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Mmetọ Mmiri

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Ihe mkpofu na-ese n'elu mmiri, Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia
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Mmetọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ mmetọ ndu ihe mmiri ) bụ mmetọ gbasara mmiri, nke nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'otú e si eji ha eme ihe. [1] : 6  Ọ na-abụkarị ihe mmadụ na-eme. Mmiri gụnyere ọdọ mmiri lak, osimiri, oké osimiri, ọdọ mmiri aquifa , ọdọ mmiri reservoir na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala . Mmetọ mmiri na-apụta mgbe ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na ahụ mmiri ndị a. Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ nwere ike isi n'otu n'ime isi ihe anọ pụta. Ndị a bụ mmiri nsị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmepụta ihe, ọrụ ugbo, na mmiri si n'obodo ukwu pụta nke gụnyere mmiri ozuzo . [2] Mmetọ mmiri nwere ike imetụta mmiri dị n'elu ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala . Ụdị mmetọ a nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ nsogbu. Otu bụ mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri . Nke ọzọ bụ ịgbasa ọrịa ndị sitere na mmiri mgbe ndị mmadụ na-eji mmiri ruru unyi maka ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri . [3] Mmetọ mmiri na-ebelatakwa ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke akụrụngwa mmiri na-enye.

Isi mmalite nke mmetọ mmiri bụ isi mmalite ma ọ bụ isi mmalite na-abụghị isi . [4] Isi mmalite a nwere otu ihe ama n'ebuteya, dị ka mmiri ozuzo, ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu, ma ọ bụ mmanụ na-awụfu . Isi mmalite na-abụghị isi na-agbasa karịa. Ihe atụ bụ mmiri na-agbapụta n'ọrụ ugbo . [5] Mmetọ bụ ihe si na mmetụta mkpokọta pụta ka oge na-aga. Mmetọ nwere ike ịdị iche iche. Otu ga-abụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka mmanụ, ọla, plastik, ọgwụ nje, ihe ndị na-emebi ihe na-adịgide adịgide, na ngwaahịa mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọzọ bụ ọnọdụ nrụgide dịka mgbanwe nke pH, hypoxia ma ọ bụ anoxia, mmụba okpomọkụ, oke turbidity, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke nnu ). Ntinye nke ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ ihe ọzọ. Ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ndị na-adịghị ndụ . Ihe na-akpata mmetọ okpomọkụ bụ iji mmiri dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ike na ndị na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.

Njikwa mmetọ mmiri chọrọ atụmatụ akụrụngwa na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị, yana iwu. Ngwọta teknụzụ nwere ike ịgụnye ihe dika imeziwanye ebe obibi ọcha, ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, njikwa mbuze, njikwa ájá na njikwa mmiri ozuzo obodo (gụnyere njikwa mmiri ozuzo).

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Nkọwa

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Nkọwa bara uru nke mmetọ mmiri bụ: "Mmetọ mmiri bụ mgbakwunye nke ihe ma ọ bụ ụdị ike nke na-agbanwe ọdịdị nke ahụ mmiri ozugbo ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè n'ụzọ nke na-emetụta ojiji ziri ezi ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma."[1] : 6 A na-ewerekarị mmiri dị ka ihe mmetọ mgbe ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ merụọ ya. Nke a pụtara na a pụghị iji ya mee ihe ụfọdụ, dị ka ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ, ma ọ bụ ikike ya ịkwado obodo ndị dị ndụ, dị ka azụ, agbanweela nke ukwuu.

Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ

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Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ sitere na mmiri nsị

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Ihe ndị a niile nwere ike iru mmiri site na nsị mmiri nkiti ma ọ bụ ọbụna ihe ndị e ji mmiri nsị gwọọ:

  • A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe kemịkalụ dị iche iche n'ime ihe ndị dị ọcha na ihe ịchọ mma .
  • Ngwaahịa ndị na-egbu nje nke a na-ahụ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ e ji kemịkalụ mee (ọ bụ ezie na kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emerụ emerụ na netwọk nkesa mmiri, ha na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu, ya mere a naghị ahụkarị ha na mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi). [6]
  • Homonụ (site n'ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ na ihe fọdụrụ site na usoro mgbochi afọ ime nke mmadụ) na ihe ndị e ji aka mee dịka phthalates nke na-eṅomi homonu n'ọrụ ha. Ndị a nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ ọbụlagodi na obere mkpokọta na biota eke ma nwee ike imetụta ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ mmiri ahụ ma jiri ya mee mmiri ọṅụṅụ. [7] [8]
  • Ọgwụ ahụhụ na ahịhịa ogwu, ọtụtụ mgbe site na mmiri mmiri ọrụ ugbo.
  • Ọrịa dịka Hepatovirus A (HAV nwere ike ịnọ na mmiri mkpofu a gwọrọ agwọ ma na-enweta mmiri mana a na-ewepụ ya nke ukwuu n'oge ọgwụgwọ ọzọ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ [9] )

Mmiri mkpofu a na-agwọghị nke ọma nwere ike ibufe ihe oriri, nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, ihe siri ike dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị ndụ na nsị. [1] : 6 

