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Nahum Goldmann

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Nahum Goldmann

Nahum Goldmann (Hibru; July 10, 1895 - August 29, 1982) bụ onye isi Zionist. Ọ bụ onye guzobere World Jewish Congress na onye isi oche ya site na 1951 ruo 1978 ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke World Zionist Organization site na 1956 ruo 1968.[1]

Akụkọ ndụ

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A mụrụ Nahum Goldmann na Vishnevo, Alaeze Ukwu Russia, a shtetl na Pale of Settlement (nke bụzi Vishnyeva, Belarus), nwa nke ezinụlọ Litvak na-akụzi ma na-ede akwụkwọ, onye nna ya bụ onye Zionist siri ike. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Frankfurt, Germany, ebe nna ya na-eme ndị isi Zionist na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ obi ụtọ, na ebe ọ gara Musterschule. N'afọ 1911, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ya na nna ya gara Nzukọ nke Iri nke Zionist. Goldmann gara n'ihu na-amụ iwu, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà ihe ọmụma na Marburg, Heidelberg na Berlin. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na iwu na nkà ihe ọmụma.

Na 1913 ọ gara Palestine ọnwa anọ, na-ebipụta echiche ya n'afọ na-esonụ n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Eretz Israel, Reisebriefe aus Palästina (Eretz Israel, Travel leta si Palestine),[1] nke e bipụtara na abụọ mbipụta.[2].  Na 1916-18, Goldmann rụrụ ọrụ maka German "Nachrichtenstelle für den Orient", ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na mgbasa ozi jikọtara ya na Officelọ Ọrụ Ofesi German, nke nwara irigbu agbụrụ na okpukperechi nke mba n'ime Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman dị ka Panturkism, Islamism na Zionism na ọdịmma German, ịlụ ọgụ megide ịba ụba mmetụta Britain na French na mpaghara ahụ.  N'ime oge ahụ, onye isi nke "Nachrichtenstelle" bụ Prọfesọ Dr. Eugen Mittwoch, onye isi German Arabist na Orientist na n'otu oge ahụ bụ onye isi n'ime obodo ndị Juu nke Germany.  N'ime oge a, [3] ọ nwara itinye nkwado Kaiser Wilhelm maka echiche Zionist.   Na 1922 ọ tọrọ ntọala Eschkol-Publikations-Gesellschaft (Eschkol Publication Society), ma tinye aka na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Zionist.  Na 1929 ya na Jakob Klatzkin malitere ọrụ bụ́ Encyclopaedia Judaica, bụ́ nke gosipụtara ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ndị Juu bụ́ isi n’oge ahụ.  Eschkol bipụtara mpịakọta iri nke Encyclopaedia Judaica na German na mpịakọta abụọ n'asụsụ Hibru.[4][5][6]  Ndị Nazi katọrọ Goldmann ụgha dị ka onye ọrụ Kọmunist nzuzo obere oge ka Beer Hall Putsch gasịrị.


Na 1934, ọ lụrụ Alice Gottschalk ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Guido, amụrụ na 1938 na Switzerland, onye guzobere German Marshall Fund na United States na 1972, na Michael.[2]

Nkwado Mussolini n'ihe gbasara ndị Juu bi na Saar, bụ́ mpaghara na-achọ ịlọkọtaghachi na ihe bụ́ Germany Nazi mgbe ahụ.[1][2]  Na 1933, o jisiri ike gbanarị ndị Gestapo nwụchiri n'ihi na ọ nọ na Palestine maka olili nna ya.


Na 1935, a napụrụ ya nwa amaala Germany, wee bụrụ nwa amaala Honduras n'ihi ntinye aka nke Minista France Louis Barthou. [3] O mechara kwaga United States, biri na New York City, ebe ọ nọchitere anya Jewish Agency ruo ọtụtụ afọ.

