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Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae

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Nnukwu okooko osisi algae na Lake Erie, North America, nke a pụrụ ịhụ site na mbara igwe

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae bụ mmụba ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nchịkọta nke algae na Mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ usoro mmiri mmiri. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ okooko osisi algae na-adịghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ.

A na-ahụkarị okooko osisi algae site na mgbanwe agba na mmiri site na ihe na-enye agba nke algae.[1] Okwu algae na-agụnye ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ime mmiri, ma ihe ndị na'ime mmiri dị iche iche dị ka seaweed na ihe ndị na na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ dị ka cyanobacteria.[2] Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-ezo aka na uto ngwa ngwa nke microscopic unicellular algae, ọ bụghị macroscopic algae.[3] Ihe atụ nke nnukwu okooko algal bụ Oké ọhịa kelp.[2]

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae bụ nsonaazụ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, dị ka nitrogen ma ọ bụ phosphorus sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (dịka ihe atụ fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ ụdị mmetọ ihe ndị ọzọ), na-abanye na usoro mmiri ma na-akpata uto gabigara ókè nke algae. Okooko osisi algal na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dum.

Nsonaazụ na-adị site na mmetụta dị mma, dị ka inye nri nke ọkwa trophic dị elu, na mmetụta ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ dị ka igbochi ìhè anyanwụ iru ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ, na-akpata mbelata nke ọkwa oxygen na mmiri, na, dabere na ihe dị ndụ, ịhapụ nsí n'ime mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, algae na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa site n'ịmepụta ihe dịka 70% nke ikuku oxygen nke ụwa<span typeof="mw:DisplaySpace" id="mwMg">&nbsp;</span>, nke na-akwado ndụ ụwa. Okooko osisi ndị nwere ike imerụ ụmụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị okooko osisi ndị ahụ ebe algae na-ewepụta nsí, a na-akpọkarị ha " okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ" (HAB), ma nwee ike iduga na ọnwụ azụ, obodo na-egbochi mmiri nye ndị bi na ya, ma ọ bụ steeti na-emechi azụ. A na-akpọ usoro nke inyefe ihe oriri na-eduga na uto algae na mbelata oxygen eutrophication.

Algal na okooko osisi bacteria anọgidewo na-enye aka na mkpochapụ buru ibu nke okpomọkụ ụwa mere n'oge gara aga, dịka n'oge mkpochapụ Permian nke Siberian Traps na-akpali na n'oge mgbake nke biotic na-esote mkpochapụ (site na igbu oge mgbake). [4]

Nkọwa

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A na-akọwa okwu Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae n'ụzọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe dabere na ngalaba sayensị, ọ pụkwara ịdị site na "minibloom" [mgbe akọwapụtara dị ka?] nke algae na-adịghị emerụ ahụ ruo nnukwu ihe omume okooko osisi na-emerụ ahụ.[5] Ebe ọ bụ na algae bụ okwu sara mbara gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dịgasị iche iche, ọnụego uto, na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, ọ nweghị ọkwa a ma ama maka ihe akọwapụtara dị ka okooko osisi. N'ihi na enweghị nkwekọrịta sayensị, enwere ike ịkọwa okooko osisi ma kọwaa ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: nha nke algal biomass ọhụrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-acha uhie uhie, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke okooko osisi, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke algae ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ.[5] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkọwa nke okooko osisi gụnyere: 

  • oke nke chlorophyll karịrị 100 μg / L, [6] 
  • oke nke chlorophyll karịrị 5 μg / L, [7] 
  • njupụta nke ụdị ndị a na-ewere na ha na-ama ifuru karịa 1000 mkpụrụ ndụ / ml, na[8]
  • Mgbakọta nke ụdị algae na-esi na uto ya dị mma pụọ. [9][10]

Okooko osisi bụ nsonaazụ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ nke algae dị mkpa na-ewebata na usoro mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe oriri a na-egbochi uto bụ nitrogen ma ọ bụ phosphorus, mana ọ pụkwara ịbụ iron, vitamin, ma ọ bụ amino acid.[2] E nwere ọtụtụ usoro maka ịgbakwunye ihe ndị a na mmiri. N'oké osimiri na-emeghe na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri, ịrị elu site na ifufe na ihe ndị dị n'ala oké osimiri nwere ike ịdọrọ ihe oriri na photic, ma ọ bụ mpaghara anwụ na-acha nke oké osimiri.[11] N'akụkụ mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na usoro mmiri dị ọcha, ọrụ ugbo, obodo, na nsị mmiri nwere ike ịkpata okooko osisi algae.[12]

