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Maroons

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Maroons

Ruo n'etiti afọ 1760, ógbè ndị Maroon dị n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Borgne, n'akụkụ osimiri New Orleans, Louisiana. Ndị a gbapụrụ, ndị ohu na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri na ụzọ azụ site na Lake Pontchartrain ruo Gulf, gụnyere Rigolets. Obodo San Malo bụ obodo nwere onwe ya nke na-eme nke ọma.[1] Ndị agha si na New Orleans nke Spain na-achịkwa, nke Francisco Bouligny duziri, mechara kpochapụ ógbè ndị a. Ndị nweere onwe ha na-acha ọbara ọbara nyeere aka ijide ha.[2][3]

.

Ruo n'etiti afọ 1760, ógbè ndị Maroon dị n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Borgne, n'akụkụ osimiri New Orleans, Louisiana. Ndị a gbapụrụ, ndị ohu na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri na ụzọ azụ site na Lake Pontchartrain ruo Gulf, gụnyere Rigolets. Obodo San Malo bụ obodo nwere onwe ya nke na-eme nke ọma.[4] Ndị agha si na New Orleans nke Spain na-achịkwa, nke Francisco Bouligny duziri, mechara kpochapụ ógbè ndị a. Ndị nweere onwe ha na-acha ọbara ọbara nyeere aka ijide ha.[5][6]

Ndị gbapụrụ n'ohu n'America tupu agha ahụ nọgidere na-achọ ebe mgbaba na nnwere onwe n'ime ime obodo Louisiana, gụnyere n'ógbè ndị gbara New Orleans gburugburu. [7] [8][9]

North Carolina na Virginia
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The Great Dismal Swamp maroons bi na marshlands nke Great Dismal Marsh na Virginia na North Carolina. Ọ bụ ebe na ọnọdụ siri ike, na-egosi na ọtụtụ puku mmadụ biri n'ebe ahụ n'etiti ihe dị ka 1700 na 1860s. [10][11]

South America

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Brazil

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Otu n'ime quilombos a ma ama (ebe obibi ndị Marọn) na Brazil bụ Palmares (Palm Nation) nso Recife, nke e ete n'ihe dị ka afụ 1600. Quilombo dos Palmares bụ obodo na-akwado onwe ya nke ndị ohu gbapụrụ n'ebe obibi ndị Portugal na Brazil, "Man ma na anya nha Portugal n'ime ime obodo Bahia". Otu n'ime ihe nnukwu Palmares bụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya n'etiti etiti Atlantic Ocean na Guinea, mpaghara dị mkpa nke aha ohu Africa.[12] N'oge ọ dị elu, ọ nwere ihe ụmụaka 30,000 nweere onwe ha ma bụrụ nke Eze Zumbi chịrị..[13][14]Zumbi na Ganga Zumba bụ ndị isi agha abụọ a ma ama nke Palmares bụ ndị gbachitere ndị dị Dutch na ndị Portugal. [15]

N'afọ 1612, ndị Portugal gbalịrị n'efu iweghara Palmares na njem nke furu oke ego.[16] N'afọ 1640, ndị Dutch na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara na obodo Palmares nwere onwe ya gbasara n'ebe obibi abụọ, ihe dị ka 6,000 bi n'otu ebe na 5,000 ọzọ na nke ọzọ. Njem ndị Dutch megide Palmares na 1640s enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.[17] N'agbata afọ 1672 na 1694, Palmares guzogidere, na nkezi, otu njem Portuguese ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kwa afọ.[18] Mgbe ọ nọgidere na-enwe onwe ya ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ, ndị Portugal mechara merie ya na 1694. [14][13]

