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Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ

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Ọdịdị na-acha odo odo na-eto n'elu ite akwụkwọ mmiri

Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ site na microorganisms, dị ka nje bacteria na fungi. [a] [1] N'adịghị ka Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, phytodegradation nke nwere ngwa ole na ole, na-adabere na osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ iji mee ka mmebi ahụ.

N'eziokwu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwakọta kemịkalụ (chemical compounds) na ihe (materials) niile na-enwe Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, ya bụ, mmebi ha site n'aka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ihe kacha ekpebi ọsọ mmebi a bụ oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ nri nwere ike ire ma ọ bụ mebie n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ebe ụfọdụ ụdị plastik nwere ike iwe ogologo oge tupu ha emebie.

Ụkpụrụ European Union (EU) na-eji atụ biodegradability na-ekwu na ihe karịrị pasent 90% nke ihe mbụ (original material) ga-agbanwerịrị site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide (CO₂), mmiri, na mineral n'ime ọnwa isii.

Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ anaghị emetụta elements, n'ihi ya, ihe ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ọla dị arọ (heavy metals) anaghị emebi site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Usoro

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Enwere ike kewaa usoro nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ n'ime nzọụkwụ atọ: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, na assimilation.[2] A na-akọwa ọdịda nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọdịda nke elu nke na-agbanwe njirimara igwe, nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke ihe ahụ. Nzọụkwụ a na-eme mgbe a na-ekpughe ihe ahụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị adị n'èzí ma na-enye ohere maka mmetọ site na imebi ọdịdị ihe ahụ. Ụfọdụ ihe abiotic na-emetụta mgbanwe ndị a bụ mkpakọ (mechanical), ìhè, okpomọkụ na kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi.[2] Ọ bụ ezie na biodeterioration na-emekarị dị ka ọkwa mbụ nke biodegradation, ọ nwere ike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-agbakọta na biofragmentation.[3] Hueck, Otú ọ dị, kọwara biodeterioration dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị mmadụ, na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka mmebi nke ihu nkume nke ụlọ, corrosion nke ọla site na microorganisms ma ọ bụ naanị mgbanwe mara mma nke sitere na ihe ndị dị adị. [4][5] [5]

Nkụwasasị Polymer site n'ọrụ ndu bụ usoro mgbaji nke polymer ebe a na-agbaji njikọ kemịkal dị n'ime polymer ahụ, na-emepụta oligomer na monomer n'ọnọdụ ya.[1] Usoro e si agbaji ihe ndị a na-adịkwa iche dabere ma oksịjen ọ dị ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị n'ime usoro ahụ. Mgbaji ihe site n'aka ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) mgbe oksịjen dị bụ mgbaze aerobic (aerobic digestion), ebe mgbaji ihe mgbe oksịjen adịghị bụ mgbaze anaerobic (anaerobic digestion).[2] Isi ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro abụọ a bụ na usoro anaerobic na-emepụta methane, ebe usoro aerobic anaghị emepụta ya (agbanyeghị na usoro abụọ ahụ na-emepụta carbon dioxide, mmiri, ụdị fọdụrụnụ, na biomass ọhụrụ).[3] Na mgbakwunye, mgbaze aerobic na-emekarị ngwa ngwa karịa mgbaze anaerobic. Otú ọ dị, mgbaze anaerobic na-arụ ọrụ ka mma n'ibelata olu na ibu (mass) nke ihe a na-emebi emebi.[4] N'ihi na mgbaze anaerobic nwere ike ibelata olu na ibu nke mkpofu ma na-emepụtakwa gas sitere n'okike (methane), a na-eji teknụzụ mgbaze anaerobic eme ihe n'ọtụtụ usoro ijikwa mkpofu. A na-ejikwa ya dị ka isi iyi nke ume ọhụrụ a pụrụ imeghari (renewable energy) nke obodo nwere ike iji.

