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Mycobacterium

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Mycobacterium bụ ụdị nke ihe karịrị 190 ụdị nje bacteria Gram-positive na phylum Actinomycetota, nke e kenyere ezinụlọ nke ya, Mycobacteriaceae. Ụdị a gụnyere pathogens a maara na ha na-akpata ọrịa siri ike na anụ na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere ụkwara nta (M. ụkwara nta) na Ekpenta (M. ekpenta) na ụmụ mmadụ. Okwu Grik myco- pụtara 'fungus', na-ezo aka n'elu ihe ndị yiri ebu a. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị a nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ihe dị n'èzí nke jupụtara na lipid nke nwere oke mycolic acid, a na-eji acid-fast staining eme ihe iji mesie ike iguzogide acid, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. [1][2]

Ụdị Mycobacterial na-abụkarị aerobic, na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma nwee ike itolite na obere nri na-edozi ahụ. A na-ekewa ụdị ahụ dabere na mmepụta ihe na-acha odo odo nke ụdị ọ bụla na ọnụego uto.[3] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium abụghị ndị na-ebute ọrịa, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ na-enye aka n'ịgbanahụ nchebe.[4]

Ọdịdị

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Ihe nlereanya nke Mycobacterium spp. envelopu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro protein 3-D

Mycobacteria bụ aerobic nwere 0.2-0.6 μm n'obosara na 1.0-10 μm ogologo. Ha na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma e wezụga ụdị [./<i id= Mycobacterium]_marinum" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum, nke egosila na ọ na-agagharị n'ime macrophages.[5] Mycobacteria nwere capsules na ọtụtụ anaghị emepụta endospores. E gosipụtara na M. marinum na ma eleghị anya M. bovis na-agbagha; Otú ọ dị, nke a agbaghaala site na nyocha ndị ọzọ. [6][7] Ihe dị iche nke ụdị Mycobacterium niile bụ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ jupụtara na acid, hydrophobic, na mycolic acid nke e ji peptidoglycan na Arabic-galactan mee, yana ihe ndị a pụrụ iche na-enye ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ọgwụ ụkwara nta ọhụrụ.[8]  

Ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium na-eto ngwa ngwa na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eji ammonia na / ma ọ bụ Amino acid dị ka isi iyi nitrogen na glycerol dị ka isi mmalite carbon na ọnụnọ nke nnu mineral. Okpomọkụ maka uto kachasị mma dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị na ọnọdụ mgbasa ozi, site na 25 ruo 45 °C.[3] 

Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa, na agar ọbara.[9] Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị na-eto nke nta nke nta n'ihi ogologo oge ọmụmụ, dị ka M. leprae na-achọ ụbọchị 12 kwa usoro nkewa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkeji 20 maka ụfọdụ ụdị E. coli.[10]

Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi

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Ọ bụ ezie na Mycobacterium tuberculosis na M. leprae bụ pathogenic, ọtụtụ mycobacteria anaghị akpata ọrịa ọ gwụla ma ha abanye na mmerụ ahụ nke ndị nwere akpa ume na / ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike, n'agbanyeghị na ha gbasara n'Ule mmiri na ala. Site na mmepụta biofilm, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzogide chlorine, na njikọ ya na amoebas, mycobacteria nwere ike ịlanarị nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi agar eji eme ihe maka ọtụtụ nnwale mmiri anaghị akwado uto nke mycobacteria, na-enye ya ohere ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya na usoro obodo na ụlọ ọgwụ.[11]

Genomics

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Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mycobacteria sitere na ndị pere mpe (dịka na M. leprae) ruo ndị buru ibu, dị ka nke ahụ dị ka M. vulneris, na-edepụta protein 6,653, buru ibu karịa ~ protein 6000 nke Eukaryotic yeast.[12]

Ihe ọmụma nke protein
Ahụike Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein
M. intracellular 5,289[13]
<i id="mwrA">Onye Colombia</i> 5,084[14]
M. ekpenta 1,603[15]
M. ụkwara nta 3,995[15]
M. smegmatis 6,602[16]
M. chelonae 4,948[17]

Mmetụta nke ọrịa

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Mycobacterium ụkwara nta nwere ike ịnọgide na-ehi ụra na ụmụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe mbụ ọrịa, ma reactivates n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè (dịka, immunosuppression, ịka nká, nutritional erughi). [1] A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere ụkwara nta (TB). [2] M. ụkwara nta nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime lipid na fatty acid metabolism, protein envelopu cell, macrophage inhibitors, protein kinases, proteases, metal-transporter proteins, na gene expression regulators. [3] Ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka "bovis" id="mw6Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" aha="Mycobacterium bovis">M. t. var. A na-ewere bovis (TB bovine) dị iche iche na ogige ụkwara nta nke M. ruo mgbe emechara jikọtara ya na ụdị ndị bụ isi na 2018.

