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Naịl na-acha anụnụ anụnụ

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Osimiri Blue Nile bụ osimiri nke malitere na Lake Tana na Etiopia. Ọ na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 1,450 (mile 900) site na Etiopia na Sudan. Tinyere Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu mmiri abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl ma na-enye ihe dịka 85.6% nke mmiri na Osimiri Naịl n'oge mmiri ozuzo.

Usoro ọmụmụ

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A kọwala ogologo osimiri ahụ site na isi iyi ya ruo na njikọ ya dị n'etiti kilomita 1,460 na 1,600 (mile 910 na 990). Ihe a nwere ike ịbụ na osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu ndị a na-apụghị ịbanye n'ime ha nke a gbubiri n'Ugwu Etiopia ruo omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900). Dịka akwụkwọ ndị Central Statistical Agency, otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Etiopia bipụtara si kwuo, Osimiri Blue Nile nwere ogologo zuru oke nke kilomita 1,450 (mi 900), nke kilomita 800 (mi 500) dị n'ime Etiopia.[1]

Na Etiopia

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Osimiri Blue Nile malitere na Gish Abay dị na Sekela na Etiopia (ebe a na-akpọ ya Osimiri Abay). Osimiri ahụ na-asọgakarị n'ebe ndịda tupu ọ banye n'osimiri dị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (maịlụ 250) n'ogologo, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (maịlụ 19) site na Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nke bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi maka njem na nkwukọrịta n'etiti ugwu na ndịda Etiopia. Ndị otu Britain kpọburu ndagwurugwu ahụ "Grand Canyon" na 1968, wee malite ịgbada osimiri ahụ site na Lake Tana ruo na njedebe nke ndagwurugwu ahụ; u rafting osimiri ndị sochirinụ kpọrọ ya "Grand Canyon nke Naịl".[2] TheMmiri Blue Nile (Amharic: Tis Abay, nke pụtara "ọkụ dị mma"), otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kachasị na Etiopia, dị na mmalite nke ndagwurugwu ahụ

Osimiri ahụ na-agbagharị gafee ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia tupu ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri Tana na ókèala Etiopia-Sudan na-enye ya nri. Ndị nọ n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya, n'usoro ala, gụnyere Osimiri Wanqa, Osimiri Bashilo, Osimiri Walaqa, Osimiri Wanchet, Osimiri Jamma, Osimiri Muger, Osimiri Guder, Osimiri Agwel, Osimiri Nedi, Osimiri Didessa na Osimiri Dabus. Ndị nọ n'akụkụ aka nri, dịkwa n'usoro ala, gụnyere Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter na Beles.[3]

Na Sudan

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Foto satịlaịtị nke ebe White na Blue Nile jikọtara ọnụ

Osimiri Blue Nile na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Sudan. Ọ na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 650 (mile 400), na-agafe Er Roseires wee nata Osimiri Dinder n'akụkụ aka nri ya na Dinder. Na Khartoum, Osimiri Blue Nile na-esonye na Osimiri White Nile, dịka Osimiri Nile si dị, ọ na-agafe Ijipt ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na Alexandria.

Mmiri mmiri

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Njikọta nke osimiri Naịl Blue na White dị nso Khartoum, isi obodo Sudan

Mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-eru oke kachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo site na June ruo Septemba, mgbe ọ na-enye 80–86% nke mmiri nke Osimiri Nile kwesịrị ekwesị. Osimiri ahụ bụ isi iyi nke idei mmiri nke Naịl n'Ijipt nke nyere aka mee ka Ndagwurugwu Naịl dị mma ma mee ka akụkọ ifo Ijipt oge ochie na nke ndị Ijipt pụta ìhè. Mgbe e mechara mmiri Aswan na 1970, idei mmiri ndị a kwụsịrị ime na ala Ijipt. N'oge ọkọchị, mmiri ozuzo, idei mmiri Blue Nile, na-ebibi nnukwu ala na-eme nri site na Ugwu Etiopia ma na-ebuga ya n'ala dị ka ájá, na-eme ka mmiri ahụ gbaa ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aja aja ma ọ bụ ojii.[4]

Osimiri Naịl dị oke mkpa maka ndụ Ijipt: dịka akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke Naịl, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị 85% nke mmiri Naịl. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa Naịl Ọcha, pasentị iri ise na itoolu nke mmiri ruru Ijipt sitere n'ugwu Etiopia site na Naịl Anụnụ. Osimiri ahụ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka Sudan, ebe Roseires Dam na Sennar Dam na-enye aka na pasentị iri asatọ nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik mba ahụ site na ike mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enyekwa aka ịgba mmiri n'ime atụmatụ Gezira, nke a ma ama maka oke mma ya dị elu nke owu, yana mmepụta ihe ubi wit na nri anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ.