N'oge assimilation, a na-ejikọta ngwaahịa ndị sitere na biofragmentation n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ microbial.[2] Ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị sitere na nkwarụ na-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ site na ndị na-ebu membrane. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ ka ga-enwe mmeghachi omume biotransformation iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị a ga-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Ozugbo n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ, ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-abanye n'Ụzọ catabolic nke na-eduga na mmepụta nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ.[2]

Usoro nhazi nke biodegradation nke ikuku
Cpolymer + O2 → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + H2O
Anaerobic biodegradation equation
Cpolymer → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + CH4 + H2O

Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ

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Oge a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-emebi ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké osimiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

N'ọrụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwakọta kemịkal (chemical compounds) na ihe dị iche iche (materials) niile na-agafe usoro mbibi sitere n'aka ihe dị ndụ (biodegradation). Otú ọ dị, ihe kacha mkpa bụ ọsọ mbibi ahụ na-eme. Usoro mbibi ahụ nwere ike were ụbọchị ole na ole, izu, afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ.

Ọtụtụ ihe na-ekpebi ọsọ mbibi nke ngwakọta organic ndị a. Ha gụnyere ìhè, mmiri, oksịjen (oxygen), na okpomọkụ.[1] Otu ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ bioavailability, nke pụtara ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ ihe ahụ si bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịnata n'ime usoro ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke dị n'ebe ihe omume ndu na-eme.[2] Tupu ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) enwee ike imebi ngwakọta ahụ, ọ ga-ebu ụzọ gbazee n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta (solution) ka ọ bụrụ nke ha nwere ike iji.

A pụrụ ịtụ ọsọ biodegradation n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Otu ụzọ bụ iji ule respirometry, nke a na-eji tụọ ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji oksịjen (aerobic microbes). N'ule a, a na-etinye nlele mkpofu siri ike (solid waste sample) n'ime akpa nwere ụmụ irighiri ndụ na ala, e mesịa a na-enye ngwakọta ahụ oksịjen. Ka ụbọchị na-aga, ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi ihe nlele ahụ ma na-emepụta carbon dioxide (CO₂). Ọnụ ọgụgụ CO₂ a na-emepụta na-egosi ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ mbibi ahụ.

A pụkwara ịtụ biodegradability site n'ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-adịghị achọ oksịjen (anaerobic microbes), site n'ịtụ oke methane ma ọ bụ alloy ha na-emepụta n'oge usoro ahụ.[3]

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụego biodegradation n'oge nnwale ngwaahịa iji hụ na nsonaazụ ndị a na-emepụta ziri ezi ma bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha. Ọtụtụ ihe ga-anwale dị ka ndị nwere ike imebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma na ụlọ nyocha maka nkwado mana nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị egosipụta ezigbo nsonaazụ ụwa ebe ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.[6] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe nwere ike ịnwale dị ka biodegrading na ọnụego dị elu na ụlọ nyocha nwere ike ọ gaghị emebi na ọnụego kachasị elu n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ihi na ebe a na-akpofu ahịha anaghị enwekarị ìhè, mmiri, na ọrụ microbial dị mkpa maka mmebi.[7] Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na e nwere ụkpụrụ maka ngwaahịa plastik biodegradable, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmepe na ojiji nke usoro nyocha ziri ezi nwere ike inye aka hụ na plastik niile a na-emepụta ma na-ere ahịa ga-emebi n'ezie na gburugburu ebe obibi.[8] Otu ule e mepụtara maka nzube a bụ DINV 54900.[9]

Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka nlekota oge nke polymer biodegradation site na iji biosensors jikọtara ya na mmụta igwe, na-emeziwanye izi ezi nke nyocha mmebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche.[10]

Oge a na-atụle maka ngwakọta iji mebie na gburugburu mmiri
Ngwaahịa Oge Ịga Biodegrade
Akpụkpọ anụ akwụkwọ Izu 2-4
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Izu 6
Isi apụl Ọnwa 2
Igbe kaadị Ọnwa 2
katọn mmiri ara ehi e ji wax kpuchie Ọnwa 3
Ogwe aka owuwe ihe ubi 1-5 ọnwa
Gloves Ajị anụ 1 afọ
Plywood Afọ 1-3
Ogwe osisi ndị e sere ese Afọ 13
Igbe plastik Afọ 10-20
Igbe tin Afọ 50
Diaper ndị a na-atụfu Afọ 50-100
Bottle plastik 100 Afọ
Igbe aluminum Afọ 200
Igbe iko Enweghị mkpebi
Oge maka ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị iji mebie na gburugburu ụwa [7]
Nri Ụbọchị 5 - 1 ọnwa
Akwụkwọ Ọnwa 2-5
T-shirt Cotton Ọnwa 6
Akpụkpọ anụ oroma Ọnwa 6
Akwụkwọ osisi 1 afọ
Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ajị anụ Afọ 1-5
Katọn mmiri ara ehi e ji plastik kpuchie Afọ 5
akpụkpọ ụkwụ Akpụkpọ anụ Afọ 25-40
Nylon akwa Afọ 30-40
Igbe tin Afọ 50-100
Igbe aluminum Afọ 80-100
Igbe iko Otu nde afọ
Iko Styrofoam Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi
Igbe plastik Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi

Ụdị ihe onwunwe n'otu n'otu

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Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ

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Polycyclic aromatics bụ ihe nwere ike ibute ọrịa kansa nke a na-emepụta site na nhazi nke mmanụ na coal.

Plastik

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Okwu ahụ bụ plastik mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ [11] na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị na-anọgide na-enwe ike ha n'oge a na-eji ha eme ihe ma na-agbada n'ime ihe ndị dị ala na ihe ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu mgbe ejiri ha mee ihe. [12] A na-eme ka mmebi a nwee ike site na mwakpo nke microorganisms na ihe ahụ, nke na-abụkarị polymer na-adịghị agbaze na mmiri.[3] Enwere ike inweta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ site na njikọ kemịkal, fermentation site na microorganisms, na site na kemịkal gbanwere kemịkal.[13]

Plastik na-agbada na ọnụego dịgasị iche iche. A na-ahọrọ pọmpụ dabeere na PVC maka ijikwa nsị n'ihi na PVC na-eguzogide mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta ụfọdụ ihe nkwakọba ihe nke ga-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ na-ekpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.[14] Ihe atụ nke polymer ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbada ngwa ngwa gụnyere polycaprolactone, polyesters ndị ọzọ na aromatic-aliphatic esters, n'ihi na njikọ ester ha nwere ike ịwakpo mmiri. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, Polylactic acid a na-enweta na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ndị ọzọ bụ cellulose-based cellulose acetate na celluloid (cellulose nitrate).

Polylactic acid bụ ihe atụ nke plastik nke na-agbada ngwa ngwa.

N'okpuru ọnọdụ oxygen dị ala, plastik na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaji. Enwere ike ime ka usoro mmebi ahụ dị ngwa n'ime ụyọkọ compost a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Plastic ndị dabeere na starch ga-emebi n'ime ọnwa abụọ ruo anọ n'ime ụlọ compost, ebe polylactic acid bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka, na-achọ okpomọkụ dị elu.[15] Polycaprolactone na polycaprolactona-starch composites na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ emebi, mana ihe dị n'ime ya na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa site n'ịhapụ polycaprolactorone nwere oghere, ebe dị elu. Ka o sina dị, ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa.[16]

N'afọ 2016, a chọpụtara nje bacteria aha ya bụ Ideonella sakaiensis ka ọ na-emebi PET. N'afọ 2020, enzyme na-emebi PET nke nje bacteria, PETase, agbanweela ma jikọta ya na MHETase iji mebie PET ngwa ngwa, ma mebie PEF. [17] [18][19] N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kọrọ na ngwakọta nke microorganisms sitere na afọ ehi nwere ike imebi ụdị plastik atọ. [20][21]

Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta plastik agafeela ọbụna ikwu na plastik ha nwere ike ime compostage, na-edekarị starch ọka dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya. Otú ọ dị, nkwupụta ndị a bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ plastik na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkọwa nke ya nke compostable:

"nke nwere ike ịnata ire ure nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ebe a na-eme compost nke mere na ihe ahụ anaghị ahụ anya ma na-agbawa n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, inorganic compounds na biomass na ọnụego kwekọrọ na ihe ndị a maara compostable. " (Ref: ASTM D 6002) [22]

A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "composting" eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi iji kọwaa biodegradation nke ihe nkwakọba ihe. Nkọwa iwu dị maka compostability, usoro nke na-eduga na compost. European Union na-enye ụkpụrụ anọ: [23][24]

  1. Ihe mejupụtara kemịkal: ihe na-agbaze agbaze na ọla dị arọ yana fluorine kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè.
  2. Biodegradability: ntụgharị nke >90% nke ihe mbụ na , mmiri na mineral site na usoro ndụ n'ime ọnwa 6.
  3. Disintegrability: ọ dịkarịa ala 90% nke ịdị arọ mbụ ga-agbaze n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere ike ịgafe 2x2 mm sieve.
  4. Quality: enweghị ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi composting.

Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ

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Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ teknụzụ e guzobere na ngwa ụfọdụ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, mmepụta, na ọgwụ. [25] Isi ihe mgbochi maka mmejuputa zuru oke bụ mgbanwe n'etiti biodegradability na arụmọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, plastik ndị dabeere na lactide bụ ihe nkwakọba dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala.

CEN (European Standards Organisation) na-akọwa mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ dị ka "mmebi nke sitere na ihe omume oxidative na cell-mediated, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu". Ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akọwakọta ya dị ka "oxo-fragmentable, na "oxo -degradable" okwu ndị a na- akọwa naanị nke mbụ ma ọ gaghị eji emebi ihe site na usoro nke oxo-biadegradation akọwapụtara ma mee ihe iji mee ihe iji nye ya dị ukwuu iji mee ihe eji emebi usoro ndụ dị ka ọ dị mma iji mee ka usoro biodegradation: nkọwa dị mma iji nye usoro mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ iji mee ka ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ihe iji mee ka[26]

Ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji teknụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ eme ihe karịsịa. A na-ekewa polymers ndị a na-emebi emebi n'ìgwè atọ: ọgwụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na itinye n'ọrụ abụọ, ebe a na-eke ha n'ìhè abụọ: nke okike na nke aka mere.[12] Ndi Nka nu uzu ocha na-eji ojiji nke supercritical carbon dioxide, nke n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ bụ ihe na-agwọ agwọ nke nwere ike iji plastik biodegradable mee polymer ọgwụ mkpuchi. A na-eji polymer (nke pụtara ihe mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro nhazi ugboro ugboro nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ogologo) iji tinye ọgwụ tupu etinye ya n'ime ahụ ma dabere na lactic acid, ihe a na-emepụta n'ime anụ ahụ, ya mere enwere ike iwepụ ya n'ụzọ okike. A na-emepụta mkpuchi ahụ maka ịhapụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụ ndị achọrọ ma na-eme ka uru ọgwụgwọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Prọfesọ Steve Howdle na-ekwu na polymer biodegradable na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka iji ya na nnyefe ọgwụ, dịka ozugbo a kpọbatara ha n'ime ahụ ha anaghị achọ iweghachite ma ọ bụ mmegharị ọzọ ma na-emebi ha n'ihe ndị na-agbari agbari, ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu. Polymer dị iche iche na-emebi na ọnụego dị iche iche n'ime ahụ ya mere enwere ike ịhazi nhọrọ polymer iji nweta ọnụego ntọhapụ achọrọ.[27]

Ngwa ndị ọzọ nke biomedic gụnyere ojiji nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, elastic shape-memory polymers. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a na-etinye na ya eme ihe ugbu a maka usoro ịwa ahụ na-emetụta obere site na polymer thermoplastic. Polymer ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ha ugbu a site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, na-akpata ikike ncheta ọdịdị yana sutures na-emebi ngwa ngwa. N'ihi ya, ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya nwere ike ịbanye ugbu a site na obere incisions, ndị dọkịta nwere ike ime nkwarụ dị mgbagwoju anya n'ụzọ dị mfe, na sutures na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enyere aka nwere ike imebi mgbe a wasịrị ya.[28]

Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Imepụta kọmpọọsụ

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Enweghị nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ ma enwere nkọwa dị iche iche nke composting, nke dugara na mgbagwoju anya dị ukwuu n'etiti okwu ndị ahụ. A na-ejikọkarị ha ọnụ; Otú ọ dị, ha enweghị otu ihe ọ pụtara. Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala site na microorganisms dị ka nje bacteria na fungus ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.[29] Composting bụ usoro mmadụ na-akpali nke biodegradation na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.[30] Ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na otu usoro na-eme n'ụzọ okike na otu bụ nke mmadụ na-akpali.