N'ime 10 isi quilombos na Brazil, e bibiri asaa n'ime afọ abụọ e guzobere. Anọ dara na steeti Bahia na 1632, 1636, 1646 na 1796. Mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ zutere otu ihe ahụ na Rio na 1650, Parahyba na 1731, na Piumhy na 1758. [19] Otu quilombo na Minas Gerais dị site na 1712-1719. Onye ọzọ, "Carlota" nke Mato Grosso, e kpochapụrụ ya mgbe ọ dịrị afọ 25, site na 1770-1795 .[18] E nwekwara ọtụtụ obere quilombos. Nke mbụ a kọrọ na quilombo bụ na 1575 na Bahia. A kọrọ na quilombo ọzọ dị na Bahia na mbido narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'agbata afọ 1737 na 1787, obere quilombo nwere ọganihu na nso São Paulo. [20] Mpaghara Campo Grande na São Francisco na-enwekarị quilombos. N'afọ 1741, Jean Ferreira haziri njem megide quilombo, mana ọtụtụ ndị na-agba ọsọ gbanahụrụ ijide ha. N'afọ 1746, njem ọzọ jidere ndị otu 120 nke quilombo. N'afọ 1752, ndị agha quilombo wakporo njem nke Pere Marcos du, nke kpatara nnukwu ọnwụ.[21]

Quilombos gara n'ihu na-etolite na apụ nke 19. N'afọ 1810, aakpa quilombo na Linhares na steeti São Paulo. Afọ iri ka e gosiri, a imera ọzọ na Minas. N'afọ 1828, a okpukpera quilombo ọzọ na Cahuca, nso Recife, otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ mma, e mere njem megide onye ọzọ na Corcovado, nso Rio de Janeiro. N'afọ 1855, e bibiri Maravilha quilombo na Amazonas. Ọtụtụ ụmụ nke ndị bi na Quilombo, ma ọ bụ Quilombolas, na-aga n'ihu na-ebi n'ebe obibi quilombo ihe mere eme mgbe nkwenye onwe. A nabatara aha ha dị ka "ndị eze" na Iwu Iwu Brazil nke 1988, ọ bụ ebe na ha na-aga n'ihu na-eme nnwere onwe maka ikike ala na nkwado ndabere na ime ihe ike..  [citation needed][citation needed]

Colombia

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N'afọ 1529, n'ebe bụ Colombia ugbu a, ndị ohu nnupụisi bibiri Santa Marta.[22]:35 Ndị ohu gbapụ agbapụ obodo obodo ndị nweere onwe ha n'ụda oke osimiri Pacific dị iche iche, n'ụdị nke ụmụaka. Na Watch afɔ nke iri na asaa, otu mkpirisi na-agba ọsọ-palenque na-egosi Magdalena. N'ikpeazụ, na 1654, nhọrọ nke Cartegena de Indias, Don Pedro Zapata, meri ma merie obodo a nke ndị Maroons na-agba ọsọ .[23]: 76–77 

N'ihe bụzi mpaghara Popayán, ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ ete palenque nke Castillo. N'afọ 1732, ndị isi Spain na-akpa na-amụ udo ndị Maroons nke Castillo site na agụ otu okwu na-achọ ka ha wee na-agba ọsọ, mana ndị isi Castillo edemede okwu ndị ahụ. N'afọ 1745, ndị ndị na-achị mba ahụ meri Castillo, ihe ụmụaka ndị Africa na ndị India 200 gbapụrụ agbapụ nyefere onwe ha ha..[23]: 76 

Na ụfọdụ afọ nke iri na asaa, e obodo Maroon nke San Basilio nke Palenque, mgbe Benkos Biohó duuru otu mkpirisi ihe dị ka mmadụ iri atọ gbapụrụ agbapụ banye n'ime njikwa, ma merie merie ha. Biohó onwe ya Eze Benkos, na palenque ya nke San Basilio dọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-agba ọsọ ka ha ngwá obodo ya. Ndị Maroons ya mbụ njem mbụ e mere ha, gbuo onye ndú ha Juan Gomez. Ndị Spain bịarutere na Biohó, mana ha mechara jide ya na 1619, bo ya ebubo na ọ na-akpa nkata nkata ndị Spain, ma kwụgbuo ya. Mana ndị na-agba ọsọ ọsọ na-agbapụ na akwụkwọ onwe na San Basilio.[23]: 79–80 

N'afọ 1696, ndị echiche na-achị mba ahụ meri nnupụisi ọzọ na San Basilio de Palenque, na ụzo n'etiti afọ 1713 na 1717. N'ikpeazụ, ndị Spain ihe na ha na palenque nke San Basilio kwera na udo, na 1772, a obodo obodo Maroons a n'ime mpaghara ọzọ na-agbazi anabata. Obodo San Basilio, ebe a na-asú Creole Palenquero, bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị ka dị n'oké osimiri Caribbean..[23]: 79–80 

