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Nchebe Ndị Ọrịa na Naịjirịa

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Nchebe Ndị Ọrịa na Naịjirịa bụ ngalaba na-apụta n'ihi ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ nye ndị ọrịa na nlekọta ahụike.[1] Mmebi ndị a na-apụta ìhè na Naijiria n'ihi na ọ bụ Mba na-emepe emepe.[2] A ghaghị ime mgbalị iji gbochie, belata ma wepụ mmerụ ahụ.

Nchịkọta dị mkpirikpi nke Naịjirịa

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Naịjirịa nwere ala nke 92,770 km2 . [3] Ọ bụ mba kacha nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'Africa nke nwere ihe karịrị narị nde ụmụ amaala abụọ.[4] Ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị bi na Naịjirịa erubeghị afọ iri na itoolu.[5] atụmanya ndụ ugbu a na Naijiria bụ afọ 56.36.[6]

A na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Naịjirịa ga-anọgide na-abawanye. Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị elu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ọnwụ (15 kwa 1000 mmadụ na 1995, dịka ọmụmaatụ) ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ (46 kwa 1000 na 1995, dịka dịka ọmụmaatụ). [7] N'ihi ya, a na-atụ anya na a ga-aga n'ihu na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, nke na-adị mgbe niile na Naịjirịa. Ihe omuma Orubuloye banyere ọnọdụ ọnụọgụ nke Naijiria, na 1995, gosiputara ihe ụfọdụ jikọtara ọnụ na ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, Ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ na ọnwụ, nsogbu akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-adịghị kwụsie ike, ọnwụ ụmụaka, na iwu gọọmentị bụ ụfọdụ n’ime ihe ndị metụtara ọnọdụ ahụike.[7]

Nkwado ahụike na Naịjirịa

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Nlekọta ahụike na Naịjirịa na-eche ihe isi ike n’ihi na ego ya ezughi oke. Nkwado ahụ sitere n’imekọrịta ego gọọmentị, ụgwọ onwe onye, na ịnshọransị. Mba ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụike 39,914, na naanị akwa ụlọ ọgwụ 0.5 maka mmadụ 1,000.[8] Ọ nwere 0.381 na 1.7 nke ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ kwa 1000 mmadụ.[9][10]

Ego ngalaba ahụike nke Naịjirịa anaghị emezu nkwa African Union nke 15% nke ngụkọta mmefu ego maka ngalaba ahụ.[11] Enweghị ego zuru oke na mmebi akụ na ụba na-ebute nsogbu ahụike a. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ego ndị dị adịghị eji ha n’amamihe. Ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ dị elu—ihe dị ka 4.92 n’otu nwanyị—na-akpata mmụba ndị bi na Naịjirịa, nke na-eme ka akụ na ụba na usoro ahụike nwee nnukwu nrụgide.[12] Nke a bụ ihe dị otú ahụ n'ihi nguzozi triangular dị n'etiti mmadụ atọ, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ahụike.[13] N'amaghị ama, mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ enweela mmetụta akụ na ụba na, ma mee ka, ego ezughi oke nke ngalaba ahụike. Ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị bụ mmemme ahụike n'efu nke gọọmentị Osun Steeti, otu n'ime steeti 36 dị na Naịjirịa, n'ihi nsogbu akụ na ụba na 2015. [14] Nke a dugara n'ịmepụta Public Private Partnership na ụlọ ọgwụ ụlọ ọgwụ nke steeti ahụ.

The Nigeria National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) bụ usoro gọọmentị Naijiria nabatara iji hụ na ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịnweta nlekọta ahụike dị mma ka ha na-ahụ maka nchebe ego.[15] Ebumnuche NHIS bụ iwulite ụzọ iji ruo na mmezu nke Universal Health Coverage (UHC). [16] E nweela akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma edere, a naghị ahapụ ọdịda. Otu n'ime adịghị ike bụ na atụmatụ ahụ anaghị ekpuchi usoro ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ụfọdụ.