Ekpenta

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Ọganihu nke Ekpenta na-esite na ọrịa Mycobacterium leprae ma ọ bụ Mycobacterium lepromatosis, nje bacteria abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. A na-akọ ihe dị ka mmadụ 200,000 ọhụrụ na-ebute ọrịa kwa afọ, a na-akọkwa 80% nke ndị ọhụrụ na Brazil, India, na Indonesia.[18] M. leprae na-efe efe n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ macrophages na mkpụrụ ndụ Schwann dị na anụ ahụ akwara.

Ọrịa ụkwara nta Mycobacteria

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Orthologous protein ndị a hụrụ na ụdị ọ bụla (dabere na njirimara OMA). A na-ahụ protein pụrụ iche maka ụdị ọ bụla na mpaghara mpụga maka ụdị ọ ọ bụla.

Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM), nke na-ewepu M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, na M. lepromatosis, nwere ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. A na-akpọ nje bacteria ndị a "atypical mycobacteria. " Ọ bụ ezie na nnyefe nke onye na onye bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a hụla nnyefe nke M. abscessus n'etiti ndị ọrịa nwere cystic fibrosis.[19] Ọrịa anọ a hụrụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa na-agbasa n'ime ndị ọrịa na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro, na lymphadenitis elu. 80-90% nke ọrịa NTM e dekọrọ na-egosi dị ka ọrịa akpa ume.[20]

M. abscessus bụ mycobacterium (RGM) na-eto ngwa ngwa, yana isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume nke RGM. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa dịka NTM ndị ọzọ, nyocha nke ihe dị iche iche na-ebughị ọrịa (VFs) agbanweela echiche a na nke ezigbo pathogen. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke mycobacterial VFs a maara na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mycobactera VFs hụrụ na pathogens prokaryotic ndị ọzọ.[20]

Mycobacteria nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na peptidoglycan, Arabic-galactan, na mycolic acid; mycomembrane dị n'èzí nke mycolic acid; na capsule dị n'elu nke glucans na protein ndị a na-emepụta maka virulence. Ọ na-agbanwe ihe ndị a mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ na gburugburu ebe nrụgide ma zere ihe nchebe nke onye na-elekọta ya. Ọdịdị mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eme ka elu nke yiri fungi, na-eduga n'iji prefix Greek myco- mee ihe.[21] Ọdịdị a pụrụ iche na-eme ka penicillins ghara ịrụ ọrụ, kama ọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ mgbochi nke isoniazid iji gbochie njikọ mycolic acid, rifampicin iji gbochie transcription, ethambutol iji gbochie njikọta arabinogalactan, na pyrazinamide iji gbochie coenzyme A.[4]

Ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa Mycobacterial
Ahụike Mgbaàmà Ndị A Na-ahụkarị Maka Ọrịa Ọgwụgwọ ndị a ma ama Ọnọdụ ndị a kọrọ (Mpaghara, Afọ)
M. ụkwara nta Ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu ibu, ahụ ọkụ, hemoptysis, obi mgbu.[22] isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. [23] 1.6 nde (Ụwa Ụwa, 2021) [24]
M. ekpenta

M. ekpenta

 Mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe nke nodule, akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ọnwụ nke nku na / ma ọ bụ anya anya, nkụchi, ọbara n'imi, ahụ mkpọnwụ, nkwarụ, ihe mgbu akwara.[25] dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.[25] 133,802 (Global, 2021) [26]
M. avium complex Akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro, mmepe nke ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ vesicles jupụtara na pus, ahụ ọkụ, oyi, mgbu uru ahụ. [27] clarithromycin, azithromycina, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.[28] 3000 (US, atụmatụ kwa afọ)
M. abscessus complex Ịkụ ụkwara, ọbara ọgbụgba, ahụ ọkụ, mmerụ ahụ n'ime oghere. [29] clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem. [29] A maghị ya

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Templeeti:CladogramMycobacteria ejirila ule phenotypic ekewa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka nhazi nke Runyon, nke na-enyocha ọnụego uto na mmepụta nke carotenoids odo / oroma. Otu I nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba odo na nzaghachi nke ìhè), Group II nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba nke anya na-ahụ anya), na ndị na-abụghị chromogens nke Group III na IV nwere agba odo / tan, n'agbanyeghị ìhè. Ụdị IV bụ mycobacteria "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ma e jiri ya tụnyere "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ụdị III n'ihi na ihe nlele ahụ na-eto eto ruo n'ogo a na-ahụ anya n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa.

