Mos Teutonicus

Mos Teutoncus (English: German omenala) ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ihe Mos Gallicus (English: ) [1] bụ omenala olili ozu nke a na'oge ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke a na Europe n'oge etiti dị ka ụzọ isi buru, ma ndị ozu ndị nọ n'azụ dị elu. Ndị a ma ama ga-enwekarị Mos Teutonicus ma ọ bụrụ na ebe olili ha dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ.[2] Usoro a anụ anụ ahụ n'ahụ, ka e wee nwee ike ibuga ọkpụkpụ onye nwụrụ anwụ n'ụzọ dị ọcha site n'ala ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike..^[1]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

N'oge Middle Ages, ndị a ma ama na-anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha mmetụta ka e lie ha.[1] Ha na-achọkarị ka e lie obi ha n'ala nna ha, n'ihi ya, ozu ha ga-aga ebe dị anya.[2] Emperor Charlemagne ihe ozu ọkụ, na-ewere nke ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe nke mmetụta obi. Onye ọ kụkụkụkụ ọkụ ga-anata ụgwọ.[3] N'ihi ya, omume nke Mos Teutonicus bịara dị ka ụzọ isi ọgụ ọkpụkpụ n'ebe dị anya n'aka ka ha bibie. [4]. [1] Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama bụ Ọpụpụ ndị sitere na usoro ndị eze Ottonian na Salian nke a na- misali ndị ahụ ebe a na-eli ozu dị anya site n'ebe ha nwụrụ..^[2]

N'oge Agha Ntụte nke obodo maka Ala Nsọ, echeghị na ọ dị mma ka e lie ndị isi n'ebe dị anya site n'ala nna ha n' egwuregwu Ndị egwuregwu.[1] Ibuga ahụ dum n'ebe dị anya bụ ihe na- ike uru na ihe na-adịghị ọcha n'ihi ire ure. Mos Teutonicus juputara na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka gburugburu ifufe Mediterenian, ebe ọ bụ na ahụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa..^[3]

Ndị isi Germany nwere ihe mmemme na olili ozu ime n'Ala Nsọ, kama n'ala ha.[1] Onye na-ede ihe mere eme nke Florentine bụ Boncompagno bụ onye mmalite usoro ahụ kpọmkwem na ndị isi Germany, ma ịkpọ okwu Mos Teutonikos, nke rep 'omenala German'.[note 1]

Ndị isi ndị England na ndị France na-ahọrọ ịgbasi ozu karịa Mos Teutonicus, nke gụnyere ili eriri afọ na obi n'ebe dị iche site na ozu ahụ.^[4] Otu n'ime uru nke Mos Teutonicus bụ na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgbasi ozu, ma dị ọcha karị.^[4]

Nchekwa ozu bụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị mmadụ. ^[5] A na-ahụ ahụ na-ere ure dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe mmehie na ihe ọjọọ.^[4] Embalming na Mos Teutonicus, tinyere ihe oyiyi ili, bụ ụzọ isi nye ozu echiche efu nke stasis ma wepụ onyinyo na-adịghị mma nke ire ure na ire ure.^[4]

N'afọ 1270, ozu Eze Louis nke Itoolu, onye nwụrụ na Tunis, nke bụ ala ndị obodo, nọ n'okpuru usoro nke Mos Teutoncus maka ibughachi ya na France..^[4]

Usoro

Usoro nke Mos Teutonikọs gosiri site napụ ozu ahụ [1] iji mee ka ọ sie mfe na usoro ahụ, ebe a na-esi otu ahụ na mmiri, mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ mmanya [2] ruo ọtụtụ awa.[3] Ịsa ahụ nwere ikike nke ikewapụ anụ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ. A ụgbọ mmiri obi na eriri afọ iji nye nhọrọ maka mbufe nke ọkpụkpụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[4] A na-ụka ihe ọ lara njọ n'ọkpụkpụ ahụ, na-ewepụ ọkpụkpụ dị ọcha.[3] Enwere ike ili anụ ahụ na ahụ ahụ dị n'ime ike, ma ọ bụ jiri nnu njikere ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ anụmanụ.[1] Mgbe ahụ, a ire iji ihe na-esi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esure ụtọ wụsa ahụ.[2] A ga-eweghachi ọkpụkpụ na anụ ọ gbara mbọ n'ala nna onye nwụrụ anwụ maka olili ozu.^[6]