Mmerụ ahụike ndị ọrịa na usoro nlekọta ahụike Naịjirịa

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Ụdị mmerụ ahụ a na-ahụkarị na usoro nlekọta ahụike nke Naijiria bụ mmerụ ahụ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ gabigara ókè na mmerụ ahụ sitere na enweghị ike inye ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.[17][18] Polypharmacy na-anọchite anya mmerụ ahụ sitere na ọgwụgwọ gabigara ókè.[18] Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ịhụ ọgwụ nwere ọtụtụ ọgwụ, ise ma ọ bụ karịa. Akụkọ Beers Criteria na World Health Organization banyere nchekwa ọgwụ na polypharmacy bara uru n'ịgwa mkpebi nke mmerụ ahụ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ gabigara ókè. The Beers Criteria, dị ka ngwá ọrụ, depụtara ọgwụ ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ (karịsịa na ndị agadi). [19] Nchọpụta egosila mkpa Beers Criteria na ntọala ahụike Naịjirịa. Akụkọ Akande-Sholabi et al. mere ka o doo anya na polypharmacy dị elu n’etiti ndị agadi, ebe ihe dị ka 23.8% n’ime ha na-ewe ọgwụ ọtụtụ, na nkezi ọgwụ e nyere bụ anọ. [20]

Enwere ike ịhụ mmerụ ahụ n'ihi enweghị ike inye ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị, nke bụ ụdị ileghara ahụike anya.[21] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị usoro iwu maka ịchọpụta mmerụ ahụ n'ihi enweghị ike inye ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị na ọnọdụ ahụike na Naịjirịa, okwu, ọchụchọ na nyocha egosiwo na ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.[22][23] Ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị, site na ahụmịhe, bụ ide ọgwụ mgbochi mgbu na-abụghị steroid (NSAID) nye onye ọrịa nwere akụkọ ahụike nke Ọnyá afọ n'ihi enweghị ike ịchọ akụkọ ahụike.

Nsogbu asụsụ na ọdịbendị nwere ike ịkpalite mmerụ ahụ ndị ọrịa na Naịjirịa, n’ihi na ha na-egbochi nnweta ozi ahụike na nchekwa ndị ọrịa n’ọnọdụ ụfọdụ..[24] Naịjirịa dị iche iche ma nwee agbụrụ 371.[25] Onye ọrụ ahụike si n'otu mpaghara nke a ga-ewebata ọhụrụ ma rụọ ọrụ na mpaghara ọzọ nwere ike ịnagide ọrụ na-emenye ụjọ na nkwurịta okwu na ndị ọrịa. Nke a nwere ike imerụ nchekwa onye ọrịa. Ọtụtụ oge, a na-adabere na ndị ntụgharị. Otú ọ dị, nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eri oge na ozi ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị agbasa n'ụzọ zuru oke dịka ndị ọrụ ahụike tụrụ anya ya mgbe ụfọdụ.

Ogologo oge ichere onye ọrịa bụ ihe ọzọ na-akpata mmerụ ahụ onye ọrịa na ntọala nlekọta ahụike na Naịjirịa, ọkachasị mgbe oge ichere na-egbu oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ e bipụtara banyere oge ichere na ngalaba ọgwụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ dị elu na-ekpughe ogologo oge n'ilekọta ndị ọrịa.[26] Ndị ọrịa enweghị afọ ojuju na igbu oge na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.[26] Nke a bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị metụtara usoro nke nwere ike ibute mmerụ ahụ onye ọrịa n'ihi ike ọgwụgwụ nke ndị ọrịa nwere mgbe ha na-echere. E mere aro na a ga-etinye oge ka ukwuu na ndụmọdụ ọgwụ na obere oge na usoro nkesa.[26]

Mmetụta nke nkà na ụzụ na nchekwa onye ọrịa na Naịjirịa

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Nkà ndị na-abụghị nke teknụzụ bụ usoro nkà nke otu onye ma ọ bụ otu na-akwado nkà na ụzụ a mụtara. Ha na-agụnye ajọ mbunobi, nkwurịta okwu na otu. Ha enweela mmetụta na nchekwa ndị ọrịa na usoro nlekọta ahụike Naịjirịa.[27] Dị ka ihe atụ, a na-akọwa mpaghara ebe nkà na ụzụ nwere mmetụta na ọrụ ọgwụ n'okpuru ebe a.