N'ihi na International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) na-amata ugbu a ụdị 195 Mycobacterium, usoro nhazi na njirimara ugbu a dabere na usoro DNA na phylogenetics. Ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi bụ M. ụkwara nta complex (ụkwara nta), M. avium complex (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection), M. leprae na M. lepromatosis (ekpenta), na M. abscessus (ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala).

Microbiologist Enrico Tortoli ewuola osisi phylogenetic nke ụdị dị iche iche dabere na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ nke Rogall, et al. (1990), n'akụkụ osisi phylogentic ọhụrụ dabere na usoro Tortoli nke afọ 2017 nke 148 Mycobacterium species: [30]

Gupta et al. atụwo aro ịkewa Mycobacterium n'ime ụdị ise, dabere na nyocha nke ụdị 150 na ụdị a. N'ihi esemokwu banyere nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ dị mgbagwoju anya, ụdị niile a gbanwere aha ha anọgidewo na njirimara mbụ ha na Mycobacterium genus dị ka otu aha taxonomic: [32][33]

  • Mycobacterium nke dabeere na Tuberculosis-Simiae na-eto ngwa ngwa
  • Mycobacteroides dabere na ngwa ngwa na-eto eto Abscessus-Chelonae clade
  • Mycolicibacillus dabere na Slowly-Growing Triviale clade
  • Mycolicibacter nke dabeere na Slowly-Growing Terrae clade
  • Mycolicibacterium nke dabeere na Fortuitum-Vaccae na-eto ngwa ngwa

Ụzọ abụọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịhụ nje bacteria ndị a ka ntụpọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ bụ Ziehl-Neelsen ntụpọ na Kinyoun ntụpọ gbanwetụrụ. A na-eji ntụpọ fite mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ M. leprae dị ka pink-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ngwa ngwa gbanwetụrụ Auramine O Fluorescent ntụpọ nwere njikọ pụrụ iche maka mycobacteria ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto maka ịcha edo edo n'okirikiri gbara ọchịchịrị. Ụzọ ọhụrụ gụnyere Gomori-Methenamine Silver staining na Periodic Acid Schiff staining to merụrụ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) mkpụrụ ndụ ojii na pink, n'otu n'otu.

Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ mycobacteria nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu asatọ iji zụlite mpaghara ndị a na-ahụ anya site na ihe nlele a zụlitere, ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa ga-eto n'ime izu anọ mbụ, na-enye ndị dọkịta ohere ịtụle ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma na-aga n'ihu gafere ọnwa mbụ.[34] Mgbasa ozi uto gụnyere Löwenstein-Jensen medium na mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT).

Mycobacteriophages

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Mycobacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na mycobacteriophages, otu ụdị nje virus nwere oke maka ebumnuche ha. Site n'iwere igwe mkpụrụ ndụ nke mycobacteria iji mepụta phages ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji nje ndị dị otú ahụ na ọgwụgwọ phage. Ọgwụ phage nwere ike inye ngwọta ọzọ maka ọgwụ nje, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ọrịa na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ.[35]

Mycosides bụ glycolipids nke e kewapụrụ site na ụdị Mycobacterium na Mycoside A nke a na-ahụ na ụdị fotochromogenic, Mycoside B na ụdị ehi, na Mycosides C na ụdị nnụnụ.[36] Ụdị dị iche iche nke Mycoside C nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche dị ka onye na-anabata iji mee ka mycobacteriophages ghara ịrụ ọrụ.[37] Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edepụta mycocerosic acid synthase na M. bovis na-egbochi mmepụta nke mycosides.[38]