Ecuador

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Na mgbakwunye na ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ, ndị lanarịrị ụgbọ mmiri mmiri obodo obodo ndị nweere onwe ha n'aṅa osimiri nke ebili mmiri ugwu ma akụkụ ha na obodo ndị dị n' nzo ndị na-anya eru na ụmụaka nke ndịrisi. Enwere ike obodo dị iche iche site na cantons Cojimies y Tababuela, Emeralds, Limons.  [citation needed][citation needed]

Osimiri Guianas

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Nwoke Saramaka, foto c. 1910
Ndị ikom Maroon na Suriname, foto e sere n'etiti 1910 na 1935

Marronage bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na British, Dutch, na French Guiana, ma taa ụmụ Maroons mejupụtara ihe dị ka 15% nke ndị bi na Suriname ugbu a [24] na 22% na French Guiane. [1] Na Guianas, ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ, ndị a maara dị ka 'Bushinengues', gbagara n'ime ime obodo wee ndị obodo ma menye nri nri onwe ha, n'etiti ha Saramaka, Paramaka, Ndyuka (Aukan), Kwinti, Aluku (Boni) , na Matawai.[25]: 295,  [26]

N'ebe a na-akụ osisi nke Suriname, nke England nyere Netherlands na Nkwekọrịta nke Breda (1667) , ndị ohu gbapụrụ agbapụ nupụrụ isi ma iwu obodo ha site na ndị nlekọta awụ nke iri na asaa. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ubi ndị ahụ dị n'ụdị ndị mụrụ nke mba ahụ, n'ahụda commewijne na oyiyi Marowijne, marronage mere n'aṅa osimiri na mgbe ụfọdụ egwu egwu nke French Guiana. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1740, ndị Maroon pasta ma nwee ike siri ike iji maa ndị Dutch na-achị ala aka, na-amanye ha ịbịanye aka na ekiri udo. N'bịa iri n'afọ Ọktoba n'afọ 1760, ndị Ndyuka bụ ndị mbụnyere aka na echiche udo, nke onye bụbu ohu Jamaica bụ Adyáko Benti Basiton nke Boston dere, na-enye ha ikike ịchị onwe ha n'afọ 1660. [27] N'afọ 1770, ndị Aluku chọkwara nkwekọrịta udo, mana Society of Suriname malitere agha megide ha, nke mere ka ha gbalaga na French Guiana. [28][29] Agbụrụ ndị ọzọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta udo na gọọmentị Suriname, ndị Kwinti bụ ndị ikpeazụ na 1887. [30] Na 25 Mee 1891 ndị Aluku ghọrọ ụmụ amaala France. [31]

Mgbe Suriname nwetara nnwere onwe site na Netherlands, a kagburu nkwekọrịta ochie ya na Bushinengues. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, ndị Bushinengues nọ na Suriname amalitela ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike ala ha. N'agbata afọ 1986 na afụ 1992, ndị Jungle Commando, otu ndị agha nnupụisi na-alụ maka ikike nke ndị Maroon, መልሶ aka ike nke Deesi Bouterse, agha Suriname. [32][33] N'afọ 2005, mgbe ụlọ ikpe Inter-American Court of Human Rights, "Suriname chọrọ ndị lanarịrị ogbugbu obodo Moiwana nke afọ 1986..[24] Na 13 June 2020, a na-achọpụta Ronnie Brunswijk ka ọ bụrụ Osote Onye isi ala nke Suriname site na mmeri na mbụ aka a na-menye mgbagha.. [34] A raara ya nye na 16 Julaị dị ka onye Maroon mbụ na Suriname ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi ala. [35][36]