Okooko osisi algal, ọkachasị nnukwu okooko osisi algae, nwere ike belata nghọta nke mmiri ma nwee ike imebi ya.[2] Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na mkpụrụ ndụ algal, dị ka chlorophyll na ihe na-echebe foto, na-ekpebi ụcha nke okooko algal. Dabere na ihe dị ndụ, ihe na-acha ya, na omimi dị na kọlụm mmiri, okooko osisi algal nwere ike ịbụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ọbara ọbara, nchara nchara, ọla edo, ma ọ bụ odo odo.[2] Okooko osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na usoro mmiri na-atọ ụtọ na-abụkarị nsonaazụ nke cyanobacteria (nke a maara dị ka "algae na-acha anụnụ anụnụ") dịka Microcystis.[2][13] Okooko osisi nwekwara ike ịnwe ụdị macroalgal (na-abụghịphytoplanktonic). A na-amata okooko osisi ndị a site na nnukwu blades nke algae nke nwere ike ịsa n'ikperé mmiri.[14]

Ozugbo ihe na-edozi ahụ dị na mmiri, algae na-amalite ito ngwa ngwa karịa ka ọ dịbu. Na obere okooko osisi, uto ngwa ngwa a na-abara gburugburu ebe obibi niile uru site n'inye nri na ihe oriri maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ.[10]

Ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ (HABs), nke bụ ihe omume okooko osisi na-emetụta ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ihe na-emerụrụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ịkpata okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ. Dị ka ihe atụ,

  • Gymnodinium nagaakiense nwere ike ịkpata oke mmiri na-emerụ ahụ.
  • dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma nwere ike ịkpata mbelata oxygen ma kpatara nnukwu igbu azụ.
  • cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa nwere ike ime nsí, na
  • diatom Chaetoceros convolutus nwere ike imebi gills azụ.[15]

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na mmiri dị ọcha

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Ọrụ cyanobacteria na-agbanwe ọdọ mmiri Coatepeque Caldera ka ọ bụrụ ụcha turquoise.

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae n'ime mmiri dị ụtọ (freshwater algal blooms) na-esite n'ịba ụba nke nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ, (nutrients), nke kachasị bu phosphates [18][19]. Nri ndị a karịrị akarị nwere ike isi na fatịlaịza a na-etinye n'ala maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ebe ntụrụndụ pụta. Ha nwekwara ike isi na ngwaahịa e ji ehicha ụlọ nke nwere phosphorus.

Ibelata ọnụọgụ phosphorus na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị mkpa iji belata ma ọ bụ gbochie mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae nwere cyanobacteria.[20] N'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-ekewa n'ígwé n'oge okpomọkụ, ngwakọta mmiri na-eme n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ (autumn turnover) nwere ike ịhapụ nnukwu phosphorus nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike iji. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae ozugbo ìhè zuru ezu maka fotosintesis (photosynthesis) dị.[21]Nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ gabigara ókè nwere ike ịbanye n'ime mpaghara mmiri na-anakọta(watersheds) site n'ịsọpụ mmiri n'elu ala (water runoff).[22] A na-enyekwa carbon na nitrogen gabigara ókè dị ka ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae. Ọnụnọ sodium carbonate fọdụrụ n'ime mmiri nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dịka ihe na-akwalite (catalyst) mmụba algae, n'ihi na ọ na-enye carbon dioxide agbazere n'ime mmiri, nke na-eme ka fotosintesis (photosynthesis) bawanye mgbe nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ime mmiri. [citation needed]

Mgbe phosphate batara n'ime usoro mmiri, ịba ụba ya nwere ike ime ka algae na ahịhịa mmiri too ngwa ngwa.[23] Algae na-etokarị ngwa ngwa mgbe nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ukwuu. Ma algae ọ bụla anaghị adị ndụ ogologo oge, ya mere, mgbe ha nwụrụ, ha na-ahapụ nnukwu ihe ndị sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ nwụrụ anwụ (organic matter). Ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'onwe ha (natural decomposers) dị n'ime mmiri na-amalite ire ere ihe ndị a, karịsịa algae nwụrụ anwụ. N'oge usoro a, ha na-eji oxygen agbazere n'ime mmiri (dissolved oxygen). Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ọgụgụ oxygen dị n'ime mmiri belata nke ukwuu, na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ n'ime mmiri ghara inweta oxygen zuru ezu. Mgbe oxygen agbazere n'ime mmiri ezughị, azụ, anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bi n'ime mmiri, na ụfọdụ ahịhịa mmiri nwere ike ịnwụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. A na-akpọ ụdị mpaghara mmiri a nke oxygen ya dị oke ala ma ọ bụ na-adịghịzi ezu mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ. [citation needed][24]