Ihe na-emebi emebi nwere ike ire ure na-enweghị isi iyi oxygen (anaerobically) n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass, mana akọwaghị usoro iheomume ahụ kpọmkwem. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass; Otú ọ dị, ihe a ga-eme ka a bụrụ ihe na-emefu na-emebi n'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe. A na-akọwa usoro maka composting n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-achịkwa ya. N'ụzọ bụ isi, composting bụ usoro biodegradation ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọnọdụ kachasị mma.[31] Tụkwasị na nke a, ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke composting ọ bụghị naanị na ọ laghachiri na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, kamakwa ọ na-emepụta ma na-agbakwunye microorganisms bara uru na ala a na-akpọ humus. Enwere ike iji ihe a sitere n'okike mee ihe n'ogige na n'ugbo iji nyere aka ịzụlite osisi ndị dị mma n'ọdịnihu.[32] Composting na-eme mgbe niile n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ usoro akọwapụtara nke ọma ma mee ka ọ dị ngwa site na ntinye aka mmadụ. Biodegradation nwere ike ime n'oge dị iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezube ime ya n'ụzọ okike na-enweghị ntinye aka mmadụ.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-anọchite anya ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu ihe.[33]

Ọbụna n'ime composting, enwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke nke a nwere ike ime. Ụdị composting abụọ bụ n'ụlọ na azụmahịa. Ha abụọ na-emepụta ala dị mma iji mee ihe ọzọ - isi ihe dị iche bụ ihe ndị nwere ike ịbanye na usoro ahụ.[31] A na-ejikarị composting n'ụlọ eme ihe maka ihe oriri na ihe ubi karịrị akarị, dị ka ahịhịa. Commercial composting nwere ike imebi ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya, dị ka plastik sitere na ọka na nnukwu ihe, dị ka alaka osisi. Commercial composting na-amalite site na ntuziaka nke ihe eji eme ihe site na iji igwe ma ọ bụ igwe ọzọ iji malite usoro ahụ. N'ihi na composting n'ụlọ na-emekarị na obere ma ọ naghị agụnye nnukwu ígwè ọrụ, ihe ndị a agaghị emebi n'ụzọ zuru ezu na composting ụlọ. Ọzọkwa, otu nnyocha atụwo ma gosipụta ọdịiche dị n'ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-ekwu na enwere uru na ọghọm na ha abụọ.[34]

Nnyocha ndị na-esonụ na-enye ihe atụ nke akọwapụtara composting dị ka akụkụ nke biodegradation na ọnọdụ sayensị. Nnyocha mbụ, "Nnyocha nke Biodegradability nke Plastics n'okpuru Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory Test Setting," na-enyocha composting n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka usoro ọnọdụ ndị na-adaba n'okpuru ụdị mmebi.[35] Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha a na-esote lere anya na biodegradation na mmetụta composting nke polylactic acid na-agwakọta na kemịkal.[36] Karịsịa ịkọwa composting na biodegrading dị ka okwu abụọ dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ na-enyocha ụkpụrụ Europe nke ihe biodegradable na compostable na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe, ọzọ na-eji okwu ahụ iche iche.[37]

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na mgbagwoju anya na-Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na-eduga n'ịtọhapụ ihe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị kwa ụbọchị. Nkà na ụzụ nke mbibi emeela ka e nwee ọganihu dị ukwuu n'otú anyị si ewepụ ihe mkpofu; ugbu a, e nwere ihe mkpofu, imegharị ihe, na ihe mkpofu iji melite usoro mkpofu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a na-agbagwoju anya na iyi mkpofu ndị a ugboro ugboro, mgbe ahụ usoro mkpofu ahụ adịghị mma.[38] E mepụtara ihe ndị a na-emebi emebi na ihe ndị a ga-eme ka ha gbasaa iji hụ na ihe mkpofu mmadụ nwere ike imebi ma laghachi na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara composting ọbụna tinye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala.[39] Mgbe a tụpụrụ ngwaahịa a na-etinye compostable karịa composted ma zigara ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ihe ndị a mepụtara na mgbalị na-efu efu. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ amaala ghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a ka e wee nwee ike iwepụ ihe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ọma.