Na Guyana nke oge a, ndị ọrụ Dutch na 1744 mere njem nleta nke nke ọ pụtara ala 300 Maroons na mpaghara Northwest nke Essequibo. Ndị Dutch kpọgidere aka ndị Maroons ọnwụ na njem ahụ gaa na post dị na mpaghara ahụ dị ka nzere aka ná ntị nye ndị ohu ndị ọzọ.[1] N'afọ 1782, onye ọrụ French nọ n'ahụ mere ngosi na e nwere ihe ọmụmụ 2,000 Maroons na nso Berbice, Demerara, na Essequibo.[37]

Venezuela

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E nwere ọtụtụ nnupụisi nke ndị ohu n'ụzọ ihe mere eme nke ihe mechara bụrụ Venezuela.[1]: 37 Site na mpaghara Barlovento, ọtụtụ ndị ohu nweere onwe ha na ndị gbapụrụ agbapụ, nke a maara dị ka cumbes.  Otu n'ime ebe ndị a ma ama bụ Curiepe, ebe a na-eme emume Fiesta de San Juan kwa afọ.  Onye ọzọ bụ mkpọkoro nke Ocoyta, nke onye gbara ndụ Guillermo Ribas duziri, nke kọrọ a na ọ na-eme ọtụtụ ọrụ na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke Chuspa na Panaquire.  Ndị Maroon Venezuelan a na-azụkwa koko.  Guillermo gbapụrụ n'afọ 1768, wee guzobe nke ndị na-agba ọsọ nke ndị Africa na ndị India.[38]: 65–67 

E mechara bibie ugwu Ocoyta n'afọ 1771. Njem ndị agha nke German de Aguilera duziri bibiri ebe obibi ahụ, gbuo Guillermo, mana o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ijide ndị okenye asatọ na ụmụaka abụọ. Ndị fọdụrụnụ na-agba ọsọ laghachiri n'ime ọhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ha nọgidere na-anọ n'ozuzu.[38]: 64-65 Otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Guillermo, Ubaldo onye England, onye aha ya bụ Jose Eduardo de la Luz Perera, a mụrụ ya dị ka ohu na London, resịrị ya onye isi ụgbọ mmiri, ma mee ọtụtụ njem tupu e nye ya nnwere onwe. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị isi ojii nweere onwe ha sonyeere obodo Ocoyta. N'afọ 1772, ndị ọchịchị Spain jidere ya. [38]: 70–71 

E nwere ọtụtụ Ugwu n'ime ime obodo ahụ.  N'afọ 1810, mgbe Agha nke Nnwere Onwe onye, ​​ọtụtụ ndị otu ndị na-amụ ogụ n'akwụkwọ ndị nnupụisi, ma hapụ obodo ha.[38]: 72–73 