A pụrụ ịhụ mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae n'ime akwarium mmiri dị ụtọ(freshwater aquarium) mgbe a na-enye azụ nri karịrị akarị, ma ahịhịa mmiri adịghị eji nri ndị fọdụrụ amịkọrọ. Nke a na-abụkarị ihe na-emerụ azụ ahụ. A pụrụ idozi nsogbu a site n'ịgbanwe mmiri dị n'ime akwarium ahụ, ma belatakwa oke nri a na-enye azụ. [citation needed]

Ihe okike na-akpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae

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Ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka mmetọ mmadụ na-akpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na usoro mmiri dị ọcha ma a hụla na ọ na-eme n'ụzọ okike na ọdọ mmiri eutrophic na oligotrophic. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ebe obibi nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dị ka nitrogen na phosphates nke na-eme ka ohere maka okooko osisi dịkwuo elu. Ọdọ mmiri Oligotrophic enweghị ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-edozi ahụ. A na-akọwa ọdọ mmiri Oligotrophic site na ogo dị iche iche nke ụkọ. Nchịkọta steeti trophic (TSI) na-atụle ihe oriri na usoro mmiri dị ọcha na TSI n'okpuru 30 na-akọwa mmiri oligotrophic.[25] A hụwokwa okooko osisi algae n'ime mmiri oligotrophic. Nke a bụ n'ihi cyanobacteria nke na-akpata okooko osisi na ọdọ mmiri eutrophic na ọdọ mmiri oligotrophic n'agbanyeghị na nke ikpeazụ nwere enweghị ihe oriri sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ.

Nri na-edozi ahụ na cyanobacteria

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Ihe na-akpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na gburugburu ebe ndị na-enweghị ihe oriri na-abịa n'ụdị ihe oriri. Cyanobacteria agbanweela ka ha nwee ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke ọma na mmiri oligotrophic.[26] Cyanobacteria na-eji nitrogen na phosphates eme ihe na usoro ndụ ha. N'ihi nke a, a maara cyanobacteria dị mkpa na nitrogen na phosphate fixing cycle na mmiri oligotrophic.[26] Cyanobacteria nwere ike idozi nitrogen site na ịnweta nitrogen ikuku () nke a gbazere na mmiri ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ nitrogen nke ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnweta.[26] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nitrogen a dị elu nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe nnukwu okooko osisi algae na mmiri oligotrophic.[27]

Cyanobacteria nwere ike ijigide nnukwu phosphorus na enweghị ihe oriri nke na-enyere ha aka ịga nke ọma na gburugburu oligotrophic. Ụdị cyanobacteria dị ka D. lemmermannii nwere ike ịgagharị n'etiti hypolimnion nke bara ọgaranya na ihe oriri dịka phosphates na metalimnion na-enweghị ihe oriri nke na-enweghị phosphatas.[27] Nke a na-eme ka a na-eweta phosphates na metalimnion ma nye ihe ndị dị ndụ ọtụtụ phosphats, na-emewanye ohere maka okooko osisi algal.[26]

Mmiri na-edozi ahụ

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Ihe omume na-eme ka mmiri na-edozi ahụ dị ka phosphates na nitrogen na-esi na hypolimnion na-edochi ahụ gaa na metalimnion na-adịghị edozi ahụ.[26][27] Nke a na-eme n'ihi usoro ala dị ka mgbanwe oge mgbe ọdọ mmiri na-agbaze ma ọ bụ na-agbaji, na-akpali ngwakọta n'ihi mgbanwe nke mmiri na-agwakọta ihe ndị mejupụtara limnion na ịgwakọta ihe oriri gburugburu usoro ahụ.[28] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-eri nri na-eduga n'ịma ifuru.[27]

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae nime mmiri

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Echiche na-asọ mpi nke mgbanwe nke plankton

Oké ifufe na-eme ka oké osimiri dị n'oge ọkọchị, na-agbakwunye ihe oriri na mmiri anwụ na-acha n'akụkụ elu. Nke a na-akpali oriri na-egbu egbu n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla nke na-ebute nnukwu okooko osisi phytoplankton. Obere molecules a hụrụ n'ime osisi ndị a na-enweta ike dị mkpa site na ìhè anyanwụ site na photosynthesis. Ihe ndị sitere n'okike, nke a na-akpọ chlorophyll, na-enye ohere ka phytoplankton too n'oké osimiri nke ụwa ma mee ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochaa okooko osisi site na mbara igwe.

