑ Dorothea Hoffmann. (MUR). "Mapping Worlds: Frames of Reference in MalakMalak". In Proceedings to the 39th Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society 2013. University of California: Berkeley. www.academia.edu. Retrieved on 2016-05-11.
- ↑ Hoffmann. "Dorothea Hoffmann. (in prep). "Usage Patterns of Spatial Frames of Reference and Orientation: Evidence from three Australian languages"". Retrieved on 2016-05-11.
- 1 2 3 Levinson (2006). Grammars of Space: Explorations in cognitive diversity. Cambridge University Press, 20–21. Levinson, Stephen; Wilkins, David (2006).
- Birk (1976). The MalakMalak language, Daly River (Western Arnhem Land). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Ray (Jan–Jun 1909). "The Ngolok-Wanggar Language, Daly River, North Australia". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 39: 137–141. DOI:10.2307/2843287.
- Hoffmann, Dorothea. http://drdorotheahoffmann.wordpress.com
- Hoffmann, Dorothea (2015). “Moving through space and (not?) time: North Australian dreamtime narratives,” Narratives from the South Pacific: Sociocultural explorations, ed. by F. Gounder. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 15-35
- Hoffmann, Dorothea (2014). “Mapping the Language: How a dying language loses its place in the world”, Endangered Words, Signs of Revival, ed. by Ghil'ad Zuckermann, J. Miller, and J. Morley, Adelaide: Australex, 1-18