Mikasuki Asụsụ
| obere ụdị nke | Muskogean  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Njikota Obodo Amerika |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Flórídạ |
| ụdị asụsụ | agglutinative language |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| Ọkwa asụsụ UNESCO | 2 vulnerable |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 6b Threatened |
Asụsụ Mikasuki, Hitchiti-Mikasuki, ma ọ bụ Hitchiti bụ asụsụ ma ọ bụ otu ụzọ olumba ma ọ bụ asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke sitere na ezinụlọ asụsụ Muskogean . As of 2014[update] , Mikasuki bụ ihe ruru mmadụ 290 kwuru na ndịda Florida . [1] Tinyere olumba Cow Creek Seminole nke Muscogee, a makwaara ya dị ka Seminole . Ndị otu Miccosukee na ndị Seminole Tribe nke Florida na-asụ ya. Hitchiti kpochapuru bụ olumba ma ọ bụ nna ochie nke Mikasuki nwere nghọta.
Olumba Hitchiti
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hitchiti bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ Muskogean nke ndị bi n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States na-asụ ugbu a, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna ochie nke asụsụ Mikasuki. Ekwuru ya na Georgia na ọwụwa anyanwụ Alabama n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ, ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu na-abata Florida n'ime narị afọ nke 18 na 19. Hitchiti bụ asụsụ obodo ndị dị ka Hitchiti, Chiaha, Oconee, Okmulgee, Sawokli, na Apalachicola . Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aha ebe ewepụtara n'asụsụ ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ọ nwere ike gbasaa n'ebe dị ukwuu karịa Georgia na Florida n'oge ọchịchị. [ 3 ]
Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Muskogean ; a na-ewerekarị ya dị ka olumba nke asụsụ Mikasuki nke e ji aghọta n'otu n'otu. [2] Ndị Hitchiti na ndị Mikasuki bụ akụkụ abụọ nke nkwekọrịta Creek. Asụsụ Mikasuki bụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme otu n'ime asụsụ ndị Seminole, bụ ndị tolitere dị ka agbụrụ ọhụrụ na Florida. Ọtụtụ Seminole na Miccosukee ka na-asụ ya na Florida, mana ọ dịla n'iyi n'etiti Oklahoma Seminole .
Dị ka Muscogee, Hitchiti nwere asụsụ "nwanyị" oge ochie. A ka na-echeta olumba ahụ na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị agadi na-asụ ya, ọ na-abụkwa asụsụ ụmụ nwoke. Asụsụ ha nwere olumba "nwanyị" ka a na-akpọkwa 'asụsụ oge ochie'. [3]
Asụsụ ahụ yiri ka ejirila ya gafee oke ókèala nke ebo: a na-asụ ya n'ime obodo ndị America America dị na Chattahoochee River, dị ka Chiaha (Chehaw), [ 6 ] Chiahudshi, Hitchiti, Oconee, Sawokli, Sawokliudshi, na Apalachicola, na ndị nọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Flint, yana ebo Micco . N'ịbụ ndị e ji aha obodo chọtara na Hitchiti, ndị mmadụ ji asụsụ ahụ mee ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Georgia na Florida. Dị ka Creek, asụsụ a nwere ụdị ochie a na-akpọ "okwu ụmụ nwanyị", ma ọ bụ asụsụ nwanyị.
Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ndị Yamasee na-asụkwa Hitchiti, ma ihe àmà ahụ akwụsịghị. Ihe àmà ndị ọzọ na-egosi na ha na-asụ asụsụ dị iche, ikekwe nke metụtara Guale .
Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-edepụta Hitchiti dị ka asụsụ dị adị na 1990s. [4]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Seminole na Miccosukee bụ ụmụ ndị otu Muscogee Confederacy, bụ ndị kwagara Florida n'okpuru nrụgide sitere na mmegide Europe-American. Seminole guzobere site na usoro ethnogenesis na narị afọ nke 18. Ndị ọbịa America malitere ịbanye Florida wee banye na Seminole na esemokwu. Agha Seminole nke narị afọ nke 19 wedara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebo ndị a nke ukwuu, karịsịa Agha Seminole nke Abụọ . United States wepụrụ ọtụtụ Seminole na mpaghara India (ugbu a Oklahoma). Seminole na Miccosukee ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ banye n'etiti Florida na Everglades, ebe ha guzogidere mmeri ọbụna na Agha Seminole nke atọ. US kwụsịrị mgbalị megide ha.
Na narị afọ nke 20, Florida Seminole na Miccosukee kewapụrụ iche, nke mbụ na-aga na ndoputa. Miccosukee bi na obodo ndị na-emetụta mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 nke Tamiami Trail, bụ nke wetara ndị njem nlegharị anya na Everglades.
Miccosukee nwetara nnabata gọọmentị etiti dị ka ebo na 1962. Ebo abụọ ahụ nwere ndị na-asụ Mikasuki taa.
Dị ka nke 2002, a na-akụzi asụsụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara, Miccosukee Indian School, nke nwere "mpaghara etinyere na 'Miccosukee Language Arts'". [5] N'ihe dị ka 2005, a hụrụ ikike mgbasa ozi asụsụ Bekee dị ka ihe na-egbochi Miccosukee.