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

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Mmetọ plastik sitere na ịtụfu iwu na-akwadoghị na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-ejikarị plastik eme ihe maka nri, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya nke eriri afọ. Chemicals na-eji nwayọ emebi, dị ka polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), na pesticides a na-ahụkwa na plastik, nwere ike ịhapụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ma mesịa bụrụ nke anụ ọhịa riri.[40]

Chemicals ndị a na-arụkwa ọrụ na ahụike mmadụ, dịka iri nri na-adịghị mma (n'usoro a na-akpọ biomagnification na bioaccumulation) ejikọtara ya na nsogbu ndị dị ka ọrịa kansa, [41] nsogbu akwara, [42] na mgbanwe homonụ. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke biomagnification na-emetụta ahụike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ mmụba nke ikpughe na ọkwa dị elu nke mercury n'ime azụ, nke nwere ike imetụta homonụ mmekọahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.[43]

In efforts to remediate the damages done by slow-degrading plastics, detergents, metals, and other pollutants created by humans, economic costs have become a concern. Marine litter in particular is notably difficult to quantify and review.[44] Researchers at the World Trade Institute estimate that cleanup initiatives' cost (specifically in ocean ecosystems) has hit close to thirteen billion dollars a year.[45] The main concern stems from marine environments, with the biggest cleanup efforts centering around garbage patches in the ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a garbage patch the size of Mexico, is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be upwards of a million square miles in size. While the patch contains more obvious examples of litter (plastic bottles, cans, and bags), tiny microplastics are nearly impossible to clean up.[46] National Geographic reports that even more non-biodegradable materials are finding their way into vulnerable environments – nearly thirty-eight million pieces a year.[47]

Ihe ndị na-emebibeghị nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe mgbaba maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, dị ka ikpuru tube na barnacles. Mgbe gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe na nzaghachi maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, ụdị ndị bi na ya na nguzozi nke ihe onwunwe, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọgaranya nke ụdị.[48] Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkwado akụ na ụba mpaghara n'ụzọ ịchụ nta na aquaculture, nke na-ata ahụhụ na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ahụ.[49] N'otu aka ahụ, obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi na-efunahụ ego site na mmụba nke mmetọ, ebe ọ bụ na osimiri ma ọ bụ ụsọ mmiri ha anaghịzi achọ ndị njem. Ụlọ ọrụ World Trade Institute na-ekwukwa na obodo ndị na-enwekarị mmetụta nke mmebi nke biodegradation bụ mba ndị dara ogbenye na-enweghị ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nhicha ha.[45] N'ime mmetụta nzaghachi dị mma, ha n'aka nke ha nwere nsogbu ịchịkwa isi iyi mmetọ nke ha.[50]

Okwu mmalite nke "Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ"

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Ojiji mbụ a maara nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ na 1959 mgbe e ji ya kọwaa mmebi nke ihe n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ site na microorganisms.[51] Ugbu a, a na-ejikọkarị Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri ụwa dị ka Okirikiri carbon ma nwee ike ịtọgbọ azụ n'ime ihe okike.