Satellites na-ekpughe ọnọdụ na ụbara nke phytoplankton site na ịchọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chlorophyll dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mmiri mepere emepe - ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu, ka okooko osisi ahụ buru ibu. Nnyocha na-egosi na okooko osisi na-adịkarị ruo na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi ma ọ bụ mmalite oge okpomọkụ, mgbe ihe oriri na-ebelata ma anụmanụ na-eri ibe ya na-amalite ịta nri. Ihe ngosi dị n'aka ekpe n'okpuru ebe a na-eji data NASA SeaWiFS eme map nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-agbasa.

Nnyocha NAAMES nke e mere n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2019 nyochara akụkụ nke phytoplankton dynamics na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri, yana otu ụdị dynamics ahụ si emetụta ikuku, igwe ojii, na ihu igwe.[29]

Na France, a na-arịọ ndị obodo ka ha kọọ mmiri nwere agba site na oru PHENOMER.[30] Nke a na-enyere ịghọta etu okike nke uto mmiri si na-eme. [citation needed]

Ọkụ Ọhịa nwere ike ịkpata okooko osisi phytoplankton site na itinye ọkụ ọkụ n'oké osimiri.[31]

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-emerụ ahụ

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Foto satellite nke phytoplankton na-agba gburugburu agwaetiti Gotland nke Sweden na Baltic Sea, 2005

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-emerụ ahụ (HAB) bụ Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae nke na-akpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ site na mmepụta nke nsí sitere n'okike, mmebi igwe na ihe ndị ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ụdị dị iche iche nke HABs ndị a na-eme ka ha sie ike ịchịkwa, ma na-eweta ọtụtụ nsogbu, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.[32] A na-ejikọkarị HABs na nnukwu ọnwụ mmiri ma jikọta ya na ụdị nsị shellfish dị iche iche.[33] N'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ ha na akụ na ụba na ahụike, a na-enyocha HABs nke ọma.[34][35]

E gosipụtara na HAB na-emerụ ụmụ mmadụ ahụ. Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe algae na-egbu egbu site na iri nri mmiri nwere nsí, igwu mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na mmiri, na iku ume obere mmiri na ikuku nwere nsí.[36] N'ihi na mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe site na iri ihe oriri nke nwere nsí nke algae HAB chụpụrụ, ọrịa ndị na-ebute nri dị ma nwee ike imetụta usoro akwara, nri, iku ume, imeju, akpụkpọ ahụ, na obi n'ime ahụ.[37]

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụsọ osimiri na-enwekarị ọrịa iku ume elu, anya na imi, ahụ ọkụ, ma na-achọkarị nlekọta ahụike iji gwọọ ha. Mmetụta nsị azụ Ciguatera (CFP) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị site na ikpughe nke okooko osisi algal. Ọrịa ndị mmiri na-ebute dịkwa ebe ọ bụ na cyanotoxins nwere ike imerụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ anyị.

Ọ bụrụ na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-emerụ ahụ (HAB) eme ka algae baa ụba nke ukwuu, mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe agba ma ọ bụ ghọọ mmiri na-adịghị doo anya (murky). Agba ya nwere ike ịdị iche site na odo odo gbara ọchịchịrị ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pink, mana agba a na-ahụkarị bụ ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae niile na-adị ukwuu nke na ha ga-eme ka agba mmiri gbanwee.. [citation needed]

Mmụpụta ìhè sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ

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Dinoflagellates bụ ụmụ nje eukaryote (microbial eukaryotes) ndị na-ejikọta mmụpụta ìhè sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ (bioluminescence) na mmepụta nsí n'oge mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae (algal blooms). Ha na-eji mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị n'etiti luciferin na luciferase emepụta ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. E nwere ụdị nsí dinoflagellates iri na asaa (17) bụ isi. N'ime ha, Saxitoxin na Yessotoxin bụ ụdị nsí abụọ na-emepụta ìhè (bioluminescent) ma bụrụkwa ndị na-egbu egbu (toxic). A chọpụtara na ụdị abụọ a na-ebikarị n'otu ụdị ebe obibi n'akụkụ ụsọ osimiri. Mgbe dinoflagellates bara ụba n'abalị, ha na-emepụta ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ nke na-enwu n'elu mmiri. Ma n'ehihie, ha na-eme ka mmiri yie agba ọbara ọbara na aja aja. Nke a bụ ihe mere e ji akpọ ụfọdụ mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae "Red Tides" (ebili mmiri ọbara ọbara). A kọwawo na dinoflagellates bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata nsị sitere n'iri nri mmiri (seafood poisoning), n'ihi neurotoxin ha na-emepụta, nke nwere ike imerụ usoro akwara mmadụ.[38]