Na Nọvemba afọ 2012, Etiopia malitere iwu mgbidi mmiri Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam, nke nwere ike megawatt 6000 n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. A na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eme ka akụnụba Etiopia dịkwuo mma. Ma, mba Sudan na mba Ijipt kwupụtara nchegbu ha gbasara mbelata mmiri dị.[5] Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik malitere na Febụwarị 2022.[6]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Àkwà mmiri nkwụsịtụ nke dị n'elu Osimiri Naịl Blue. Ọ bụ naanị àkwà mmiri eriri ndị na-eje ije na-agafe Osimiri Naịl Blue na Etiopia.
Ọdọ Mmiri Naịl Blue dị na Etiopia.

Ijipt Egwna-atụ egwu Etiopia nwere ike igbochi Blue Nile bụ isi ihe kpatara mmekọrịta dị ogologo ma dị mgbagwoju anya dị n'etiti Etiopia na Ijipt. WhiỌ bụ ezie na Ijipt tụkwasịrị Etiopia obi maka mmiri ya, Etiopia dabere na Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate nke Alexandria maka ikike nna ochie na nhọpụta nke obodo ukwu yahiNjikọta a emeela ka ihe ndị mere kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na otuorRuo ọtụtụ narị afọ, iyi egwu nke igbochi Osimiri Blue Nile bụ atụmatụ dị irè iji hụ na a họpụtara ndị isi obodo Ijipt. Agbanyeghị, n'ọrụ, a nwaghị ịgbanwe mmiri osimiri ahụ ma ọ bụ iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu.[7]

Nsogbu mbụ pụtara n'oge ọchịchị Eze Zagwe Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, onye ndị Ijipt chere na ọ na-agbalị ịtụgharị osimiri ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na alaeze ya eruteghị Osimiri Naịl Anụnụ. Ọ bụ Eze Ukwu Amda Seyon nke Mbụ buru ụzọ biri na mpaghara Blue Nile wee malite ịgbasa Iso Ụzọ Kraịst ebe ahụ.[8]

Ndị Eze Ukwu nke usoro ndị eze Solomon, ọkachasị Dawit nke Abụọ, Yeshaq nke Mbụ, na Zara Yaqob, gara n'ihu na-ekwusi ike na ọchịchị Etiopia dị n'osimiri ahụ dịka ngwa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ha mekwara ka echiche a sikwuo ike n'okwu okpukpe, na-akọwapụta Blue Nile na Gihon nke dị na Baịbụl ma na-agbanwe Tammera Maryam ka o wee kwado ikike ha nwere n'elu mmiri. Akụkọ ifo ndị Yuropu oge ochie gbasara Etiopia dị ike nke Ndị Kraịst nke na-enyere aka na mbibi nke Alakụba mere ka mkpa nke Blue Nile dị na mmekọrịta Ethio-Egypt dịkwuo elu.[9]

Onye mbụ a maara na Yuropu hụrụ Osimiri Naịl Naịl Blue na Etiopia, ebe osimiri ahụ si bịa, bụ Pedro Páez, onye Spen bụ Jesuit nke rutere n'isi iyi osimiri ahụ na 21 Eprel 1618. Agbanyeghị, João Bermudes, onye Portugal, onye kpọrọ onwe ya "Patriarch nke Etiopia", nyere nkọwa mbụ nke Tis Abay River Falls n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya nke e bipụtara na 1565, na ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu bi na Etiopia na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 15 dịka Pêro da Covilhã gaara ahụ osimiri ahụ ogologo oge tupu Páez, mana ha eruteghị ebe o si bịa. Onye ozi ala ọzọ nke ndị Pọtugal bụ́ Jerónimo Lobo, onye na-eme nchọpụta na Scotland, rutere ebe Osimiri Naịl si apụta n'afọ 1629, na 1770, onye nchọpụta na Scotland bụ́ James Bruce ruru ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nchọpụta Yuropu chere echiche ịchọpụta ụzọ Osimiri Naịl site na njikọ Blue Nile na White Nile ruo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, Ọwa Mmiri Blue Nile emeghị ka mgbalị niile ghara isi ike kemgbe Frédéric Cailliaud gbalịrị ime ya n'afọ 1821. Onye America bụ́ W.W. Macmillan mere mgbalị mbụ siri ike nke onye na-abụghị onye obodo iji chọpụta ókè osimiri a ruru n'ókèala ya na 1902, onye nchọpụta nke mba Norway bụ́ B.H. Jenssen nyeere aka; Jenssen si Khartoum gbagoo n'elu osimiri ebe Macmillan si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana gbadaa. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ gbachiri ụgbọ mmiri Jenssen n'ebe dị nso n'ókèala Sudan na Etiopia, ụgbọ mmiri Macmillan gbawara obere oge ka e buliri ha. Macmillan gbara Jenssen ume ka ọ gbalịa ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri site na Khartoum ọzọ na 1905, mana a manyere ya ịkwụsị kilomita 500 (maịlụ 300) site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana.[10] Robert Cheesman, onye dere ihe ijuanya ya mgbe ọ bịarutere Etiopia mgbe ọ chọpụtara na mmiri dị n'elu nke "otu n'ime osimiri kachasị ama ama n'ụwa, otu onye ndị ochie maara aha ya nke ọma" n'oge ndụ ya "e ji ahịrị ntụpọ mara ya na map ahụ", nwere ike ịse foto nke elu nke Blue Nile n'etiti 1925 na 1933. O mere nke a ọ bụghị site n'ịso osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ ya na site n'ọwara mmiri ya a na-apụghị ịgafe agafe kama site n'ịgbaso ya site n'ugwu dị n'elu, na-eji ịnyịnya ibu aga ihe dị ka kilomita 8,000 (maịlụ 5,000) n'akụkụ obodo dị nso.[11]