Akwụkwọ ozi iji kụziere ndị mmadụ na ndịda Eshia gbasara ihe omume mmadụ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha
Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na mmetụta ha*
Ihe mmetọ Isi ihe nnọchiteanya paramita Mmetụta nwere ike nke ihe na-emetọ ihe
Ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị Mkpokọta ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi
  • Nsogbu ịma mma
  • Ntinye ego sludge
  • Ntinye ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe
  • Nchedo nke nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa
Ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ire ere Mkpa oxygen dị ndụ (BOD)
  • Oriri oxygen
  • Ọnwụ nke azụ
  • Ọnọdụ Septic
Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ
  • Nitrogen
  • Fọsfọs
  • Oke uto algae
  • Nsi na azụ ( ammonia )
  • Ọrịa n'ime ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ ( ọrịa nwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ sitere na nitrate )
  • Mmetọ nke mmiri dị n'ime ala
Ọrịa ndị na-akpata ọrịa
  • Coliforms, dịka E. coli, nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa n'onwe ha, mana a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa nke na-anwụ ma ọ bụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa [1] : 51 
  • Àkwá helminth [1] : 55 [10]
 Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri
Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-anaghị emebi emebi
  • Ọgwụ nje
  • Ụfọdụ ihe nhicha
  • Ndị ọzọ
  • Nsí (dị iche iche)
  • Ụfụfụ ( ihe nhicha )
  • Mbelata nnyefe oxygen (ihe nhicha)
  • Enweghị ike ire ere
  • Isi ọjọọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ: phenols )
Ihe siri ike agbazere n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị n'ime ahụ
  • Oke nnu - mmebi nye ubi ( ịgba mmiri )
  • Nsí nye osisi (ụfọdụ ion)
  • Nsogbu ndị metụtara ike ikuku ( sodium )
* Isi iyi nke ihe ndị a na-emerụ emerụ bụ mmiri mkpofu ezinụlọ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mmiri ozuzo obodo na mmiri ozuzo sitere na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo [1] : 7 

Nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa

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Ihe ọmụmaatụ nke nje ndị na -akpata ọrịa dị n'ime mmiri mkpofu bụ nje bacteria, nje virus, nje protozoans na ikpuru nke parasitic . [1] : 47  Itinye n'ọrụ, a na-eji ihe ngosi ihe ndị dị ndụ eme nnyocha maka mmetọ mmiri n'ihi na ịchọpụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ihe nlele mmiri siri ike ma dịkwa oke ọnụ n'ihi obere mkpokọta ha. Ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe ( ihe ngosi nje bacteria ) nke mmetọ nsị n'ime ihe nlele mmiri bụ total coliforms (TC) ma ọ bụ nke ama dika fecal coliforms (FC), nke a na-akpọkwazi dị ka thermotolerant coliforms, gụnyere Escherichia coli . [1] : 52–53 

Nje nwere ike ibuputa ọrịa si na mmiri n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. [11] Ụfọdụ nje ndị a na-ahụkarị mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime mmiri ndị ruru unyi nke butere nsogbu ahụike mmadụ gụnyere Burkholderia pseudomallei , Cryptosporidium parvum , Giardia lamblia , Salmonella , norovirus na nje ndị ọzọ, yana ikpuru parasitic gụnyere ụdị nke Schistosoma .

Ọtụtụ nje ndị na-efe efe n'ime mmiri nwere ike ibute site na nsị mmadụ (n'ihi nsị n'èzí ), nsị mmiri, mmiri ojii, ma ọ bụ nsị nke batara n'ime mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị usoro ịdị ọcha zuru oke ma ọ bụ usoro ịdị ọcha na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ebe ahụ ( tankị septic, ụlọ mposi olulu mmiri ), ụlọ ọgwụ nsị mmiri na-enweghị usoro nhicha mmiri, mmiri nsị mmiri na mmiri nsị mmiri (CSOs) jikọtara ọnụ n'oge oké ifufe na ọrụ ugbo siri ike (ọrụ anụ ụlọ na-anaghị achịkwa nke ọma).

Ngwakọta ihe ndị dị ndụ

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Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-abụkarị ihe ndịa na: egbu egbu . [12] 229 

  • Hydrocarbons mmanụ ala, gụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala ( petrol, diesel, jet fuel, na mmanụ ụgbọala ) na mmanụ mmanụ ụgbọala (mmanụ ụgbọala), na ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ mmanụ ụgbọala, site na mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo mmiri ozuzo [13]
  • Ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-adịghị mma. Ụdị ihe ndị na-akpata nsogbu bụ organochloride dịka polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) na trichloroethylene, ihe mgbaze a na-ahụkarị.

Ihe ndị dị na Per- na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) bụkwa nke ama dika ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide . [14] [15]

Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-adịghị n'ime ahụ

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Ihe fọdụrụ n'ime bauxite bụ ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke nwere alkaline dị ize ndụ ma nwee ike ibute mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya nke ọma (foto sitere na Stade, Germany).
Osimiri apịtị jupụtara na ájá

Ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na-adịghị mma gụnyere:

  • Amonia sitere na ihe mkpofu nhazi nri
  • Ígwè dị arọ sitere na ụgbọala (site na mmiri ozuzo obodo ) [13] na mmiri nsị nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala acid
  • Nitrates na phosphates, site na nsị mmiri na ọrụ ugbo ( lee mmetọ ihe oriri )
  • Nsụda ala ( sized ) na-asọpụta site na ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu ma ọ bụ ebe a na-akụ ihe mkpofu, osisi, ịkpụcha ihe na ebe a na-ere ọkụ
  • Nnu: Nnu: Nnu mmiri dị ọcha bụ usoro nke nnu na-asọpụta na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dị ọcha . [16] A na-akpọ nnu nke mmadụ na-akpata dị ka nnu nke abụọ, yana iji nnu okporo ụzọ wepụ oyi dị ka ụdị mmiri kachasị ewu ewu. [17] [18]

Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọgwụ ghara ịdị mma

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  • Mmetọ ọgwụ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ọgwụ ọgwụ dị iche iche na metabolites ha ( leekwa mmetọ ọgwụ ), dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali, ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ime .
  • Metabolites nke ọgwụ ọjọọ (leekwa epidemiology nke mmiri mkpofu ), dịka ọmụmaatụ methamphetamine na ecstasy. [19] [20]

Ihe mkpofu siri ike na plastik

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Ihe mkpofu siri ike na plastik dị na Lachine Canal, Canada
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Ihe mkpofu siri ike nwere ike ịbanye n'ime mmiri site na nsị mmiri a na-anaghị agwọ, mmiri nsị jikoronu na-agbapụta, mmiri na-asọpụta n'obodo ukwu, na ndị mmadụ na-atụfu ihe mkpofu n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Ikuku nwekwara ike ibute ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo site na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, nke na-ebute mmetọ dị ukwuu, ebe nnukwu ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya na-emetọ mmiri, yana mmetọ obereplastik nke a na-anaghị ahụ anya ozugbo. A na-eji okwu ndịa metụtara ihe mkpofu mmiri na mmetọ plastik mmiri eme ihe n'ihe gbasara mmetọ nke oke osimiri.

Obere plastik na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọkwa nke dị elu, ọkachasị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ihe gbasara mmiri, ebe ha na-akpata mmetọ mmiri. [21] Pasentị 35 nke obere plastik niile dị n'oké osimiri na-esi na ákwà/uwe, nke bụ isi n'ihi mbibi nke uwe polyester, acrylic, ma ọ bụ naịlọn, ọtụtụ mgbe n'oge a na-asa ákwà. [22]

Ụzọ ndị bụ́ isi e si ebuga obere plastik site n'ala gaa n'oké osimiri bụ site na mmiri ozuzo, nsị mmiri a agwọghị agwọ na ikuku. Ebe ndị a na-esi enweta obere plastik bụ ákwà e ji aka mee, taya, na uzuzu obodo. Isi mmalite atọ a na-akpata ihe karịrị pasentị 80 nke mmetọ obere plastik niile. [23] [24]

Ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu ala

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Mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu ala gụnyere mmetọ nke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na oke osimiri. Otu n'ime mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu ala bụ mmetọ mmiri nke na-emetụtakari oke osimiri. Mmetọ ihe oriri bụkwa mmetọ sitere na oke ntinye nke ihe oriri .

Ka ọ dị n'afọ 2017, ihe dị ka nde 4.5 ka Ngalaba Mmemme Nlekọta Mmiri na Ịdị Ọcha si kwuo, ijeri mmadụ n'ụwa niile enweghị ohere ịnweta ebe obibi dị ọcha nke ọma . Enweghị ohere ịnweta ebe obibi dị ọcha bụ nsogbu dị oke njọ nke na-ebutekarị mmetọ mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe obibi dị n'èzí nwere ike ibute nsị mmadụ site n'ala gaa na mmiri dị n'elu ala n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ idei mmiri. Ụlọ mposi dị mfe nwekwara ike idei mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo siri ike.

Kemgbe afọ 2022, Yuropu na Etiti Eshia na-akpata ihe dị ka pasentị 16 nke mwepụ obere plastik n'ime oke osimiri n'ụwa niile. [23] [25] Ọ bụ ezie na njikwa nke ihe mkpofu plastik na imegharị ya na-akawanye mma n'ụwa niile, oke mmetọ plastik na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye n'enweghị nsogbu n'ihi nnukwu ọnụọgụ plastik dị na mgbasa. [26] Ọ bụrụgodị na mmetọ plastik mmiri akwụsị kpamkpam, a ga-atụ anya na mmetọ obereplastik nke oke osimiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye. [26]

Mmetọ mmiri

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Mmetọ ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ

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Mmetọ okpomọkụ

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Ọdụ ọkụ Brayton Point dị na Massachusetts na-ewepụta mmiri ọkụ na Mount Hope Bay ruo afọ 2011.
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Mwebata ihe ndị dị ndụ na-awakpo mmiri bụkwazi ụdị mmetọ mmiri, ya bụ, mmetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ . [27]

Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala

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N'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa, mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na-etinye ọdịmma mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ize ndụ. Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa na-adabere na mmiri dị n'ime ala maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mana a maara na a na-ebuga ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ n'ime obere mmiri carbonate, na-etinye ịdị ọcha nke mmiri ndị a n'ihe ize ndụ. [28]

Mmetọ sitere na isi mmalite iyi

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Mmetọ mmiri ebe isi mmalite iyi na-ezo aka na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri site na otu ebe a na-amata, dị ka paịpụ ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri . Ihe atụ nke isi mmalite iyi ndị dị na nke a gụnyere mwepụta sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ nsị mmiri, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọwara mmiri ozuzo obodo.