Nlekọta na amụma

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N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ịkọ ọdịdị algal na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nnwale mmiri anụ ahụ na modeling hydrodynamic. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ziri ezi, usoro ndị a nwere ike ịba ụba ma na-agbasi mbọ ike iji dozie ngwa ngwa dị mgbagwoju anya, na-agbanwe agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, amụma nke oge a na-ejikọwanye mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ na mmụta igwe iji gbakwunye ụdị anụ ahụ ọdịnala.

Omume sayensị mepere emepe enyerela aka mee ka usoro algorithmic ndị a dị ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge 2019 NASA International Space Apps Challenge, otu ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ gosipụtara otu netwọkụ akwara nwere ike isi nyochaa data satellite iji buo amụma cyanobacteria ruo otu ọnwa tupu oge eruo.[39] N'akwụkwọ sayensị, usoro ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-eji mmụta miri emi na-enyocha onwe ya iji jikọta data satellite multi-sensor na hyperspectral. Ụdị ndị a na-enyere aka ịmepụta usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge maka obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ụlọ ọgwụ mmiri.[40]

N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị a, amụma satellite na-eche njedebe dị iche iche ihu. Algorithmic ziri ezi na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ịkọwapụta ihe ndị dị n'ógbè, dị ka eutrophication mpaghara ma ọ bụ mgbanwe okpomọkụ mmiri na mberede. Ọzọkwa, a na-egbochi nyocha satellite anya ugboro ugboro site na mkpuchi igwe ojii, na-achọ ka ụdị amụma dabere na interpolation data iji dozie oghere ndị na-efu efu.

Nchịkwa

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E nwere ụdị atọ dị mkpa maka njikwa okooko osisi algal nke nwere ibelata, mgbochi, na njikwa.[41] N'ime mbelata, a na-etinye usoro nlekota oge niile maka nsí na shellfish maka ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge na nlekota zuru oke nke mpaghara ahụ iji nyochaa ma chọpụta okooko algal na-emerụ ahụ. A ga-ekpebi ọkwa HAB nke shellfish ma nwee ike ijikwa ihe mgbochi iji gbochie shellfish emetọ n'ahịa nri. Ịkwaga pensụl azụ site na okooko osisi algal bụkwa ụdị ọzọ nke ibelata.

N'ime mgbochi, anyị nwere ike belata mmiri na-ebu ihe oriri karịrị akarị site n'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elu na ahịhịa. Ebe ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-enyere aka ịmịkọrọ mmiri tupu ọ banye n'ụzọ mmiri. Anyị nwere ike itinye okporo ámá na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke na-enyere aka ikwe ka mmetọ sitere na ụgbọala na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ ka a na-etinye ya na / ma ọ bụ belata ya.

Ahịhịa na-enyocha, na-amịkọrọ, ma na-ebelata mmiri nke na-enyekwa aka belata oke ihe oriri na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri. Ihe atụ nke ahịhịa a kụrụ iji nyere aka belata mmiri ozuzo gụnyere ogige mmiri ozuzo, iji ahịhịhịa dochie ahịhụ, ịkụ osisi n'ogige na n'akụkụ ụzọ mmiri, na ọbụna ogige n'elu ụlọ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike belata mmetụta ha na ụzọ mmiri anyị site n'ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, ịkụ ihe mgbochi ọhịa, belata ojiji ha na-eji fatịlaịza eme ihe, na itinye mgbidi iji gbochie anụ ụlọ pụọ na iyi.

N'ime njikwa, enwere njikwa igwe, nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke kemịkal, nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nchịkwa igwe na-agụnye ịgbasa ụrọ n'ime mmiri iji gbakọta na HAB na-eduga na obere HAB ndị a iji gafee usoro sedimentation. Nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dịgasị iche iche ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe site na pheromones ma ọ bụ ịtọhapụ ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị amị iji belata ọmụmụ. Nchịkwa kemịkal na-eji ọgwụ na-egbu egbu eme ihe. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nke ọnwụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị a na-elekwasị anya. Nchịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-agụnye ụdị injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme na nnagide gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ọmụmụ. Agbanyeghị, enwere nsogbu nke imerụ ụmụ amaala. Maka njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ nwere ike iji nrugharị mmiri na ikuku.