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Monuments. San Malo Maroons (en). New Orleans Historical. Retrieved on 28 January 2023.
  2. ↑ Din (1999). Spaniards, Planters, and enslaved people: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763–1803. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-904-3. 
  3. ↑ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1999-7. 
  4. ↑ Monuments. San Malo Maroons (en). New Orleans Historical. Retrieved on 28 January 2023.
  5. ↑ Din (1999). Spaniards, Planters, and enslaved people: The Spanish Regulation of Slavery in Louisiana, 1763–1803. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-904-3. 
  6. ↑ Hall (1995). Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1999-7. 
  7. ↑ Beaver. Maroons in Antebellum New Orleans: Independence at Any Cost - Stop 8 of 9 on the Urban Slavery and Everyday Resistance tour (en). New Orleans Historical. Retrieved on 28 January 2023.
  8. ↑ More Than A Runaway: Maroons in Louisiana (en). WWNO. Retrieved on 28 January 2023.
  9. ↑ Diouf (2014). Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2437-8. 
  10. ↑ Maris-Wolf (September 2013). "Hidden in Plain Sight: Maroon Life and Labor in Virginia's Dismal Swamp". Slavery & Abolition 34 (3): 446–464. DOI:10.1080/0144039X.2012.734090. 
  11. ↑ The Great Dismal Swamp (en-US). 99% Invisible (15 August 2017). Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved on 22 May 2025.
  12. ↑ Braudel (1984). "The Perspective of the World", Civilization and Capitalism. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kent 1996, p. 185.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Décio (1982). Palmares: A Guerra dos Escravos, 4 (in pt-br), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Graal, 123–132. 
  15. ↑ Kent 1996, pp. 186–187.
  16. ↑ Kent 1996, p. 175.
  17. ↑ Kent 1996, pp. 177–179.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kent 1996, p. 172.
  19. ↑ Kent (1996). "Palmares: An African State in Brazil", in Price: Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  20. ↑ Bastide (1996). "The Other Quilombos", in Price: Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 191–192. 
  21. ↑ Bastide 1996, p. 193.
  22. ↑ Franco (1996). "Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories", in Price: Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Escalante (1996). "Palenques in Colombia", in Price: Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Escalante1996" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kuipers. "Villagers return to site of 1986 Suriname massacre", Forest Peoples Programme, 30 November 2005. Retrieved on 14 June 2018.
  25. ↑ (1996) "The Guianas", in Price: Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  26. ↑ Price (1976). The Guiana Maroons: A Historical and Bibliographical Introduction. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1840-0. OCLC 2121443. 
  27. ↑ The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon (nl). Cultural Survival (28 April 2010). Retrieved on 21 July 2020.
  28. ↑ Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië - Page 154 - Boschnegers (nl). Digital Library for Dutch Literature (1916). Retrieved on 21 July 2020.
  29. ↑ The Aluku and the Communes in French Guiana. Cultural Survival (September 1989). Retrieved on 21 July 2020.
  30. ↑ Hoogbergen (1992). "Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 66 (1–2): 27–59. DOI:10.1163/13822373-90002003. 
  31. ↑ Parcours La Source (fr). Parc-Amazonien-Guyane. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved on 1 June 2020.
  32. ↑ Boven (2006). Overleven in een grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana - Page 207. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers. 
  33. ↑ French. "To Suriname Refugees, Truce Means Betrayal", The New York Times, 14 April 1991. Retrieved on 14 June 2018. (in en)
  34. ↑ "Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname", De Ware Tijd. Retrieved on 13 July 2020. (in nl)
  35. ↑ "Inauguratie nieuwe president van Suriname op Onafhankelijkheidsplein", Waterkant. Retrieved on 13 July 2020. (in nl)
  36. ↑ "Marronorganisaties blij met Brunswijk als vp-kandidaat", De Ware Tijd. Retrieved on 13 July 2020. (in nl)
  37. ↑ Thompson 1976, p. 16.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Acosta Saignes (1996). "Life in a Venezuelan Cumbe", in Price: Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Acosta1996" defined multiple times with different content

Ebe e si nweta ya

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  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Maroon
  • Russell Banks (1980), Akwụkwọ nke Jamaica.
  • Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nguzogide, mmekorita & aghụghọ, Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey.  ISBN 0-89789-148-1ISBN 0-89789-148-1
  • Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression (nke Mary Todd sụgharịrị), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.  ISBN 0-8078-2803-3ISBN 0-8078-2803-3
  • Dallas, R. C. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Maroon, site na Mmalite ha ruo na Ntọala nke Agbụrụ ha Ukwu na Sierra Leone. Ụgbọelu abụọ. London: Longman. 1803.
  • Site na Granada, Germán (1970), Cimarronismo, palenques na Asụsụ "Criollas" na Hispanoamerica Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, OCLC 37821053 (n'asụsụ Spanish)
  • Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons, New York: NYU Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-2437-8
  • Honychurch, Lennox (1995), The Dominica Story, London: Macmillan.  ISBN 0-333-62776-8ISBN 0-333-62776-8 (Na-agụnye isiakwụkwọ dị ukwuu na Maroons nke Dominica)  
  • Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname, Academic Publishers.  ISBN 90-04-09303-6ISBN 90-04-09303-6
  • Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), Ndị America zoro ezo: Maroons nke Virginia na Carolinas Garland Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8153-1543-0
  • Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), Maroon Societies: obodo ndị ohu nnupụisi na Amerịka, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.  ISBN 0-385-06508-6ISBN 0-385-06508-6
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] African Maroons na narị afọ nke iri na isii Panama: A History in Documents. Mahadum nke Oklahoma Press, 2021.
  • Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, ISBN 976-640-180-2
  • Thompson (1976). Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies. 
  • van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden na van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society, Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press.  ISBN 1-57766-323-3ISBN 1-57766-323-3

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroons&oldid=345809"