Mmiri nsị

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Mmiri nsị na-abụkarị 99.9% mmiri na 0.1% ihe siri ike. [29] Mmiri nsị na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị nri na-eduga na ihetama dika rophication . Ọ bụ isi iyi phonke ana akso pphate dịka ọmụihe maatụ. [30] Mmiri nsị na-abụkarị ihe dị iche iche dị na nhicha onwe onye, ihe ịchọ mma, ọgwụ ọgwụ (leekwa mmetọ ọgwụ ), na ihe ndị na-eme ka ha dị nro [19] [20] Mmetọ mmiri nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọgwụ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe mmiri nsị na-asọfe n'oge oké ifufe, nke a nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri site na mmiri nsị na-adịghị agwọ ọrịa. A maara ihe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mmiri nsị na-asọfe ma ọ bụ mmiri nsị na-agbakọta .

Osimiri e metọrọ emetọ na-awụpụ ebe a na- egwupụta ọla kọpa agbahapụ na Anglesey

Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ugbo

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Acid Perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS) bụ ihe na-emetọ ụwa nke a hụrụ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. O yiri ka ọ naghị emebi emebi. [31]
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Usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke na-eji mmiri emepụtakwa mmiri mkpofu. A maara nke a dị ka mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mba Amerịka, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, ụlọ ọrụ ígwè na ígwè, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe pulp na akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nri bụ ndị na-eji mmiri eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-eji ihe karịrị pasentị iri isii nke mkpokọta. [2] Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu kemịkalụ, gụnyere ihe mgbaze na-egbu egbu na ọla dị arọ, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ.

Mmiri nke mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike itinye ufodu ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ ndị a na mmiri ndị na-abata ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị agwọ ma jikwaa mmiri mkpofu nke ọma:

  • Ígwè dị arọ, gụnyere mercury, lead, na chromium
  • Ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ dịka ihe mkpofu nri : Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ (dịka nhazi nri, ihe mkpofu ụlọ anụ, eriri akwụkwọ, ihe osisi, wdg) na-ewepụta nnukwu mkpokọta nke BOD, ammonia nitrogen na mmanụ na mmanụ. [32] : 180 [12]
  • Ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ dịka ájá, ájá, ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, ihe fọdụrụ na rọba sitere na taya, seramiiki, wdg.;
  • Nsí dị ka ọgwụ nje, nsí, ọgwụ ahịhịa, wdg.
  • Ọgwụ, ihe ndị na-akpaghasị endocrine, homonụ, ihe ndị na-eme ka fluorin dị n'ime ahụ, siloxanes, ọgwụ ọjọọ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ [33] [34] [35]
  • Obere plastik dịka polyethylene na polypropylene beads, polyester na polyamide [36]
  • Mmetọ okpomọkụ sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na ndị nrụpụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
  • Radionuclides sitere na igwu uranium, nhazi mmanụ nuklia, ịrụ ọrụ reactor nuklia, ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe mkpofu redioaktivu .
  • Ụfọdụ ihe ndị e si n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe pụta gụnyere ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka ihe ndị per- na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS). [14] [15]

Nwụfu mmanụ

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Mmetọ sitere na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị isi

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Ọrụ Ugbo

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Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe kachanu na-akpata mmetọ mmiri site na ebe ndị na-abụghị ebe a na-esi enweta ihe. Iji fatịlaịza eme ihe yana mmiri si n'ubi ugbo, ebe ịta nri na ebe a na-azụ ihe na-ebute mmetọ ihe oriri. [37] Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ugbo lek wasịrị anya n'ihe ọkụkụ osisi, ọrụ ugbo azụ bụkwa isi iyi mmetọ. Na mgbakwunye, mmiri si n'ugbo na-enwekarị oke ọgwụ nje. [2]

Ntinye aka na ikuku (mmetọ ikuku)

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Ndobe ikuku bụ usoro nke ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-abanye n'ime mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmiri ruru unyi nso ebe isi iyi ya ma ọ bụ ruo puku kilomita ole na ole site na ya. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-emetọ mmiri sitere na ebe ikuku ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ ngwakọta sọlfọ, ngwakọta nitrogen, ngwakọta mercury, ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.Isi mmalite ebumpụta ụwa nke ebe ikuku na-adaba gụnyere ọkụ ọhịa na ọrụ nje.

Mmiri ozuzo asịd sitere na mwepụta nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide, nke na-emeghachi omume na molekul mmiri dị n'ikuku iji mepụta asịd. [38] Kemgbe afọ 1970, ụfọdụ gọọmentị agbaala mbọ iji belata mwepụta nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide n'ikuku. Isi ihe ndị mejupụtara sulfur na nitrogen nke na-ebute mmiri ozuzo asịd bụ ihe na-akpata mmadụ, mana enwere ike ịmepụta nitrogen oxides n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa site na ọkụ eletrik na mgbawa ugwu na-emepụta sulfur dioxide. [39] Mmiri ozuzo asịd nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na osisi, gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na akụrụngwa. [40] [41]

Ọnụọgụ carbon dioxide dị n'ikuku amụbaala kemgbe afọ 1850 n'ihi mmetụta mmadụ ( mwepụ nke gas griinhaus ). [42] Nke a na-eduga na mmetọ mmiri n'oké osimiri ma bụrụkwa ụdị mmetọ mmiri ọzọ sitere na enyemaka nke ikuku. [43]

Nlele, nha, nyocha

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Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwadebe ihe nlele mmiri
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Enwere ike nyochaa mmetọ mmiri site na ụzọ dị iche iche sara mbara: anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ndu. Enwere ike ime ụfọdụ usoro na ebe a na-anaghị anwale ihe nlele, dịka okpomọkụ. Ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịnakọta ihe nlele, wee soro ule nyocha pụrụ iche n'ime ụlọ nyocha. E bipụtala usoro nnwale nyocha nke a haziri nke ọma, nke a kwadoro, maka ihe nlele mmiri na mmiri mkpofu. [44]