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ma bụrụ nsogbu na-akawanye njọ nke na-agbasa n'ógbè ahụ. Obere ihe na-acha nchara nchara nke a na-ejikarị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ US na South Africa eme ihe ugbu a, na-akpata nnukwu okooko osisi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke China nke yiri nke mmiri ndị ọzọ na-acha ọbara ọbara. HABs nwere ike iduga na gburugburu ebe obibi anaerobic (enweghị ikuku oxygen) nke nwere ike igbu ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ na mmiri, nsị azụ, nsogbu iku ume na ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-aga n'ụsọ osimiri.

HABs nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin. A na-ejikọta zebra na quagga mussels na mmetụta ha na gburugburu ebe obibi.[42] Mussels ndị a na-eme ka cycling nke phosphorus nke mere na-emewanye okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ n'ebe ha nọ. Okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta mmiri na Binational Great Lakes Basin na n'ihi mgbake ụwa site na ọrịa COVID-19, idozi nsogbu ahụ aghọwo ihe dị ala. Nsogbu akụ na ụba a aghọwo akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na United States, ebe na mba ndị jikọrọ aka dị ka Canada enwere nchegbu dị ala.

Mmetụta nke okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndụ mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, uto nke algae na-egbu egbu, Pseudo-nitzschia, n'ụsọ oké osimiri California na-eme ka ọdụm oké osimiri na-arịa ọrịa ma na-eme ihe ike nye ndị na-aga n'ụsara osimiri.[43] Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na nke a bụ ihe na-eme n'oge. Uto nke Pseudo-nitzschia na-eduga na mmepụta nke Dominic acid nke na-agbakọta na azụ dịka sardines, anchovies, na squids.[44] Nke a na-emetụta nri na isi nri nke ọdụm mmiri. Ozugbo a na-ebufe nsí site na iri nri, ha nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi, mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ, na ọnwụ nye anụmanụ ahụ. N'oge mmụba a, ndị mmadụ kọrọ na ọ tara na omume obi ọjọọ sitere n'aka ọdụm mmiri ndị butere ọrịa.[45] N'ọnọdụ a na-arịa ọrịa, ọdụm mmiri na-atụ egwu ma na-eme ihe n'ihi egwu iji chebe onwe ha. Ọdụm mmiri ndị dị ime bụ ndị na-ahụkarị nsị algae na-egbu egbu ma o yikarịrị ka ha ga-anwụ site na mmetụta ahụ.[44]

Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe

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N'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ike na ọbịbịa nke okooko osisi algae amụbaala.[46] Nke a bụ n'ihi okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri na mmiri ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpali uto algae, [46] ma gbatịkwuo oge uto. [47] Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe ihu igwe nwekwara ike ibute mbelata nke okooko osisi algae, n'ihi nnukwu mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ike iwepụ okooko osisi site na mmiri.[46]

Ọzọkwa, e buru amụma na nkesa nke okooko osisi algae ga-agbasa n'ebe ugwu, ọkachasị na North Sea, na narị afọ na-esote.[48]

Ntinye aka nke mmadụ

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N'akụkụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmụba nke okooko algae nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi omume mmadụ. N'ọrụ ugbo, ojiji nke fatịlaịza nwere ike inye ihe oriri dị mkpa maka uto algae, ma banye n'usoro mmiri site na nsị elu.[46]

Ihe ndekọ fossil

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mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae mbụ n'ụwa bụ Eoseira wilsonii. N'ịlaghachi azụ na Eocene, ọ bụ naanị diatom a maara nke nwere okooko algal a hụrụ na Horsefly Shale na Eocene Okanagan Highlands.