Mmetụta na-ezighị ezi

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Echiche na-ezighị ezi emeela ka njehie na ihe ọjọọ mee n'ọtụtụ ebe nke ọrụ ọgwụ. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mkpebi na imepụta usoro ọgwụ, mmepe ọgwụ, ahịa ọgwụ / ire ere, mkparịta ụka na ndị ọrịa, na ndụmọdụ ọgwụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.[28]

Nkwurịta okwu

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Nsogbu nkwurịta okwu emeela ka nchekwa ndị ọrịa bụrụ ihe egwu, ma ọ na-ebute mmerụ mgbe a na-enye ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ọgwụ. Ọ na-eduga na njehie n’oge a na-ejupụta ọgwụ, njehie n’oge a na-adụ ndị ọrịa ọdụ banyere iji ọgwụ ha, yana ihe ize ndụ maka nchekwa n’ihi enweghị nkwurịta okwu doro anya n’etiti ndị ọrụ ahụike na ndị ọrịa. Nke a na-ebute mmerụ ahụ n’ihi na a naghị akọwara ndị ọrịa nke ọma gbasara mmetụta na nchegbu nchekwa nke ọgwụ ha.[28]

Ọganihu nke otu

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Ọganihu otu nwere mmetụta na nchekwa onye ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, asọmpi n'etiti ndị ọrụ na ngalaba ahụike Naijiria emeela ka ndị mmadụ gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke mere ka ndị ọrịa nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.[29][30] Nchegbu nke ndị ọrụ ahụike enyela aka na mmebi nke arụmọrụ ndị otu ahụike.[31] Ihe dị iche iche na-akpata nrụgide ndị a chọpụtara gụnyere ọrụ dị arọ, enweghị ùgwù, enweghị afọ ojuju na ọnọdụ ọrụ, idu ndú ọjọọ na, obere ụgwọ ọrụ maka ọrụ a rụrụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.[31][32]

Ihe ndị mmadụ na usoro ahụike nke Naịjirịa

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Ihe ndị mmadụ bụ ọzụzụ nke na-eburu n'uche ikike na njedebe nke ndị mmadụ na ịrụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ rụchaa ọrụ e kenyere.[33] Ọ na-aghọta na ụmụ mmadụ na-eme njehie ma na-atụle maka ịmepụta ebe ọrụ dị nchebe.[34] Ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụ anaghị ahụkebe na usoro ahụike nke Naijiria ma kwesịkwa itinye ya n'ọrụ.[35] Ihe ndị mmadụ na-enyere aka ịhụ ụzọ ka mma iji hụ na nchekwa na mma, na usoro nlekọta ahụike na, nlekọta ndị ọrịa.[36] Ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwado ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ karịa ime ka ndị ọrụ kwekọọ n'ọrụ ahụ dị n'usoro.[33] Ịkwado ọrụ ahụ maka onye ọrụ bụ ụzọ dị mma iji tinye mkpịsị ụkwụ gburugburu (ọrụ ziri ezi) n'ime oghere gburugburu (na ikike kwekọrọ na onye ọrụ ahụ).

Ịdọ aka ná ntị nke mmadụ na-enyere aka ịmepụta usoro ka mma maka imeziwanye mma.[36] Na usoro nlekọta ahụike, nke a ga-eme ka nlekọta nke ndị ọrịa dị mma ma mee ka nchekwa nke ndị ọrịa ka mma. Site na atụmatụ ndị dị otú ahụ, usoro nlekọta ahụike ga-adịkwu mma iji kwadebe maka ihe ọ bụla a na-achọghị nke mmerụ ahụ a na-egbochi na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị isi maka ndị ọrịa na / maọbụ ndị ọrụ ahụike.