Nnwale anụ ahụ a na-ahụkarị maka mmiri gụnyere okpomọkụ, njikwa kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ njikwa eletriki (EC) ma ọ bụ njikwa, njupụta siri ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị (TSS)) na turbidity . Enwere ike inyocha ihe nlele mmiri site na iji usoro kemistri nyocha . E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nnwale ebipụtara maka ma ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ. Paramita ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke a na-atụle bụ pH, BOD, [45] : 102 Mkpa oxygen kemịkalụ (COD), [45] : 104 ufereoyi agbazere agbaze (DO), ike zuru oke, ihe oriri (ihe mejupụtara nitrogen na phosphorus, dịka ọmụmaatụ nitrate na orthophosphates ), ọla (gụnyere ọla kọpa, zinc, cadmium, lead na mercury ), mmanụ na mmanụ, mmanụ hydrocarbons mmanụ niile (TPH), surfactants na ọgwụ ahụhụ .

A na-akọwa ojiji nke biomonitor ma ọ bụ bioindicator dị ka nlekota ihe ndị dị ndụ . Nke a na-ezo aka n'ịtụle ihe ndị dị ndụ kpọmkwem iji nweta ozi gbasara gburugburu anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ gbara ya gburugburu. Nnwale ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere iji ihe ngosi osisi, anụmanụ ma ọ bụ nje bacteria iji nyochaa ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri . Ha bụ ụdị ndu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ otu ụdị nke ọrụ ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ọkwa ha nwere ike ikpughe ogo nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi gburugburu ebe obibi dị. [46] Otu ihe atụ nke otu ndị na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ copepods na obere crustacean mmiri ndị ọzọ dị n'ọtụtụ mmiri. Enwere ike inyocha ihe ndị dị otú ahụ maka mgbanwe (biochemical, physiological, ma ọ bụ omume) nke nwere ike igosi nsogbu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha.

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Mmetụta

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Mbelata ikuku oxygen, nke sitere na mmetọ nitrogen na eutrophication, bụ ihe na-akpatakarị igbu azụ.

Sistemụ gburugburu ebe obibi

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Mmetọ mmiri bụ nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi niile dị n'ime mmiri, gụnyere mmiri dị ọcha, mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mmiri oké osimiri. [47] Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ kpọmkwem nke na-ebute mmetọ mmiri gụnyere ọtụtụ kemịkalụ, nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, na mgbanwe anụ ahụ dịka oke okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na ihe ndị a na-achịkwa nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike ( calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, wdg) njupụta ahụ na-ekpebikarị ihe bụ ihe sitere n'okike nke mmiri na ihe bụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ. Nnukwu ihe ndị sitere n'okike nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na osisi na anụmanụ mmiri. Ihe ndị na-ebelata ikuku oxygen nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike dịka ihe ọkụkụ (dịka akwụkwọ na ahịhịa) yana kemịkalụ mmadụ mere. Ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ nwere ike ibute ntụ ntụ (ígwé ojii) nke na-egbochi ìhè ma na-emebi uto osisi, ma na- egbochi ụfọdụ ụdị azụ̀. [48]

A na-atụba nsị nsị e si n'ime ụlọ mposi dị n'ime osimiri dị na Korogocho dị na Nairobi, Kenya.

Ahụike ọha na eze na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri

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Nnyocha e bipụtara n'afọ 2017 kwuru na "mmiri e metọrọ emetọ gbasaara ọrịa afọ na ọrịa nje ma gbuo mmadụ nde 1.8" (a na-akpọkwa ha ọrịa mmiri). [49] Ịnabata ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ site na mmiri bụ ihe egwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ime ka mmadụ nwee ike ibute ọrịa kansa ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ.

Mmetọ nitrogen site na mmetọ Eutrophic

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Mmezi acid nke oké osimiri

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Mmetọ mmiri bụ mmetụta ọzọ nke mmetọ mmiri. Mbelata acid nke oke osimiri bụ mbelata na pH nke oke osimiri ụwa, nke sitere na nnabata nke carbon dioxide (CO2) site na ikuku. [42]

Mgbasa nke ọtụtụ mmadụ

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Site na obodo

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Dịka ịmaatụ, mmetọ mmiri na India yana China gbasaara ebe niile. Ihe dị ka pasent 90 nke mmiri dị n'obodo ndị dị na China bụ ihe ruru unyi. [50]

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Njikwa na Mbelata

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Echiche nke ihe nrụpụta nke abụọ (usoro sludge emelitere) na Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, Washington, DC, United States. A hụrụ n'ebe dị anya ihe nrụpụta sludge na ihe nrụpụta hydrolysis okpomọkụ.