Dịka nke 2011, Mahadum Florida Department of Anthropology bụ ebe obibi nke Elling Eide Endowed Prọfesọ na Asụsụ na Omenala Miccosukee, maka asụsụ ndị America nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States. [6]
Egosiputala ihe ngosi n'asụsụ a na mmemme Folk Florida . [7]
fonology
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe odide ederede, ebe ọ dị iche na IPA, na-egosi na brackets n'akụkụ.
Enwere ụda atọ: elu, ala na ọdịda. Ogologo ụdaume dị iche: eche [itʃi] ' vs. eeche [iːtʃi] ' , ete [iti] ' vs. eete [iːti] ' .
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| imi | m | n | |||
| Kwụsị | enweghị olu | p | t | k | |
| kwuputara | b | ||||
| Onye mmekọ | tʃ ⟨ | ||||
| Nke na-ese okwu | ɸ ⟨ | ɬ ⟨ | ʃ ⟨ | h | |
| Odika | w | l | j ⟨ | ||
Alphabet
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Eji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latịn dee Mikasuki. Mkpụrụedemede ụdaume dị n'aka ekpe na-anọchi anya ụda dị n'aka nri, nke ejiri ụda dee ya:
| Akwụkwọ ozi | Akara IPA |
|---|---|
| a, aa | a, aː |
| a, aa | ã, ãː |
| e, ee | i, iː |
| e, ee | ĩː, ĩː |
| o, oo | o, oː |
| o, ooo | õ ; õː |
| ayo | ai |
| ao | ao |
Edemede consonants bụ:
| Akwụkwọ ozi | Akara IPA |
|---|---|
| b | b |
| ch | t͡ʃ |
| f | ɸ |
| h | h |
| k | k |
| l | l |
| ł | ɬ |
| m | m |
| n | n |
| ng | ŋ |
| p | p |
| sh | ʃ |
| t | t |
| w | w |
| y | j |
A na-egosipụta ụda dị elu na nnukwu ụda olu (´), ụda dị ala nwere ụda ili (`), na ụda dara ada nwere nnukwu ụda olu na-esochi ya. Udaume ogologo nwere ụda dara ada na-anọchi anya mkpụrụedemede ụdaume abụọ (áà). Mgbe ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ, a na-etinye ụda ili n'elu consonant na-esote (áǹ):
| Ụda dị elu | Ụda dị ala | Ụda dara ada |
|---|---|---|
| á, áa | a, aaa | ánụ, áà |
Udaume epenthetic [ə] na-apụta na kl, kw na ụyọkọ kn n'okwu nke ọma.
Ụtọ asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Akara aha aha na suffixes maka ọrụ dị iche iche, ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ:
| Suffix | Ọrụ | Ọmụmaatụ | Pụtara |
|---|---|---|---|
| embaache | batrị | ||
| –ot | akara isiokwu | embaachot hampeepom | batrị adịla njọ |
| –on | ihe nrịbama | embaachon aklomle | Achọrọ m batrị |
| –ee | akara ajuju | embachee cheméèło? | ị nwere batrị? |
Nnọchiaha efu dị ( aane ' , chehne ' , pohne ' ) mana anaghị adịkarị eji. Mgbakwunye ngwaa bụ ụzọ a na-esi eji akara mmadụ akara.
Okwu okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| bochonkom | ọ na-emetụ ya aka |
| chaolom | ọ / ọ na-ede |
| chayahlom | ọ / ọ / ọ na-eje ije |
| eelom | ọ/ya/ọ bịarutere |
| empom | ọ / ọ / ọ na-eri |
| eshkom | ọ na-aṅụ mmanya |
| faayom | ọ na-achụ nta |
| ommom | ọ / ọ na-eme |
| 1 | łáàmen |
| 2 | toklan |
| 3 | tocheenan |
| 4 | shéetaaken |
| 5 | chahkeepan |
| 6 | eepaaken |
| 7 | kolapaaken |
| 8 | toshnapaaken |
| 9 | oshtapaaken |
| 10 | pokoolen |
| nakne | nwoke, nwoke |
| ooche | nwa nwoke |
| ooshtayke | ada |
| táàte | nna |
| tayke | nwanyi, nwanyi |
| wáàche | nne |
| yaate | onye |
| yaatooche | nwa ọhụrụ |
Ihe ndetu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ "Voices of the Everglades: Indian Culture", The News-Press, 2014-03-22. Retrieved on 2014-03-28.
- ↑ Hardy (2005). Native Languages of the Southeastern United States. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 69–70.
- ↑ Gatschet (1884). A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians.
- ↑ (1994) in Moseley: Atlas of the World's Languages. New York: Routledge.
- ↑ (2002-03-09) "Elders Seek Way to Preserve Fading Language". Canku Ota (56). Retrieved on 2012-09-29.
- ↑ Faculty Openings in the Anthropology Department. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved on 2012-09-29.
- ↑ Traditional Seminole Song - Rev. Josie Billie. World Digital Library. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ethridge (2003). Creek Country: The Creek Indians and Their World. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2827-0.
- Hann (2006). The Native American World Beyond Apalachee. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2982-5.
- West (1978). A Guide to the Miccosukee Language. Miami: Miccosukee Corporation.
- West (1962). "The Phonology of Mikasuki". Studies in Linguistics 16 (3–4): 77–91.