Nahum Goldmann, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise na Henry Torres (na-ekwu okwu) na nzukọ World Jewish Congress na New York, June 1942

Na 1936, Goldmann na Reform Rabbi Stephen S. Wise hiwere World Jewish Congress (WJC).[1]  A na-ekwu na ọ bụ amụma mbụ e buru banyere iyi egwu Hitler na òtù Nazi na-eweta.  N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1942, o kwuru, sị, "[W] onye nwere ike ibu amụma ihe ọchịchị Nazi, ozugbo webatara n'ọnọdụ nke onye gburu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ga-eme n'oge ikpeazụ tupu ya agbada n'ihere?"  ọkara nke ọzọ aghaghị ịnọdụ ala ma ghara igbochi ọdachi a."[3] Goldmann biri na United States na June 1940, mesịa ghọọ nwa amaala US, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1964.


Goldmann nwụrụ na Bad Reichenhall, Germany nke ọdịda akpa ume.[1]  E liri ya n’ebe a na-eli ozu nke Ugwu Herzl nke Jerusalem na ngalaba e debere maka ndị isi nke World Zionist Organisation. Ọ bụghị Prime Minister nke oge ahụ Menachem Begin bịara olili ya, ọ nweghịkwa nkwupụta ọgbaghara sitere n'aka gọọmentị Israel.  Yasser Arafat zigaara nkasi obi, na-ekwu na "Ndị Palestine na-eru uju ọnwụ Nahum Goldmann. Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị Juu nwere àgwà pụrụ iche. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na ikike ziri ezi maka ndị mmadụ niile.

Mgbalị ndị Juu na ndị Zionist

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Nahum Goldmann na-abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta nkwụghachi ụgwọ na West Germany, 1952

Goldmann chọtara ndị ndú ndị Juu na United States kewara ekewa, na-enweghị usoro iwu jikọrọ ọnụ n'oge mgbe ịdị n'otu nke "ebumnobi na nzube dị mkpa."[1] N'ịbụ onye nwere nkụda mmụọ nke ukwuu n'ihi ọchịchị nke a kewara ekewa, o kwupụtara, sị, 'N'ime afọ m nile na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Juu, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe m nwere mmetụta na-adịghị ike, nke na-ewute m nke ukwuu dịka m mere nke a.  Anyị nile bụ́ ndị na-ekwuchitere ndị Juu n’oge ahụ—ma mụ onwe m na-agụnyekwa onwe m—nwere òkè nke ikpe ọmụma ahụ.’ [1] Ma ya na Stephen Wise, bụ́ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, abụwo ndị na-egosipụta ‘nhazi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke ndụ ndị Juu’;  ya bụ, "ọha nwere ihe ọmụma ma na-ekwusi ike."  Ma n'okpuru nrụgide nke ọnọdụ oge agha, na n'abalị nke 1940 ntuli aka onye isi ala America, ha bịara nwee obi abụọ banyere ịdị irè nke nrụgide ọha na eze, na-ahọrọ diplomacy dị jụụ n'azụ ihe nkiri dị ka ụzọ dị irè karị nke ịchụso ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị nwere ike ime.[2]  Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ echiche a, nke Goldmann na Wise na-ekerịta, bụ nke dugara ha n'ike n'ike megide Hillel Kook's (Peter Bergson) ụzọ dị ike, ihe okike na nke ọha na eze iji gbalịa ịzọpụta ndị Juu gbahapụrụ na Europe.  N'ihi ya, Goldman na maara ihe ghọrọ ndị na-eduga ndị na-egbochi nnapụta