Hụkwa

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Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Ferris. "Why are there so many toxic algae blooms this year", CNBC, 26 July 2016. Retrieved on 27 July 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barsanti (2014). Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, And Biotechnology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-6733-4. 
  3. ↑ Smayda (July 1997). "What is a bloom? A commentary". Limnology and Oceanography 42 (5part2): 1132–1136. DOI:10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132. 
  4. ↑ Mays (17 September 2021). "Lethal microbial blooms delayed freshwater ecosystem recovery following the end-Permian extinction". Nature Communications 12 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-25711-3. PMID 34535650. 
  5. 1 2 Smayda (1997). "What is a bloom? A commentary". Limnology and Oceanography 42 (5part2): 1132–1136. DOI:10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132. ISSN 1939-5590. 
  6. ↑ Tett (1987). "The Ecophysiology of Exceptional Blooms". Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 187: 47–60. 
  7. ↑ Jonsson (7 July 2009). "Formation of harmful algal blooms cannot be explained by allelopathic interactions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (27): 11177–11182. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0900964106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 19549831. 
  8. ↑ Kim (1993). "Population cell volume and carbon content in monospecific dinoflagellate blooms", Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea, Developments in Marine Biology. Elsevier, 769–773. 
  9. ↑ Parker (1987). "Exceptional Plankton Blooms Conclusion of Discussions: Convener's Report". Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 187: 108–114. 
  10. 1 2 Carstensen (January 2007). "Summer algal blooms in shallow estuaries: Definition, mechanisms, and link to eutrophication". Limnology and Oceanography 52 (1): 370–384. DOI:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0370. ISSN 0024-3590. Carstensen, Jacob; Henriksen, Peter; Heiskanen, Anna-Stiina (January 2007). . Limnology and Oceanography. 52 (1): 370–384. Bibcode:2007LimOc..52..370C. doi:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0370. ISSN 0024-3590. S2CID 15978578. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024.
  11. ↑ Hallegraeff (2004). Manual on harmful marine microalgae, Second revised, Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 92-3-103948-2. OCLC 493956343. 
  12. ↑ Gilbert (2005). "The Global Complex Phenomena of Harmful Algal Blooms". Oceanography 8 (2): 130–141. 
  13. ↑ Jacoby (2000). "Environmental factors associated with a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (1): 231–240. DOI:10.1139/f99-234. ISSN 0706-652X. 
  14. ↑ Liu (1 June 2009). "World's largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China". Marine Pollution Bulletin 58 (6): 888–895. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.01.013. ISSN 0025-326X. PMID 19261301. 
  15. ↑ Hallegraef (1993). "A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase". Phycologia 32 (2): 79–99. DOI:10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1. 
  16. ↑ Super Blooms NASA Visualization Explorer, 8 May 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ↑ Dai (2023-03-01). "Coastal phytoplankton blooms expand and intensify in the 21st century". Nature 615 (7951): 280–284. DOI:10.1038/s41586-023-05760-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 36859547. 
  18. ↑ Diersling. Phytoplankton Blooms: The Basics. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved on 26 December 2012.
  19. ↑ Hochanadel, Dave (10 December 2010). Limited amount of total phosphorus actually feeds algae, study finds. Lake Scientist. “[B]ioavailable phosphorus – phosphorus that can be utilized by plants and bacteria – is only a fraction of the total, according to Michael Brett, a UW engineering professor ...”
  20. ↑ (September 2018) "Biological Nitrogen Fixation Prevents the Response of a Eutrophic Lake to Reduced Loading of Nitrogen: Evidence from a 46-Year Whole-Lake Experiment" (in en). Ecosystems 21 (6): 1088–1100. DOI:10.1007/s10021-017-0204-2. ISSN 1432-9840. 
  21. ↑ Storm-triggered, increased supply of sediment-derived phosphorus to the epilimnion in a small freshwater lake. Freshwater Biological Association (18 November 2014). Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved on 27 June 2026.
  22. ↑ (1 May 1998) "Phosphorus loading reductions needed to control blue-green algal blooms in Lake Mendota". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55 (5): 1169–1178. DOI:10.1139/cjfas-55-5-1169. 
  23. ↑ Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, and Controls in Aquatic Ecosystems | Learn Science at Scitable (en).
  24. ↑ Badamasi (January 2019). "Impacts of Phosphates on Water Quality and Aquatic Life". Chemistry Research Journal 4 (3): 124:125. 