Nkà ihe ọmụma njikwa mmetọ

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Iwu ndị a chọrọ bụ otu akụkụ nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ha bụ naanị akụkụ nke ngwọta ahụ. Ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ dị oke mkpa maka ijikwa mmetọ gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ngwa akụ na ụba, ike ahịa na mmanye siri ike. Ụkpụrụ nwere ike ịbụ "kpọmkwem" (maka obere ma ọ bụ uru kachasị elu a na-atụ anya ya maka ihe na-emetọ ihe), ma ọ bụ "ezughị oke" nke ga-achọ iji teknụzụ kacha mma dị (BAT) ma ọ bụ nhọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi kacha mma (BPEO). Ngwa akụ na ụba dabere na ahịa maka njikwa mmetọ nwere ike ịgụnye ụgwọ, enyemaka ego, atụmatụ nkwụnye ego ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ, imepụta ahịa na kredit mmetọ, na mkpali mmanye. [51]

Ịga n'ihu site n'ụzọ zuru oke na njikwa mmetọ nke kemịkalụ na-ejikọta ụzọ ndị a: Usoro njikwa nke ejikọtara ọnụ, ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ókèala, ihe ndị a na-atụle na ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị a na-atụle n'oge ndụ, mmetụta nke ngwakọta kemịkalụ. [51]

Njikwa nke mmetọ mmiri chọrọ atụmatụ akụrụngwa na njikwa kwesịrị ezi ekwesị. Akụrụngwa ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu, dịka ịmaatụ ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu na ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe . Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọrụ ugbo maka ugbo, na njikwa nke mbuze n'ebe a na-ewu ihe nwekwara ike inye aka gbochie mmetọ mmiri. Njikwa dị irè nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'obodo gụnyere ibelata ọsọ na ọnụọgụ mmiri nke na-asọpụta.

Mmetọ mmiri chọrọ nyocha na mgbanwe gana-aga n'ihu nke amụma akụrụngwa mmiri n'ọkwa niile (site na mmiri na olulu mmiri nke mba ụwa ruo na nke ọ bụla).

Mmiri nsị

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Mkpofu plastik n'ime nnukwu draịva mmiri, na mmetọ ikuku n'akụkụ nsọtụ nke draịva mmiri na Ghana

Sistemụ ndị e mere nke ọma ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma (ya bụ, site na usoro ọgwụgwọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nke atọ dị elu karịa) nwere ike iwepụ pasent 90 ma ọ bụ karịa nke ibu ihe ruru unyi na nsị mmiri. Ụfọdụ osisi nwere usoro ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ihe oriri na nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ọgwụgwọ dị elu ndị a ga-ebelata mwepụta nke obere ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ, ha nwekwara ike ibute nnukwu mmefu ego, yana mmụba na-adịghị mma na oriri ike na mwepụ ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ . [52]

Enwere ike idozi oke mmiri nsị na-asọba n'oge oké ifufe site imeziwanye sistemụ nsị mmiri n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. Na mba US, obodo ndị nwere nnukwu sistemụ ejikọtara ọnụ achụbeghị ọrụ nkewa n'ofe sistemụ n'ihi oke ọnụ ahịa, [53] mana ha etinyela ọrụ nkewa akụkụ na ụzọ akụrụngwa ndụ ndụ . N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị ọchịchị obodo etinyela ebe nchekwa CSO ọzọ [54] ma ọ bụ gbasaa ikike ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri. [55]

Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ugbo

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Njikwa nke mbuze na njikwa ájá

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A rụnyere ogige silt n'ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu

Enwere ike ijikwa nsị mmiri site na ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu site na itinye njikwa mbuze, dị ka ịkụcha na ịkụnye mkpụrụ na mmiri, yana ijikwa nsị mmiri, dị ka ebe a na-asa ájá na ogige ájá . Enwere ike igbochi mwepụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na ịsacha simenti site na iji atụmatụ mgbochi na njikwa mbuze, yana akpa ndị e mere nke ọma (dịka ịmaatụ maka ịsacha simenti) na ihe owuwu dị ka njikwa mmiri na ihe mgbochi ntụgharị.

Mbuze nke igbukpọsị ọhịa na mgbanwe di na hydrology (mfu ala n'ihi mmiri na-asọpụta) na-ebutekwa mfu nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala na, ikekwe, mmetọ mmiri. [56] [57]

Njikwa mmiri ozuzo n'obodo ukwu (mmiri oké ifufe)

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Oke nke mmiri nwere ezigbo mmiri na 2020. A na-ekewa mmiri dị ka "ezigbo" mma ma ọ bụrụ na opekata mpe 80% nke ụkpụrụ nlekota ruru ọkwa mma ebumnuche, leekwa SDG 6, Ihe ngosi 6.3.2.

Iwu

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Philippines

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N'obodo Philippines, Iwu Mba Republic nke 9275, nke a makwaara dịka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha nke obodo Philippines afọ 2004, [58] bụ iwu na-achịkwa njikwa mmiri mkpofu. O kwuru na ọ bụ iwu mba ahụ ichebe, chekwaa ma mee ka mmiri dị ọhụrụ, nke dị nrona nke dị n'oké osimiri dịghachi mma, nke njikwa mmiri mkpofu na-arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche maka ya.[58]

United Kingdom

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N'afọ 2024, ndị otụ Royal Academy of Engineering wepụtara nnyocha gbasara mmetụta mmiri mkpofu na ahụike ọha na eze n' obodo United Kingdom. [59] Nnyocha ahụ dọtara mmasị ndị nta akụkọ, site n'okwu sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara ahụike a ma ama na UK, gụnyere Sir Chris Whitty . Na-akọwapụta ndụmọdụ iri na ise maka ọtụtụ òtù dị iche iche nke UK iji belata ihe egwu ahụike ọha na eze nke ukwuu site n'ịbawanye mma mmiri dị n'akụkụ mmiri ya, dịka osimiri na ọdọ mmiri.