N'ikwekọ n'echiche ya na "n'itinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ụlọ, mmadụ ga-akpachara anya mgbe niile na akọ ma ọ bụ n'ihe ize ndụ na-ebute iro nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama,"[1] ọ bụghị Goldmann ma ọ bụ ndị ndú ndị Juu gbara ya gburugburu kwalitere mgbasa ozi ọha na eze megide usoro mbata na ọpụpụ America ọbụna dị ka European Jewry na-achọ ebe mgbaba na Nazism.  Ụfọdụ ndị Juu America, gụnyere Louis Brandeis na Felix Frankfurter, gbalịrị aka ha na diplomacy dị jụụ na ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma, dị ka nke na-ejupụta oke ndị ahụ site na 1939. Ihe na-akawanye njọ nke nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mgbe Anschluss na 1938 gasịrị, kpatara nrụgide ọzọ, na-eduga President Roosevelt ịkpọ oku maka ogbako mba ụwa a maara dị ka Nzukọ Evian nke afọ ahụ na France.  Ebumnuche ọgbakọ ahụ bụ ịchọta ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ narị puku ndị Juu a chụpụrụ achụpụ.  Goldmann gara dịka onye nleba anya maka ọgbakọ ndị Juu mba ụwa.[2]  N’ime mba iri atọ na abụọ bịaranụ, ọ bụ naanị Dọminikan Ripọblik kwetara ịnakwere ndị ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ


N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, mgbalị e tumadi eduzi kwupụta ochie mmemme nke 'rehalitating Palestine'.  Goldmann kpọrọ oku maka ogbako ndị Zionist pụrụ iche na 1942 iji guzobe atụmatụ jikọrọ ọnụ iji belata mmetụta na-emebi emebi nke atumatu Nazi na ndị Juu Europe, ihe si na ya pụta bụ mmemme Biltmore, nke kpọrọ oku, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, mbata na ọpụpụ ndị Juu na-enweghị mgbochi na Palestine.[1]  N'okwu ya na ogbako Goldmann dọrọ aka ná ntị na a ga-eji okwu ndị Nazi kpọrọ ihe, nakwa na e nwere nsonazụ mgbukpọ a na-apụghị ịhụ anya maka ndị Juu Europe bụ ndị Nazi na-aga n'ihu na atumatu ha.[2]  Na Mee 1943 Kọmitii Mberede America nzuko Goldmann, yana Abba Hillel Silver, bụ onye na-akwado echiche na mgba megide MacDonald White Paper bụ nzọụkwụ na nguzobe nke ọchịchị ndị Juu.


Na Jenụwarị 1945, Goldmann nyere aka n'ichepụta kọmitii na-ejikọta mbọ nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ Ndị Juu nke America (JDC) na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Juu maka nnapụta na nhazigharị nke ihe fọdụrụ nke ndị Juu na Europe.[1].  Goldmann kwadoro ogologo oge ka e kee steeti abụọ na Palestine, otu Arab na otu onye Juu;  echiche ya bụ na nnwere onwe dị mkpa karịa ịchịkwa ókèala a kapịrị ọnụ, na nkọwa ya bụ na ebumnobi kwesịrị ịbụ ịmepụta 'ala ndị Juu nwere ike ime na mpaghara Palestine zuru oke'[2].  Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ya na David Ben-Gurion rụsiri ọrụ ike maka okike nke Israel, [3] ọ bụ ezie na ya na Moshe Shertok, dụrụ Ben-Gurion ọdụ, n'efu, na nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe ga-egbu oge iji nyekwuo oge maka iru eru diplomatic entente na Arab.[4][5] [6]  Ọ nọ na-echegbu onwe ya na agha Arab na Israel ga-ada mgbe ndị Briten hapụchara Iwu ha ma kpọsaa ala Izrel.


