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Micronesian navigation

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Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe Oké Osimiri Pacific.

Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ.  [1] [2] [3]Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands.

Njem Mbido

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Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific.  [1] [2][3] Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. [1][2][3][4][5]

Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. [6][7][8]

Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.[9]

Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20

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Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal

Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..[10][11]

Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat .  [1] N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.[12][13]

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.[13] A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.[13] Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.[13] Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.[13]

Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.[13][14]

Usoro ụgbọ mmiri

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Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, [1] [2] nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.[15]

Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.[16]

Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.[15][17]

Njem site na kpakpando

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Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na Satawalese (Chuukic) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.[18] Lee nkọwa na Commons.

Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. [16] [19][20]

Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe.[1][2]  Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. [16][21]

Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.[16][19] Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.[22]

Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.[1][2].  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..[20]

Ụgbọ mmiri

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  • Wa (ụgbọ mmiri)
  • Sakman
  • Baurua
  • Ọdọwa

Ebe e si nweta ya

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  • Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society. 
  • Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press. 
  • O’Connor (2019). Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1250096968. 

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Bellwood (1988). "A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins". Asian Perspectives 26 (1): 107–117. Retrieved on 1 May 2019. 
  2. ↑ Bellwood (1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American 265 (1): 88–93. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88. 
  3. ↑ (1989) in Hill, Adrian V.S.: The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail, Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198576952. 
  4. ↑ Bellwood (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press. ISBN 9781920942854. Retrieved on 23 March 2019. 
  5. ↑ Blench, Roger (2012). "Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True", in Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin: Crossing Borders. National University of Singapore Press, 128–148. ISBN 9789971696429. Retrieved on 23 March 2019. 
  6. ↑ Hung (2015). "The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas". Antiquity 85 (329): 909–926. DOI:10.1017/S0003598X00068393. 
  7. ↑ Zotomayor (March 12, 2013). "Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history". Marianas Variety News and Views. Retrieved on October 25, 2020. 
  8. ↑ Zotomayor. "Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history", Marianas Variety, March 11, 2013. Retrieved on December 29, 2014.
  9. ↑ Peterson (2012). "Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?". Micronesica 42 (1/2): 183–208. Retrieved on 2021-10-04. 
  10. ↑ Lewis (1978). The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators. William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney. ISBN 0-393-03226-4. 
  11. ↑ Finney (1994). Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia, Illustrations by Richard Rhodes, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08002-5. 
  12. ↑ Lewis (1974). "Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird". National Geographic 146 (6): 771–778. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Michael McCoy (1973). A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Auckland University. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved on 2021-10-07. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "MM73" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Lewis (1974). "Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird". National Geographic 146 (6): 747–754, 771-778. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Thompson. On Wayfinding. Polynesian Voyaging Society. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved on April 11, 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Thompson" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Holmes (1 August 1955). Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators. XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved on 1 October 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PIM1955-8" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Lewis (1974). "Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird". National Geographic 146 (6): 747–754, 771-778. 
  18. ↑ Star Compasses. Polynesian Voyaging Society. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Holmes (1 September 1955). Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders. XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved on 1 October 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PIM1955-9" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lewis (1972). We, the Navigators. HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824802295.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lewis 1972" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Holmes (1 June 1955). Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan. XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved on 1 October 2021.
  22. ↑ Gooley (2016). How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea. NY: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781473615205. 
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