N'afọ 1950 na 1960, ọtụtụ ndị na-anya kayak na-agbagharị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndagwurugwu ahụ. Na 1968, dịka Haile Selassie si kwuo, otu ndị agha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị mmadụ iri isii nke ndị Britain na ndị Etiopia batara n'osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana ruo ebe dị nso n'ókèala Sudan nke onye nchọpụta bụ́ John Blashford-Snell duziri.[12] Ndị otu ahụ jiri ụgbọ mmiri Avon Inflatables nke e wuru n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ma gbanwee ụgbọ mmiri mwakpo ndị e ji aka ha mee iji kwọọ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị egwu. Njem ụgbọ mmiri ndị sochirinụ n'afọ 1970 na 1980 na-ekpuchi naanị akụkụ nke ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ.

Na 1999, onye edemede bụ Virginia Morell [13] na onye na-ese foto Nevada Wier mere njem ahụ site n'ụgbọ mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana gaa Sudan, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara njem ha mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.[14] N'afọ 2000, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ American na National Geographic, Kenneth Frantz, hụrụ foto Nevada Wier sere maka National Geographic nke ga-eme ka ọ chọta ụlọ ọrụ ebere ahụ. Foto a gosiri àkwà mmiri gbawara agbawa n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ebe mmadụ iri nọ n'akụkụ abụọ nke ogwe ahụ gbawara agbawa na-adọkpụ ibe ha site na iji eriri. Eze Ukwu Fasilides wuru àkwà mmiri akụkọ ihe mere eme a n'ihe dị ka afọ 1660 site n'iji teknụzụ àkwà mmiri ndị Rom wetara Etiopia site n'aka ndị agha Portugal n'oge agha ha na ndị Alakụba wakporo na 1507.[15] N'afọ 2001 na 2009, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Bridges to Prosperity si mba Amerịka gaa rụzie àkwà mmiri gbawara agbawa n'ofe Osimiri Blue Nile wee mechaa wuo àkwà mmiri ọhụrụ nke na-anaghị emetụta ya.[16]

Na 28 Eprel 2004, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ala Pasquale Scaturro na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, onye na-eme kayak na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Gordon Brown, ghọrọ ndị mbụ a maara iji mmiri na-agagharị na Blue Nile n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụ ezie na njem ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, Brown na Scaturro bụ naanị ndị fọdụrụ na njem ahụ dum. Ha jiri igwefoto IMAX na kamera vidiyo abụọ ejiri aka dee akụkọ banyere njem ha, na-akọ akụkọ ha na fim ahụ bụ Mystery of the Nile na n'akwụkwọ nwere otu aha ahụ.[17]

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2005, onye Canada bụ Les Jickling na onye otu ya bụ Mark Tanner, onye New Zealand, mechara njem mbụ nke Blue Nile na Nile zuru oke site n'aka mmadụ na Sudan na Egypt. Njem ha nke karịrị kilomita 5,000 (maịlụ 3,100) were ọnwa ise wee gaa njem site na Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt. Ha kọrọ na ha ji ụgbọ mmiri gafee ebe agha obodo, ebe a maara maka ndị ohi, ma hụkwa ọtụtụ ihe egwu na ọsọ ọsọ.[18]

Leekwa

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  • Ndepụta osimiri Etiopia
  • Ndepụta osimiri nke Sudan 

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)" Archived 13 Novemba 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)
  2. ↑ Engelking (15 April 2008). Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542738-7. 
  3. ↑ These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704 (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34
  4. ↑ Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge. Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved on 11 October 2015.
  5. ↑ Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point, Africa: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2012, archived from the original on 14 July 2015, retrieved 9 July 2015
  6. ↑ "Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam", BBC News, 20 February 2022.
  7. ↑ Uhlig (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C, 27. 
  8. ↑ Uhlig (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C, 27. 
  9. ↑ Uhlig (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C, 27. 
  10. ↑ Alan Moorehead, The Blue Nile, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp. 319f
  11. ↑ Cheesman, pp. 358–374.
  12. ↑ Snailham, Richard. 1970. The Blue Nile Revealed. London: Chatto and Windus.
  13. ↑ Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com. bookreporter.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved on 3 May 2018.
  14. ↑ Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved on 27 January 2013.
  15. ↑ Baynes (1838). "Abyssinia", The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1, Ninth, Henry G. Allen and Company. 
  16. ↑ Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists. Bridges to Prosperity. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved on 27 January 2013.
  17. ↑ Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, Mystery of the Nile. New York: New American Library, 2005
  18. ↑ Department - Alumni Association. web.uvic.ca. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved on 1 August 2018.

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