Ihe ndị mmadụ / ergonomics (sayensị nchekwa) na-enyere aka ịhụ ka ọganihu nke ahụike na nlekọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ka mma site n'ilekwasị anya n'ịkwado ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ karịa ndị ọrụ maka ọrụ.[37][38] Ịmata njirimara ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke onye ọrụ ọ bụla, ebe onye ọrụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere ike na ikike iche echiche dị iche iche, a ghọtara ya dị ka ụzọ kachasị mma iji mee ka ikike ha zuo oke.[39] Na mgbakwunye, ihe ọmụma banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na ngwá ọrụ, ebe ọrụ, na ọrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka nchekwa na mmelite nke onye ọrịa. Nke a n'aka nke ya ga-eduga n'imeziwanye ọdịmma mmadụ na arụmọrụ usoro nlekọta ahụike. [37] [38] [39][36]

Society for Quality in Healthcare na Naịjirịa

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Atụmatụ ndị a tụrụ aro iji melite nchekwa nke nlekọta ahụike na Naịjirịa

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Atụmatụ ndị a tụrụ aro ka ha baa uru maka imeziwanye nchekwa onye ọrịa gụnyere idu ndú na imeziwanye ihe ọmụma, ịchọpụta na ịmụta ihe site na njehie, ịtọ ụkpụrụ na atụmanya maka nchekwa, na itinye usoro nchekwa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike.[40] Ihe atụ nke igosipụta idu ndú na ịkwalite ihe ọmụma bụ ndị ndú na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na-emepụta mmata na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ / ọzụzụ na nchekwa onye ọrịa na mkpa ya na ntọala nlekọta ahụike. Mmata banyere nchekwa onye ọrịa na Naịjirịa dị ala ugbu a.[41]

Ihe atụ a na-ahụkarị nke ịchọpụta na ịmụta ihe site na njehie bụ inwe ụdị ọgwụ na-echebe ọgwụ ebe a na-akọ ma na-agbakọta mmeghachi omume ọgwụ niile.[42] Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ nke ọgwụ bụ ihe a na-achọghị na ihe a na'atụghị anya ya site na iji ọgwụ eme ihe. Ụdị Nlekọta ọgwụ adịlarị na Naijiria mana enwere ike imeziwanye mmejuputa ya na nlekota ya.[43][44] Site na data anakọtara site na ụdị ahụ, enwere ike ime ihe iji gbochie ọdịnihu nke ihe ndị a na-achọghị.[42]

  • Ịtọ ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu ka mma karịa mkpebi ikpe site n'otu ikpe.
  • Enwere ike ịkwado ụfọdụ nkà ihe ọmụma nchekwa n'ozuzu, ịhazi ihe ize ndụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị metụtara iwu na;
  • A na-asụgharị nkà ihe ọmụma n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'okwu ọrụ. Ihe atụ nke dị otú ahụ bụ ụkpụrụ nduzi ọgwụgwọ maka ịba nke na-agụnye Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) dị ka usoro ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ịba ma wepụ Chloroquine (maka nchekwa na nlekọta dị mma). [45] N'ime ntuziaka ahụ, ewepụrụ ụfọdụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime.[46] A dụrụ Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine ọdụ ka e jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịba n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, ọkachasị n'ógbè ịba dị ka Africa.[46]

A na-atụ aro itinye usoro dị nchebe, site na ihichapụ omume ndị na-adịghị mma na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta. Ọ nwere ike ijide n'aka na omenala nchekwa na gburugburu ahụike ebe ndị ọrụ niile maara nchekwa ma ga-eri ya dị ka ụzọ ndụ maka omume ọma.[47] Nke a nwere ike ijide n'aka na ma ndị ọrụ ahụike na ndị ọrịa nọ n'ọnọdụ dị nchebe. Nhazi nke usoro nlekọta ahụike site n'enyemaka nke ihe ndị mmadụ iji hụ na nchekwa nwekwara ike inye aka.[36] Ihe ndị mmadụ / ergonomics (sayensị nchekwa) na-enyere aka ịhụ ka ọganihu nke ahụike na nlekọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ike iru nke ọma site na ilekwasị anya n'ịkwado ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ karịa ndị ọrụ maka ọrụ.[36] Ịmata njirimara ndị ọrụ ọ bụla, ebe onye ọrụ ọ bụla nwere ike na ikike iche echiche dị iche iche, enwere ike iji ya mee ka ikike ndị ọrụ zuru oke.[36] Na mgbakwunye, ihe ọmụma nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na ngwá ọrụ, gburugburu ọrụ, na ọrụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka nchekwa na mmelite nke onye ọrịa.[36] Nke a, n'aka nke ya, nwere ike iduga n'imeziwanye ọdịmma mmadụ na arụmọrụ nke usoro nlekọta ahụike.[36] Inweta ihe ọmụma banyere echiche a nwere ike imeziwanye nchekwa na mmeziwanye mma na Naịjirịa.