Moshe Sharett, Miriam Freund, Louis Lipsky na Nahum Goldmann, 1960

Site na 1951 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Executive nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Juu.  N'afọ ahụ, ọ kpọkọtara nzukọ na New York City nke 23 nnukwu òtù ndị Juu na mba na mba ụwa iji lebara ọrụ nke iso ndị ọchịchị West German kpakọrịta nkwekọrịta maka nkwụghachi ndị Juu maka mfu nke Nazi Germany na Oké Mgbukpọ kpatara.  Nzukọ nke ihe ndị Juu na-azọrọ megide Germany (nke a makwaara dị ka Mgbakọ Claims) bụ nzukọ sitere na nzukọ a pụta.  Na September 10, 1952, ka ọnwa isii nke mkparịta ụka gasịrị, e nwetara nkwekọrịta nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'etiti Mgbakọ Claims na ọchịchị Konrad Adenauer nke West Germany.  N'ịkọwapụta mkpa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, David Ben-Gurion kwuru na 1952 [ka?] Dr. Goldmann, "Na nke mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu, ndị a na-emegbu na ndị a na-akwakọrọ ihe ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ... onye mmegbu na onye na-apụnara mmadụ ihe aghaghị inyeghachi ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a kwatara akwata ma kwụọ ụgwọ mkpokọta maka akụkụ nke mfu ihe onwunwe."  Na 1954, a bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta yiri nke ahụ n'etiti Austria na Israel.



Goldmann jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke World Jewish Congress, òtù nhazi maka ọtụtụ òtù ndị Juu na-abụghị Israel. Ọ kwadoro Israel na mba ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye nkatọ siri ike maka iwu gọọmentị Israel. Site na 1956 ruo 1968, Goldmann jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke World Zionist Organization . N'ọnọdụ ahụ, Goldmann katọrọ n'ihu ọha omume Gọọmentị Israel na ntọrọ Adolf Eichmann, ma gbaa ume ka e zigara okwu ahụ n'ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa. Ọ ghọrọ nwa amaala Israel na 1962, na Switzerland na 1969. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara biri na Israel, na-eke oge ya n'etiti Israel na Switzerland. N'oge ndụ ya, o nwere ụmụ amaala asaa, ma biri akụkụ ikpeazụ ya na Paris.

Ntọala Ncheta Maka Ọdịbendị Ndị Juu

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Ntọala Memorial maka Omenala ndị Juu tọrọ ntọala na 1964 site n'aka Goldmann bụ onye kpalitere nkwụghachi ụgwọ ya na onye isi ọchịchị Federal Republic of Germany Dr Konrad Adenauer.[1][2]  Ọhụụ Goldmann maka MFJC bụ ịkwalite ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị nka nka, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọkà mmụta Torah iji dochie ndị e mebiri na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ.  Na mkpokọta, Goldmann nwetara ihe karịrị nde dollar 20 n'aka gọọmentị West Germany iji kwalite ndụ omenala ndị Juu n'ụwa niile.


Kemgbe e guzobere ya, MFJC enyewo ihe karịrị 16,000 onyinye maka agụmakwụkwọ, nyocha, na agụmakwụkwọ ndị Juu yana agụmakwụkwọ na mkpakọrịta.[4]Ntọala ahụ na-enye ndị isi ego n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Juu.[5][6]

Nahum Goldmann Fellowship Program

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Emebere mmemme mmekọ nke Nahum Goldmann na 1987[1] iji kpọkọta ndị ndu ndị Juu na-eto eto si n'akụkụ ụwa niile, kparịta ihe ndị metụtara ha, nyochaa njirimara ndị Juu, kwalite ikike idu ndú ha, na ịmụta banyere obodo ndị Juu n'akụkụ ụwa ndị ọzọ.


Emeela mmemme mmemme n'ụwa niile yana ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,000 sitere na mba 70 bụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme ahụ.[1][2]  Na 2016, e mere mmemme na Havana, Cuba.  Nke a bụ nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ ndị Juu na Cuba ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 60.

Echiche na echiche

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Ọ bụ ezie na onye nkwado siri ike nke Zionism, Goldmann bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike nke echiche nke ndị mba ọzọ ka Goldmann chere na obodo ndị Juu agaghị aza mkpa niile nke ndị Juu.[1]  O nwere nchegbu banyere nchikota ndị Juu, wee lụọ ọgụ iji wusie agụmakwụkwọ, omenala na ụlọ ọrụ ndị Juu na-abụghị nke Israel ike.