Hụkwa

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Ihe edeturu

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Young (2024). "Improved, reference quality genome sequence of the plastic-degrading greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 14 (6). DOI:10.1093/g3journal/jkae070. PMID 38564250. 
  2. 1 2 3 4 (September 2008) "Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques". Chemosphere 73 (4): 429–42. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064. PMID 18723204. 
  3. 1 2 Muller (2005). "Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing", in Steinbüchel: Biopolymers. Wiley-VCH. DOI:10.1002/3527600035.bpola012. ISBN 978-3-527-30290-1. Retrieved on 2018-09-19. 
  4. ↑ Hueck (January 1966). "The biodeterioration of materials as part of hylobiology". Material und Organismen 1: 5–34. 
  5. 1 2 Allsopp (2004). Introduction to Biodeterioration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-61706-5. 
  6. ↑ (2017) "Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of environments". Przegląd Naukowy. Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26: 3–14. DOI:10.22630/PNIKS.2017.26.1.01. 
  7. 1 2 "Measuring biodegradability", Science Learning Hub. Retrieved on 2018-09-19. (in en)
  8. ↑ (1995) in Scott: Degradable Polymers. Netherlands: Dordrecht Springer. DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2. ISBN 978-94-010-4253-6. 
  9. ↑ (May 1999) "Biodegradable Polymeric Materials-Not the Origin but the Chemical Structure Determines Biodegradability". Angewandte Chemie 38 (10): 1438–1442. DOI:<1438::aid-anie1438>3.0.co;2-u 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1438::aid-anie1438>3.0.co;2-u. PMID 29711570. 
  10. ↑ Javed (2024). "Real-time monitoring of polymer biodegradation using biosensors and machine learning". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 417. DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2024.134294. 
  11. ↑ (2022-04-25) "Effect of Different Ratios of Glycerol and Erythritol on Properties of Corn Starch-Based Films". Frontiers in Nutrition. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2022.882682. Retrieved on 2026-03-06. 
  12. 1 2 Ikada (February 2000). "Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications". Macromolecular Rapid Communications 21 (3): 117–132. DOI:<117::aid-marc117>3.0.co;2-x 10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(20000201)21:3<117::aid-marc117>3.0.co;2-x. Retrieved on 2011-03-08. 
  13. ↑ (January 2003) "Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources". Folia Microbiologica 48 (1): 27–44. DOI:10.1007/bf02931273. PMID 12744074. 
  14. ↑ Kyrikou (12 Apr 2007). "Biodegradation of Agricultural Plastic Films: A Critical Review". Journal of Polymers and the Environment 15 (2): 125–150. DOI:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8. 
  15. ↑ Section 6: Biodegradability of Packaging Waste. Imperial College London. Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved on 2014-03-02.
  16. ↑ Wu (January 2003). "Physical properties and biodegradability of maleated-polycaprolactone/starch composite". Polymer Degradation and Stability 80 (1): 127–134. DOI:10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00393-2. Retrieved on 2012-06-23. 
  17. ↑ Carrington. "New super-enzyme eats plastic bottles six times faster", The Guardian, 28 September 2020. Retrieved on 12 October 2020.
  18. ↑ "Plastic-eating enzyme 'cocktail' heralds new hope for plastic waste", phys.org. Retrieved on 12 October 2020. (in en)
  19. ↑ Knott (24 September 2020). "Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (41): 25476–25485. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2006753117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 32989159. 
  20. ↑ Spary. "Cows' stomachs can break down plastic, study finds", CNN. Retrieved on 14 August 2021.
  21. ↑ Quartinello (2021). "Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters" (in English). Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9. DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459. ISSN 2296-4185. 
  22. ↑ Compostable. Compostable.info. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved on 2014-03-02.
  23. ↑ Requirements of the EN 13432 standard. European Bioplastics (April 2015). Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved on July 22, 2017.
  24. ↑ (2012) "Polymers, Biodegradable", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. DOI:10.1002/14356007.n21_n01. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. 
  25. ↑ (August 2002) "Biodegradable polymers for the environment". Science 297 (5582): 803–7. DOI:10.1126/science.297.5582.803. PMID 12161646. Retrieved on 2019-06-27. 
  26. ↑ (April 2005) "Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste". Waste Management & Research 23 (2): 95–100. DOI:10.1177/0734242X05051045. PMID 15864950. 
  27. ↑ The University of Nottingham (September 13, 2007). Using Green Chemistry to Deliver Cutting Edge Drugs. Science Daily. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved on September 24, 2018.
  28. ↑ (May 2002) "Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications". Science 296 (5573): 1673–6. DOI:10.1126/science.1066102. PMID 11976407. 
  29. ↑ Gómez (December 2013). "Biodegradability of conventional and bio-based plastics and natural fiber composites during composting, anaerobic digestion and long-term soil incubation". Polymer Degradation and Stability 98 (12): 2583–2591. DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018. 
  30. ↑ Biodegradable Products Institute – Composting (en). bpiworld.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved on 2018-09-24.
  31. 1 2 Magdoff (November 1993). "Building Soils for Better Crops". Soil Science 156 (5). DOI:10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014. 
  32. ↑ Morris. "Humus". AccessScience. DOI:10.1036/1097-8542.325510. Retrieved on 2018-09-24. 
  33. ↑ (2002) "Composting in the Framework of the EU Landfill Directive", Microbiology of Composting. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 473–486. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-08724-4_39. ISBN 978-3-642-08705-9. 
  34. ↑ (June 2010) "The use of life cycle assessment for the comparison of biowaste composting at home and full scale". Waste Management 30 (6): 983–94. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.023. PMID 20211555. Retrieved on 2018-09-27. 
  35. ↑ (1996-01-01) "Assessment of biodegradability of plastics under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory test system". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 37 (1–2): 85–92. DOI:10.1016/0964-8305(95)00089-5. 
  36. ↑ Żenkiewicz (2012-02-01). "Some composting and biodegradation effects of physically or chemically crosslinked poly(lactic acid)". Polymer Testing 31 (1): 83–92. DOI:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.09.012. 
  37. ↑ (2001-01-01) "European current standardization for plastic packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation" (in en). Polymer Testing 20 (5): 517–521. DOI:10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00068-4. 
  38. ↑ (2006) "Plastic Bag Externalities and Policy in Rhode Island". Brown Policy Review. Retrieved on 2018-09-24. 
  39. ↑ (July 2009) "Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 364 (1526): 2127–39. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0289. PMID 19528060. 
  40. ↑ Webb (2012-12-28). "Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)". Polymers 5 (1): 1–18. DOI:10.3390/polym5010001. 
  41. ↑ (July 2007) "Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants". Science 317 (5835): 236–9. DOI:10.1126/science.1138275. PMID 17626882. 
  42. ↑ (2008) "Human mercury exposure and adverse health effects in the Amazon: a review". Cadernos de Saude Publica 24 (Suppl 4): s503–20. DOI:10.1590/s0102-311x2008001600004. PMID 18797727. 
  43. ↑ (July 2014) "Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals--a review". Biological Trace Element Research 160 (1): 1–14. DOI:10.1007/s12011-014-0023-7. PMID 24898714. 
  44. ↑ Newman (2015). "The Economics of Marine Litter", Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Springer International Publishing, 367–394. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_14. ISBN 978-3-319-16509-7. 
  45. 1 2 Matsangou. "Counting the cost of plastic pollution", World Finance, 2 July 2018. Retrieved on 17 September 2018.
  46. ↑ (July 2016) "Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific understanding to invoke positive change". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35 (7): 1617–26. DOI:10.1002/etc.3408. PMID 27331654. 
  47. ↑ Montanari. "Plastic Garbage Patch Bigger Than Mexico Found in Pacific", National Geographic, 2017-07-25. Retrieved on 2018-09-17.
  48. ↑ (July 2009) "Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings--entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 364 (1526): 2013–25. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0265. PMID 19528053. 
  49. ↑ (2018-10-01) "Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle" (in en). Marine Policy 96: 213–220. DOI:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.035. 
  50. ↑ (December 2015) "Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: a Global Review". Current Environmental Health Reports 2 (4): 440–50. DOI:10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5. PMID 26381684. 
  51. ↑ Definition of BIODEGRADABLE (en). www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved on 2018-09-24.