Mgbe ewepụtachara akụkọ ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ndị Guardian gbara Whitty ajụjụ ọnụ, onye kwuru na imeziwanye mma mmiri na ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri kwesịrị ịbụ ihe dị oke mkpa na "ihe kacha mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze". O jiri ya tụnyere iwepụ kọlera na mba ahụ mgbe e mezigharịrị usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri . [60] Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtakwara na obere mmiri na-asọ n'osimiri hụrụ oke nsị mmiri dị elu, yana oge idei mmiri ma ọ bụ oke mmiri ozuzo. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọkarị oke mmiri ozuzo na mmiri nsị na-asọba n'ime iyi na osimiri, ndị mgbasa ozi Britain gara n'ihu ịdọ ndị nne na nna aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ dị n' ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'osimiri ndị na-adịghị omimi n'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. [61]

Okwu Whitty kwuru mgbe nnyocha ahụ gosiri na UK na-enwe mmụba n'ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'ime ime obodo eme ihe ntụrụndụ. Nke a nwere ike ijikọ ya na mmasị na-eto eto n'ihe omume dịka igwu mmiri n'èzí ma ọ bụ egwuregwu mmiri ndị ọzọ. [62] N'agbanyeghị mmụba a na ntụrụndụ, mmiri adịghị mma pụtara na ụfọdụ na-arịa ọrịa n'oge emume. [63] Nke kachasị mkpa bụ na asọmpi Olympic nke Paris afọ 2024 ga-egbu oge ọtụtụ ihe omume ndị lekwasịrị anya n'igwu mmiri dịka triathlon n'ihi oke mmiri nsị na Osimiri Seine . [64]

United States

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Page 'Water pollution in the United States#Current regulations' not found

Hụkwa

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  • Nsí ahụ mmiri
  • Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ § Mmiri
  • Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa
  • Mmetọ
  • Ndepụta steeti Trophic (ihe ngosi àgwà mmiri maka ọdọ mmiri)
  • Mmetọ VOC nke mmiri dị n'ime ala
  • Njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri
  • Nchekwa mmiri