Goldmann na-akatọ Israel maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ndabere ya na ike agha, na maka ịghara inwekwu ohere mgbe Agha Ụbọchị isii nke 1967 gasịrị, na-akwado ọnọdụ na nanị ohere nke ịlanarị Israel ogologo oge bụ ịnakwere ikike nke ndị Palestine dịka ndị mmadụ.

Ọ kwadoro ugboro ugboro ka udo dịrị n'etiti ndị Arab na ndị Israel, na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ gaghị enwe ọdịnihu maka mba ndị Juu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na ndị Arab ekwekọrịtaghị.


October 1967, ọ zutere onye ndu Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito, ma rịọ ya ka ọ gwa ndị isi ọchịchị Kọmunist ndị ọzọ, yana ndị isi Arab, echiche ya maka nzizi udo.[1]  Na mbido 1970, onye isi ala Egypt Gamel Abdel Nasser kpọrọ ya oku ka ọ bịa n'okwu mana gọọmentị Israel kwụsịrị ya.[2][3]  Mgbalị ịkpọtụrụ onye isi PLO Yasser Arafat, na 1974, ka a na-ahụta dị ka aghụghọ dị elu, echiche dị oke egwu Goldmann chere na ọ bụ nzuzu.  N'afọ 1982, ọ kpọrọ Mịnịsta Ala Israel ka ọ ghara imeghachi omume megide Zionism na antisemitism na mbuso agha nke Lebanon.


Na1977, Goldmann kwupụtara iwe ya na ụzọ Israel si mee usoro udo:   N'ime afọ 30, Israel ewepụtabeghị ndị Arab otu atụmatụ udo. Ọ jụwo atụmatụ ibibi ọ bụla nke ndị enyi ya na ndị iro ya chepụtara. O yighị ka ọ nweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ma ọ bụghị ichekwa ọnọdụ dị ugbu a ka ọ na-agbakwunye mpaghara ibe n'otu akụkụ.

Na 1981, ọ katọrọ usoro nke iji Holocaust mee ihe iji kwado arụrụala na igbu ọchụ:   Anyị ga-aghọta na ahụhụ ndị Juu na-ata n’oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ agakwaghị abụ ihe nchebe, anyị aghaghịkwa ịzere iji arụmụka nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ mee ka ihe ọ bụla anyị nwere ike mee ziri ezi. Ojiji nke Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ maka bọmbụ nke Lebanon, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka Menachem Begin mere, bụ ụdị "Hillul Hashem" [sacrilege], nkwụsị nke ọdachi dị nsọ nke Soah [Holocaust], nke a na-ekwesịghị iji mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-enyo enyo na atumatu enweghị nchebe. Onye isi ndị PLO gbatụrụ aka n'oge nnọchibido nke Beirut, o weputara ụkpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ise nke ga-enyere aka ijide agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị PLO n'ụkwụ siri ike: (1) hapụ Beirut, (2) kwụsị iyi ọha egwu, (3) ịkwaga na Tunis, naanị ebe ndị ọchịchị Palestine nwere ike inwe ezigbo nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, (4) guzobe ọchịchị nwa oge nke opekata mpe mba 150 ga-amata ozugbo, yana (5) mata Israel. Ọ bụrụ na ewere usoro ndị a, Goldmann dụrụ ọdụ, PLO ga-eguzobe ihe ndabere maka ịmepụta obodo Palestine n'akụkụ nke Israel. Ọhụụ Goldmann bụ ime ka Israel bụrụ ebe ime mmụọ na nke omume maka ndị Juu niile, steeti nnọpụiche dịtụ n'ụdị Switzerland, nwere nkwenye mba ụwa maka nchekwa ya, ịdị adị na oke ya, yana ikekwe ọbụlagodi ọnụnọ mba ụwa ihe atụ na-adịgide adịgide.

Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara

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  • Erez-Israel - Reisebriefe aus Palästina 1914: online na archive.orgn'ịntanetị na archive.org
  • Der Geist des Militarismus (Mmụọ nke Militarism) Stuttgart 1915 online na HathiTrust
  • Von der Weltkulturellen Bedeutung und Aufgabe des Judentums (N'ihe ọdịbendị ụwa pụtara na ọrụ ndị Juu) München 1916
  • Staatsmann ohne Staat (Statesman Without a State, autobiography), 1970, Köln: Kiepenheuer-Witsch.  
  • (1969) The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann: Sixty Years of Jewish Life. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-081337-9. 
  • na French: online na archive.org (1978) The Jewish Paradox. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-15166-9. n'ịntanetị na archive.org
  • Mein Leben als deutscher Jude (Ndụ m dị ka onye Juu German), 1982, München: Langen-Müller.   ISBN 3-7844-1771-X. 
  • Nahum Goldmann (1970). "The Future of Israel". Foreign Affairs 49: 51–69. 
  • (N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1978). Echiche ndị Zionist na Eziokwu nke Israel, Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ.
  • 3 na-arụ ọrụ n'asụsụ Yiddish: n'ịntanetị na archive.org

Ihe nketa na ncheta

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  • Na 1956, ọ natara Onyinye Solomon Bublick nke Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem.
  • Na 1968, e nyere ya Order of Rio Branco.
  • Beth Hatefutsoth, Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, na Mahadum Tel Aviv
  • Ihe Omume Nahum Goldmann

Hụkwa

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  • Nzukọ Nkwupụta
  • Nzukọ nke ndị isi oche nke nnukwu òtù ndị Juu America
  • Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Juu Maka Israel
  • Wiedergutmachung
  • Nzukọ Ndị Juu Ụwa
  • Òtù Ndị Zionist Ụwa

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Nahum Goldmann (Israeli Zionist leader) - Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com (2020-08-25). Retrieved on 2021-06-16.
  2. ↑ "Nahum Goldmann, a Leader Zionist, Dies at 87", The New York Times, 31 August 1982.
  3. ↑ Bruno Segre, 'Nahum Goldmann: il profeta dimenticato'. Keshet.it. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved on 2013-08-18.
  4. ↑ Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. Swiss Bank Claims. Retrieved on 11 July 2023.
  5. ↑ Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 11 July 2023.
  6. ↑ Jewish Heritage Online Magazine. Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. Retrieved on 11 July 2023.

1. 1 1.0 1.1 "Nahum Goldmann (onye ndu ndị Sionist nke Israel) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Ọgọst 25, 2020. eweghachiri June 16, 2021.

2. ↑ Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nketa ndị Juu dị n'ịntanetị Nahum Goldmann Ndekọ akụkọ ndụ

3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Nahum Goldmann, Onye Amaala Ụwa, Kenneth Libo, PhD, na Michael Skakun, Center for Jewish Studies". Cjh.org. Edebere na nke izizi na Eprel 14, 2013. eweghachitere August 18, 2013.

4. ↑ "Erez-Israel - Reisebriefe aus Palästina 1914.Rückblick nach siebzig Jahren von Nahum Goldmann".

Jahrbuch2001.studien-von-zeitfragen.net. eweghachiri August 18, 2013.

5.1 Hans-Peter Schwarz (1995) Konrad Adenauer: Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German na onye ọchịchị n'oge Agha, Mgbanwe na Nrụzigharị Berghahn Akwụkwọ, ISBN 1-57181-870-7 р. 645

6. ↑ ​​Selwyn Ilan Troen (1992) Ịhazi Nnapụta: National Jewish Solidarity in Modern Period Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3413-1 р. 144

7. Edebere Magazin nkọwa 2009-05-30 na igwe Wayback December 1972

8. Ludwig Lewisohn (2007) Mmụgharị - Akwụkwọ nke Echiche Ndị Juu Oge A. Gụọ akwụkwọ, ISBN 1-4067-4857-9 р. 166

9. 1 Herbert A. Strauss (1993) Ndị eji eji oge a: Ọmụmụ banyere Antisemitism nke oge a 1870-1933-39 Germany -Great Britain - France, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-010776-7 р. 223

10.1 "Nahum Goldmann, onye ndu Zionist, nwụrụ na 87°. New York Times. Reuters. Ọgọst 31, 1982.