    Edensibia

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    1. ↑ (May 2020) "The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system". The Biochemical Journal 477 (10): 1983–2006. DOI:10.1042/BCJ20200194. PMID 32470138. 
    2. ↑ (August 2021) "Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease". Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases 24. DOI:10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244. PMID 34036184. 
    3. 1 2 (April 2018) "Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Mycobacteria". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 31 (2): e00038–17. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00038-17. PMID 29386234.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Forbes_2018" defined multiple times with different content
    4. 1 2 (January 2020) "The mycobacterial cell envelope – a moving target". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 18 (1): 47–59. DOI:10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7. PMID 31728063.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Dulberger_2020" defined multiple times with different content
    5. ↑ (November 2003) "Mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility". The Journal of Experimental Medicine 198 (9): 1361–1368. DOI:10.1084/jem.20031072. PMID 14597736. 
    6. ↑ (June 2009) "Sporulation in mycobacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (26): 10781–10786. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0904104106. PMID 19541637. 
    7. ↑ (January 2010) "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2): 878–881. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0911299107. PMID 20080769. 
    8. ↑ (2009) "Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan", Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5. 
    9. ↑ (January 2015) "Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 28 (1): 208–236. DOI:10.1128/CMR.00110-14. PMID 25567228. 
    10. ↑ (February 1965) "Mycobacterium leprae in Mice: Minimal Infectious Dose, Relationship Between Staining Quality and Infectivity, and Effect of Cortisone". Journal of Bacteriology 89 (2): 365–372. DOI:10.1128/jb.89.2.365-372.1965. PMID 14255702. 
    11. ↑ (November 2005) "Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29 (5): 911–934. DOI:10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001. PMID 16219512. 
    12. ↑ (May 2014) "Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium vulneris DSM 45247T". Genome Announcements 2 (3). DOI:10.1128/genomeA.00370-14. PMID 24812218. 
    13. ↑ UniProt. www.uniprot.org. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    14. ↑ UniProt. www.uniprot.org. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    15. 1 2 UniProt. www.uniprot.org. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    16. ↑ UniProt. www.uniprot.org. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    17. ↑ UniProt. www.uniprot.org. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    18. ↑ (December 2022) "Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae". Virulence 13 (1): 1985–2011. DOI:10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987. PMID 36326715. 
    19. ↑ Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections | HAI | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (August 12, 2019). Retrieved on April 28, 2023.
    20. 1 2 (August 2020) "General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (8). DOI:10.3390/jcm9082541. PMID 32781595.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "To_2020" defined multiple times with different content
    21. ↑ Mycobacteria: Health Advisory EPA-822-B-01-007. epa.gov. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (August 1999). Retrieved on March 10, 2023.
    22. ↑ Fact Sheets | General | Tuberculosis: General Information | TB | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (August 17, 2022). Retrieved on April 25, 2023.
    23. ↑ Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis (en). American Lung Association. Retrieved on April 25, 2023.
    24. ↑ Global Tuberculosis Report 2022 (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    25. 1 2 Signs and Symptoms | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (October 22, 2018). Retrieved on April 25, 2023.
    26. ↑ Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2021: moving towards interruption of transmission (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on May 7, 2023.
    27. ↑ Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (November 15, 2021). Retrieved on April 27, 2023.
    28. ↑ (June 2020) "Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex-lung disease". Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi 119 (Suppl 1): S58–S66. DOI:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028. PMID 32527504. 
    29. 1 2 (October 2010) "Clinical outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi 43 (5): 401–406. DOI:10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1. PMID 21075707. 
    30. ↑ (January 10, 2019) "Chapter 1 – The Taxonomy of the Genus Mycobacterium", Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) (in en). Academic Press, 1–10. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-814692-7.00001-2. ISBN 978-0-12-814692-7. 
    31. ↑ (December 2017) "The new phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium: The old and the news". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 56: 19–25. DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.013. PMID 29030295. 
    32. ↑ (2018) "Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera". Frontiers in Microbiology 9. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067. PMID 29497402. 
    33. ↑ (July 2019) "Same meat, different gravy: ignore the new names of mycobacteria". The European Respiratory Journal 54 (1). DOI:10.1183/13993003.00795-2019. PMID 31296783. 
    34. ↑ (October 2015) "Incubation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sputum cultures in BACTEC MGIT 960: 4weeks of negative culture is enough for physicians to consider alternative diagnoses". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 83 (2): 162–164. DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.002. PMID 26239846. 
    35. ↑ (September 17, 2019) "Phage therapy as a renewed therapeutic approach to mycobacterial infections: a comprehensive review" (in English). Infection and Drug Resistance 12: 2943–2959. DOI:10.2147/IDR.S218638. PMID 31571947. 
    36. ↑ (June 1960) "Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of Mycobacteria". Nature 186 (4728): 887–888. DOI:10.1038/186887a0. PMID 13831939. 
    37. ↑ (June 1972) "Mycosides C: behavior as receptor site substance for mycobacteriophage D4". Journal of Virology 9 (6): 999–1003. DOI:10.1128/jvi.9.6.999-1003.1972. PMID 4113889. 
    38. ↑ (May 1996) "Targeted replacement of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a mutant that lacks mycosides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (10): 4787–4792. DOI:10.1073/pnas.93.10.4787. PMID 8643481. 

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