  25. ↑ Lake Monitoring (en). www.nfcrwd.org. Retrieved on 2024-12-09.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Cottingham (2015). "Cyanobacteria as biological drivers of lake nitrogen and phosphorus cycling" (in en). Ecosphere 6 (1): art1. DOI:10.1890/ES14-00174.1. ISSN 2150-8925. Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Ewing, Holly A.; Greer, Meredith L.; Carey, Cayelan C.; Weathers, Kathleen C. (2015). "Cyanobacteria as biological drivers of lake nitrogen and phosphorus cycling". Ecosphere. 6 (1): art1. doi:10.1890/ES14-00174.1. hdl:10919/89390. ISSN 2150-8925.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Reinl (2021). "Cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic lakes: Shifting the high-nutrient paradigm" (in en). Freshwater Biology 66 (9): 1846–1859. DOI:10.1111/fwb.13791. ISSN 1365-2427. Reinl, Kaitlin L.; Brookes, Justin D.; Carey, Cayelan C.; Harris, Ted D.; Ibelings, Bas W.; Morales-Williams, Ana M.; De Senerpont Domis, Lisette N.; Atkins, Karen S.; Isles, Peter D. F.; Mesman, Jorrit P.; North, Rebecca L.; Rudstam, Lars G.; Stelzer, Julio A. A.; Venkiteswaran, Jason J.; Yokota, Kiyoko (2021). "Cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic lakes: Shifting the high-nutrient paradigm". Freshwater Biology. 66 (9): 1846–1859. doi:10.1111/fwb.13791. hdl:20.500.11755/033c1a62-eff9-4252-b9b3-7aec1f012317. ISSN 1365-2427.
  28. ↑ Harmful Algal Blooms (en-US). Adirondack Watershed Institute (2024-08-09). Retrieved on 2024-12-09.
  29. ↑ Behrenfeld (22 March 2019). "The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview". Frontiers in Marine Science 6. DOI:10.3389/fmars.2019.00122. ISSN 2296-7745. 
  30. ↑ Phenomer.
  31. ↑ Tang (September 2021). "Widespread phytoplankton blooms triggered by 2019–2020 Australian wildfires" (in en). Nature 597 (7876): 370–375. DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-03805-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34526706. 
  32. ↑ Anderson (January 2004). Prevention, control and mitigation of harmful algal blooms: multiple approaches to HAB management. ResearchGate. Retrieved on 26 March 2020.
  33. ↑ Harmful Algal Blooms: Red Tide: Home. cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved on 23 August 2009.
  34. ↑ Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. Red Tide Current Status Statewide Information. research.myfwc.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved on 23 August 2009.
  35. ↑ Red Tide Index. Tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved on 23 August 2009.
  36. ↑ Illness and Symptoms: Marine (Saltwater) Algal Blooms | Harmful Algal Blooms (en-us). CDC (30 September 2021). Retrieved on 10 January 2022.
  37. ↑ Berdalet (2015). "Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015: 61–91. DOI:10.1017/S0025315415001733. ISSN 0025-3154. PMID 26692586. 
  38. ↑ Wang (June 2008). "Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review". Marine Drugs 6 (2): 349–371. DOI:10.3390/md20080016. PMID 18728731. 
  39. ↑ Students from Poznań show how to predict cyanobacteria blooms and win NASA competition. Science in Poland (6 February 2020). Retrieved on 24 May 2026.
  40. ↑ LaHaye (2026). "Fusing Multi- and Hyperspectral Satellite Data for Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring With Self-Supervised and Hierarchical Deep Learning". Earth and Space Science. DOI:10.1029/2025EA004881. 
  41. ↑ Anderson (July 2009). "Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs)" (in en). Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (7): 342–347. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.04.006. PMID 20161650. 
  42. ↑ Creed, Irena (January 1, 2020). ""Harmful Algal Blooms in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin: Is It Time fro a Binational Sub-Federal Approach?"". Canada United States Law Journal 45: 126–143. 
  43. ↑ Fisheries (2024-04-11). Toxic Algal Bloom Spreads Along California Coast, Poisoning Sea Lions | NOAA Fisheries (en). NOAA. Retrieved on 2024-12-09.
  44. 1 2 A toxic algal bloom off Southern California is blamed for making sea lions sick. npr (July 4, 2023). Retrieved on December 8, 2024.
  45. ↑ Sea lions aren't acting like themselves — they're more aggressive because of algae bloom in California (en). NBC News (2023-06-29). Retrieved on 2024-12-09.
  46. 1 2 3 4 New research into the impacts of climate change on harmful algal blooms in lakes | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (en). www.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2026-05-12.
  47. ↑ Causes of harmful algal blooms: Understanding the factors behind the phenomenon (en). College of Life Sciences and Agriculture (2023-11-22). Archived from the original on 2026-04-22. Retrieved on 2026-05-12.
  48. ↑ Townhill (2018-12-01). "Harmful algal blooms and climate change: exploring future distribution changes" (in en). ICES Journal of Marine Science 75 (6): 1882–1893. DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsy113. ISSN 1054-3139. 

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