Ndị obodo oge ochie na-ewere afọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ^[4] ma ọ nweghị nnukwu ememe na-emetụta ha, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị isi Germany. ^[6]

Mmachibido iwu

Ọ bụ ezie na Chọọchị ahụ nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka omume ahụ, a maara Popu Boniface nke Asatọ dị ka onye na-asọ Mos Teutonicus oyi n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ihi echiche ya nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe.^[4] N'akwụkwọ ozi ya nke 1299, De Sepulturis, Boniface machibidoro omume ahụ.^[5] A na-akọwakarị akwụkwọ ozi popu nke machibidoro omume a dị ka mmachibido iwu megide dissection mmadụ.^[7] Nke a nwere ike igbochi nchọpụta anatomical, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị anatomists tụrụ egwu mmetụta na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi nyocha ahụike, mana De Sepulturis machibidoro omume Mos Teutonicus, ọ bụghị dissection n'ozuzu (a maara ndị dọkịta oge ochie na-eme dissection na autopsy n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nwere onye enyemaka na-eme n'ezie ọkpụkpụ na njikwa nke ozu ).^[8] Omume nke Mos Teutonicus mechara kwụsị na narị afọ nke iri na ise. ^[3]

Hụkwa

Mkpụrụ ndụ Mkpụrụ Obi

Ihe edeturu

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Ihe odide

↑ Frost (10 February 2014). Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement. ISBN 978-0-8308-8405-6. OCLC 872115351.
↑ Scorrano (2017-09-01). "The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice" (in en). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9 (6): 1215–1222. DOI:10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4. ISSN 1866-9565.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Weiss-Krejci (December 2001). "Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties" (in en). Antiquity 75 (290): 769–780. DOI:10.1017/S0003598X00089274. ISSN 0003-598X. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 Westerhof (October 16, 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843834168. Westerhof (October 16, 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843834168. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Westerhof" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Brown (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". Viator XII: 223 to 270. Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". Viator. XII. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brown" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Schäfer (1920). "Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen". Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler XXVI: 478–489. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Schafer" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Park (1995). "The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 50 (1): 111–132. DOI:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 7876528.
↑ Walsh (January 1904). "The Popes and the History of Anatomy". Medical Library and Historical Journal 2 (1): 10–28. ISSN 0898-1868. PMID 18340817.

[1] Frost (10 February 2014). Incarnate: the body of Christ in an age of disengagement. ISBN 978-0-8308-8405-6. OCLC 872115351.

[:1-2] Scorrano (2017-09-01). "The tale of Henry VII: a multidisciplinary approach to determining the post-mortem practice" (in en). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9 (6): 1215–1222. DOI:10.1007/s12520-016-0321-4. ISSN 1866-9565.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Weiss-Krejci (December 2001). "Restless corpses: 'secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties" (in en). Antiquity 75 (290): 769–780. DOI:10.1017/S0003598X00089274. ISSN 0003-598X. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[Westerhof-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 Westerhof (October 16, 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843834168. Westerhof (October 16, 2008). Death and the Noble Body in Medieval England. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843834168. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Westerhof" defined multiple times with different content

[Brown-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Brown (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". Viator XII: 223 to 270. Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (1981). "Death and the Human Body in the Late Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the division of the Corpse". Viator. XII. UCLA: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies: 223 to 270. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Brown" defined multiple times with different content

[Schafer-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Schäfer (1920). "Mittelalter Brauch bei Der Überführung von Leichen". Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaftler XXVI: 478–489. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Schafer" defined multiple times with different content

[7] Park (1995). "The Life of the Corpse: Division and Dissection in Late Medieval Europe". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 50 (1): 111–132. DOI:10.1093/jhmas/50.1.111. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 7876528.

[8] Walsh (January 1904). "The Popes and the History of Anatomy". Medical Library and Historical Journal 2 (1): 10–28. ISSN 0898-1868. PMID 18340817.

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