Edesibịa

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Von Sperling (2007). "Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal". Water Intelligence Online 6. DOI:10.2166/9781780402086. 
  2. 1 2 3 (2000) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons. DOI:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01. ISBN 978-0-471-48494-3. 
  3. ↑ Water Pollution. Environmental Health Education Program. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (July 23, 2013). Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved on September 18, 2021.
  4. ↑ Schaffner (August 15, 2009). "Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution". Science of the Total Environment 407 (17): 4902–4915. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 19501876. 
  5. ↑ (February 2008) "Water pollution by agriculture". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 363 (1491): 659–666. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2007.2176. PMID 17666391. 
  6. ↑ (October 2018) "Regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in recycled waters". The Science of the Total Environment 637–638: 1607–1616. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.391. PMID 29925195. 
  7. ↑ Environment Agency (archive) – Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic PBT substances. Environment Agency. Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. Retrieved on 2012-11-14.
  8. ↑ Endocrine Disruption Found in Fish Exposed to Municipal Wastewater. US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved on 2012-11-14.
  9. ↑ (2023) "Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (2). DOI:10.3390/ijerph20021054. PMID 36673812. 
  10. ↑ (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture, third, Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-154685-9. 
  11. ↑ (2013) in Harrison: Pollution: Causes, effects, and control, 5th, Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. DOI:10.1039/9781782626527. ISBN 978-1-78262-560-5. OCLC 1007100256. 
  12. 1 2 (2018) Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text, 4th, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-30450-0. 
  13. 1 2 (2001) "2", Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers. ISBN 0-87371-924-7. Retrieved on January 26, 2009. 
  14. 1 2 (March 2021) "Estimating Environmental Hazard and Risks from Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Outcome of a SETAC Focused Topic Meeting". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 40 (3): 543–549. DOI:10.1002/etc.4784. PMID 32452041. 
  15. 1 2 (November 2020) "What are the effects of PFAS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations?". Chemosphere 258. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127340. PMID 32563917. 
  16. ↑ (January 2018) "Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (4): E574–E583. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1711234115. PMID 29311318. 
  17. ↑ (August 2018) "Origins of stream salinization in an upland New England watershed". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190 (9). DOI:10.1007/s10661-018-6802-4. PMID 30116969. 
  18. ↑ (December 2018) "Salt in freshwaters: causes, effects and prospects - introduction to the theme issue". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 374 (1764). DOI:10.1098/rstb.2018.0002. PMID 30509904. 
  19. 1 2 (2021) "Freshwater methamphetamine pollution turns brown trout into addicts". Journal of Experimental Biology 224 (13). DOI:10.1242/jeb.242971. ISSN 0022-0949. 
  20. 1 2 De Lorenzo (2021-06-18). MDMA Gangs Are Literally Polluting Europe. Vice World News. Vice Media Group.
  21. ↑ Development solutions: Building a better ocean. European Investment Bank. Retrieved on 2020-08-19.
  22. ↑ More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans. Vox (2018-09-19). Retrieved on 2021-10-04.
  23. 1 2 ((European Investment Bank)) (2023-02-27). Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (EN). Retrieved on 2024-04-12.
  24. ↑ Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe — European Environment Agency (en). www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2023-03-24.
  25. ↑ Ferris (January 13, 2016). Half of plastic trash in oceans comes from 5 countries (en). CNBC. Retrieved on 2023-03-24.
  26. 1 2 Ritchie (2023). "Plastic Pollution". Our World in Data. Retrieved on 12 April 2024. 
  27. ↑ (2007) "Assessment of biopollution in aquatic ecosystems". Marine Pollution Bulletin 55 (7–9): 379–394. DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.010. PMID 17335857. 
  28. ↑ Hartmann (2021-05-18). "Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (20). DOI:10.1073/pnas.2024492118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 33972438. 
  29. ↑ (2016) "Sewage Treatment", Wetlands for Water Pollution Control, 13–15. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-63607-2.00003-4. ISBN 978-0-444-63607-2. 
  30. ↑ (2014) Water Pollution Control. DOI:10.1002/9781118863831. ISBN 978-1-118-86383-1. 
  31. ↑ Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty. Stockholm Convention Secretariat (8 May 2009).
  32. ↑ (2003) "Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings", Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse, 4th, Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-041878-0. OCLC 48053912. 
  33. ↑ (August 2015) "Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment". The Science of the Total Environment 524–525: 81–92. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023. PMID 25889547. 
  34. ↑ (February 2013) "Mass loading and fate of linear and cyclic siloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece". Environmental Science & Technology 47 (4): 1824–32. DOI:10.1021/es304369b. PMID 23320453. 
  35. ↑ (September 2016) "Drugs of abuse and alcohol consumption among different groups of population on the Greek Island of Lesvos through sewage-based epidemiology". The Science of the Total Environment 563–564: 633–40. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130. PMID 27236142. 
  36. ↑ (April 2019) "Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants". Journal of Hazardous Materials 367: 504–512. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.081. PMID 30620926. 
  37. ↑ (2016) Nutrient Pollution From Agricultural Production: Overview, Management and a Study of Chesapeake Bay. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63485-188-6. OCLC 960163923. 
  38. ↑ What is Acid Rain?. EPA (2022-06-24).
  39. ↑ (1990-01-01) "An evaluation of lightning and corona discharge on thunderstorm air and precipitation chemistry". Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 10 (1): 83–96. DOI:10.1007/BF01980039. ISSN 1573-0662. 
  40. ↑ Effects of Acid Rain. EPA (2022-04-24).
  41. ↑ (2006) "Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control", Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd, World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-6179-5. 
  42. 1 2 (September 2003) "Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH". Nature 425 (6956). DOI:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477. 
  43. ↑ (2009-01-01) "Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem". Annual Review of Marine Science 1 (1): 169–192. DOI:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834. PMID 21141034. 
  44. ↑ For example, see (2005) in Eaton: Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21, American Public Health Association. Also available on CD-ROM and online by subscription. ISBN 978-0-87553-047-5. 
  45. 1 2 (2008) Chemistry of the Environment. Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-7747-2. 
  46. ↑ (1981) "Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities". Fisheries 6 (6): 21–27. DOI:<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2 10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1548-8446. 
  47. ↑ Donat-P. Häder (30 September 2021). Anthropogenic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-75602-4. Retrieved on 9 August 2022. “Pollution is a major stress factor affecting all aquatic ecosystems including fresh, coastal and open ocean waters.” 
  48. ↑ Davies-Colley (October 2001). "Turbidity, Suspended Sediment and Water Clarity: A Review". Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (5): 1085–1101. DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x. ISSN 1093-474X. Retrieved on 9 August 2022. 
  49. ↑ "Study links pollution to millions of deaths worldwide", Reuters, 2017-10-19.
  50. ↑ "China says water pollution so severe that cities could lack safe supplies", China Daily, June 7, 2005.
  51. 1 2 (2013) "Chapter 1: Chemical Pollution of the Aquatic Environment by Priority Pollutants and its Control", in Harrison: Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control, 5th, Royal Society of Chemistry. DOI:10.1039/9781782626527. ISBN 978-1-84973-648-0. 
  52. ↑ (July 2007) "Questioning the excessive use of advanced treatment to remove organic micropollutants from wastewater". Environmental Science & Technology 41 (14): 5085–5089. DOI:10.1021/es0628248. PMID 17711227. 
  53. ↑ Wasted: How to Fix America's Sewers. Manhattan Institute (2016-02-25).
  54. ↑ Clean Rivers Project. District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority. Retrieved on 2024-04-13.
  55. ↑ United States and Ohio Reach Clean Water Act Settlement with City of Toledo, Ohio. EPA (2002-08-28). Archived from the original on 2016-01-13.
  56. ↑ (April 2019) "Effect of deforestation on access to clean drinking water". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (17): 8249–8254. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1814970116. PMID 30910966. 
  57. ↑ University of Basel (2020-08-24). Climate change and land use are accelerating soil erosion by water. Science Daily.
  58. 1 2 An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality Management And For Other Purposes. The LawPhil Project. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved on September 30, 2016.
  59. ↑ Testing the waters Priorities for mitigating health risks from wastewater pollution. Royal Academy of Engineering (May 2024).
  60. ↑ Laville (May 21, 2024). Reducing sewage in rivers and seas is public health priority, says Chris Whitty. The Guardian.
  61. ↑ Blakely. Paddling in rivers this summer could make children ill, warns Whitty. The Times.
  62. ↑ Speare-Cole (May 20, 2024). Minimising sewage in UK waters is a 'public health priority' – Chris Whitty. The Independent.
  63. ↑ Dozens of triathletes left severely ill after swimming in River Thames. The Independent (June 13, 2024).
  64. ↑ What's the problem with swimming in the Seine?. BBC (July 29, 2024).
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