Ụkpụrụ site na ASTM International

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  • D5210- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ọnụnọ nke Obodo Mmiri Mmiri Mmị
  • D5526- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkọta Ngwa ngwa
  • D5338- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkwa Composting, Na-etinye Okpomọkụ Thermophilic
  • D5511- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions
  • D5864- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha
  • D5988- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ala
  • D6139- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha Na-eji Gledhill Shake Flask
  • D6006- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Ịtụle Biodegradability nke Hydraulic Fluids
  • D6340- Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic Biodegradation nke Radiolabeled Plastic Materials na Aqueous ma ọ bụ Compost Environment
  • D6691- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Marine Environment site na Consortium Microbial ma ọ bụ Natural Sea Water Inoculum
  • D6731-Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic, Aquatic Biodegradability nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Lubricant Components na Respirometer mechiri emechi
  • D6954- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka ikpughe na ịnwale plastik nke na-emebi na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ngwakọta nke oxidation na Biodegradation
  • D7044- Nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
  • D7373-Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka ịkọ ọdịdị nke Lubricants site na iji Bio-kinetic Model
  • D7475- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Degradation na Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Accelerated Bioreactor Landfill Conditions
  • D7665- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha nke Mmiri Na-ebufe Okpomọkụ

Njikọ mpụga

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Templeeti:Waste

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