11. 1 David Vital (1999) Ndị Kewapụrụ: Ndị Juu nọ na Europe, 1789-1939. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820805-7 р. 893

12. 1 Michele Sarfatti (2006) Ndị Juu nọ na Mussolini's Italy: Site na nha anya na mkpagbu nke John Tedeschi sụgharịrị, Anne C. Tedeschi University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-21734-5 р. 77

13.1 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Bruno Segre, 'Nahum Goldmann: il profeta dimenticato", Keshet ya. Edebere ya na izizi na Ọktoba 3, 2011. Eweghachitere August 18, 2013.

14. 1 Itamar Rabinovich, Jehuda Reinharz, Israel na Middle East: Documents na Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 ruo ugbu a, UPNE, 2008, ISBN 0-87451-962-4 р. 591

15.1 Mkpokọta ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ndị Juu ụwa, Akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ echekwara na Septemba 15, 2008, na igwe Wayback

16. 1 Aaron Berman (1990) Nazism, ndị Juu, na American Zionism, 1933-1948 Wayne State University Press, 1990 ISBN 0-8143-2232-8 pg. 96

17. 1 Aaron Berman (1990), op. cit., p. 99

18. 1 "Nahum Goldmann Nwụrụ Anwụ na 87 | Ụlọ Ọrụ Telegraph Juu". Jta.org. Ọnwa Nke Asatọ 31, 1982. eweghachiri August 18, 2013.

19. 1 Chomsky, Noam (2014). Triangle dị egwu: United States, Israel na ndị Palestine. Chicago, Illinois: Akwụkwọ Haymarket. ISBN 978-1-60846-440-1.

20. Allon Gal, David Ben-Gurion na American Alignment for a Jewish State, Indiana University Press, 1991, p. 115

21. Usoro nke nzukọ Nachum Goldman na State Department na-arịọ maka mbula ma ọ bụ idepụta Hillel Kook nwere ike ịchọta na mgbakwunye na Prọfesọ David Wyman na Dr. Rafael Medoff's Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America, na Holocaust. Norton, 2002 ISBN 1-56584-761-X

22. Allon Gal (1991), op. cit., p. 115, na-ehota site na Goldmann's Memoirs

23. ↑ Nahum Goldmann, Afọ Agha Edebere 2011-07-13 na Wayback Machine Jewish Heritage Online

24. ↑ "Mpụga na Evian Conference". Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Holocaust nke United States.

25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mitchell Geoffrey Bard na Moshe Schwartz (2005) 1001 Eziokwu Onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịma banyere Israel Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-4358-7 р. 9.

26. Aaron Berman (1990), op. obodo. p. 96-97

27. ↑ Jeffrey S. Gurock (1998) American Zionism: Mission and Politics Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-415-91932-0 p. 348

28. Menahem Kaufman (1991) Mmekọrịta na-enweghị isi: Ndị na-abụghị ndị Zionist na ndị Zionist na America, 1939-1948 Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-2370-7

29. Evan M Wilson, William B. Quandt, Ihe ize ndụ gbakọọ, Mkpebi US iji mata Israel, Menasha Ridge Press, 2008 р.190

30. Israel Goldstein (1984) Ụwa m Dị ka onye Juu: Ihe Memoirs nke Israel Goldstein Associated University Presses, ISBN 0-8453-4780-2 р. 331

31. ↑ Howard M. Sachar, Usoro nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị Juu nke oge a, Dell, 1977 ISBN 0-679-72746-9 p.478

32. Noam Chomsky, Triangle Fateful: United States, Israel, na ndị Palestine, rev ed. 1999 Pluto Press, London ISBN 0-920057-21-7 р. 97

33. Ofira Seliktar, Kewara Anyị Na-eguzo: Ndị Juu America, Israel, na Usoro Udo, Greenwood Press, 2002 p.13

34. ↑ Time magazine Justice on Trial Monday, 13 June 1960

35. ↑ "Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture" (PDF). Swiss Bank na-ekwu.

Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

36.

36.0 36.1 "Ntọala Ncheta maka Omenala ndị Juu". Ndị Juu Virtual Library.

Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

37

. ↑ “Ntọala Ncheta Maka Omenala Ndị Juu” (PDF). Swiss Bank na-ekwu.

Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

38. ↑ "Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nketa ndị Juu n'ịntanetị".

Ntọala ncheta maka omenala ndị Juu.

Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

39. 1 39.0 39.1 "Ebe ndị Juu na-ezukọ: Ntụgharị uche ụfọdụ na Nahum Goldmann Fellowship".

Ndị Juu Philanthrophy. Ọnwa Asaa 16, 2017.

Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

40. 1 40.0 40.1 "Banyere". Mmemme mmekọ Nahum Goldmann. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

41. ↑ "Nkwekọrịta Nahum Goldmann: Nlereanya maka Ọkachamma na Mmepe Ọchịchị Ndị Juu".

Bnai Brith. Septemba 18, 2018.

Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

42. ↑ "Cuba ga-anabata seminarị ndị Juu ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 60 gachara". Oge nke Israel. Eweghachitere Julaị 11, 2023.

43. Haaretz 27 Disemba 2002 "Onye Juu na-enweghị oke" nke Tom Segev dere.

44. 1 Site na Mba Ọzọ, Eprel 1970 "Ọdịnihu nke Israel" nke Nahum Goldmann dere.

45. ↑ Akwụkwọ akụkọ Frankel-Hexter banyere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze [na Palestine] na World Zionist Organisation ... mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Arab na ndị Juu na-eyi egwu site na nkwenye na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị Zionists "na Arab bụ interloper kama inwe ikike nha anya nke obodo na ndị Juu" Rafael Medoff (2001) Onye ndu ndị Juu na-ahụ maka ihe nzuzo na Baksheegosh Diplomacy n'etiti ndị isi ndị Juu na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bakshee Iv nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ Akwụkwọ Lexington, ISBN 0-7391-0204-4 р. 18

41. ↑ "Nkwekorita N. Nlereanya maka Oka Ochịchị Ndị Juu".

Bnai Brith. Septemba

Eweghachitere Jula

42. ↑ "Cuba ga-anab ka ihe foro nke nta k gachara". Oge nke Is Julai 11, 2023.

43. Haaretz 27 Dise na-enweghi oke" nke

44. 1 Site na Mba O

46. ​​↑ "Polish Record of Nzukọ nke Soviet-bloc ndú (na Tito) na Moscow, November 9, 1967".

Legacy.wilsoncenter.org. Ọnwa Iri na Otu 9, 1967. Edebere na mbụ na Julaị 11, 2012. Ewepụtara Ọgọst 18, 2013.

47.1 Mordechai Gazit (2002) Israel Diplomacy na Quest for Peace Routledge, 2002 ISBN 0-7146-5233-4 p. 79-80

48. ↑ Peter Y. Medding (1989) Studies in Contemporary Jewry: State and Society, 1948-1988 Oxford University Press U.S., ISBN 0-19-505827-5 р. 390

49. ↑ New York Nyochaa Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta 29, Nọmba 15 October 7, 1982 "Olee Ebe Israel Na-aga?" nke Nahum Goldmann dere

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Medoff, Rafael (2001) Baksheesh Diplomacy: Mkparịta ụka nzuzo n'etiti ndị isi ndị Juu America na ndị ọrụ Arab na Eve nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ Lexington Books,  
  • Patai, Raphael (2004) Nahum Goldmann: Ọrụ Ya Na The Gentiles University of Alabama Press,  
  • Raider, Mark A. Editor (2009) Nahum Goldmann, Statesman without a State: akụkụ dị n'ịntanetị na Google Books

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara site na "https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nahum_Goldmann&oldid=406702"