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ (2018-08-15) in Tingle: Global Patient Safety: Law, Policy and Practice, 1 (in en), New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9781315167596. ISBN 978-1-315-16759-6. 
  2. ↑ Overview (en). World Bank. Retrieved on 2025-02-05.
  3. ↑ Nigeria: country data and statistics (en). Worlddata.info. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  4. ↑ Nigeria Population (2025) - Worldometer (en). www.worldometers.info. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  5. ↑ Nigeria: population by gender and age 2024 | Statista (en). Statista. Archived from the original on 2024-12-13. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  6. ↑ Nigeria Life Expectancy 1950-2025. www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Orubuloye (1995). "The demographic situation in Nigeria and prospects for fertility transition" (in en). Journal of International Development 7 (1): 135–144. DOI:10.1002/jid.3380070109. ISSN 0954-1748. PMID 12319910. 
  8. ↑ Nigeria Hospital beds, 1960-2018 - knoema.com (en-US). Knoema. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  9. ↑ Nigeria - Physicians (per 1,000 people). www.indexmundi.com. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  10. ↑ World Bank Open Data. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  11. ↑ 2023 Budget: Health gets highest allocation ever but fails to meet AU commitment. www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  12. ↑ Nigeria Fertility Rate 1950-2025. www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  13. ↑ Ogbonna. "HEALTH, POPULATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA; POLICY PERSPECTIVE, AND TRIANGULAR-DYNAMICS EFFECT". European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 3 (4): 69–72. 
  14. ↑ Rapheal (2018-06-10). Osun free healthcare runs into hitch (en). The Sun Nigeria. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  15. ↑ NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY (en-US). www.nhis.gov.ng. Archived from the original on 2025-01-30. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  16. ↑ Flourence (2025-01-09). "Moving toward universal health coverage with a national health insurance program: A scoping review and narrative synthesis of experiences in eleven low- and lower-middle income countries" (in en). PLOS Global Public Health 5 (1). DOI:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003651. ISSN 2767-3375. PMID 39787117. 
  17. ↑ Anjorin (2023). "Overtreatment of malaria in the Nigerian healthcare setting; prescription practice, rationale and consequences" (in en). Pan African Medical Journal 45. DOI:10.11604/pamj.2023.45.111.31780. ISSN 1937-8688. PMID 37745920. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Borodo (2022). "The burden of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in Nigeria: a clarion call for deprescribing practice" (in en). Bulletin of the National Research Centre 46 (1). DOI:10.1186/s42269-022-00864-3. ISSN 2522-8307. 
  19. ↑ Medications on the Beers Criteria List (en). Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 2024-12-01. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  20. ↑ Akande-Sholabi (2018). "Polypharmacy and Factors Associated With Their Prevalence Among Older Patients Attending a Geriatric Centre in South-West Nigeria" (in en). SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3508232. ISSN 1556-5068. 
  21. ↑ Liability And Proof Of Medical Negligence In Nigeria (en). www.mondaq.com. Retrieved on 2025-02-03.
  22. ↑ Nation (2022-08-16). Rights of patients in cases of medical negligence (en-US). The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved on 2025-02-04.
  23. ↑ Fadare (2013). "Prescription pattern and prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications among elderly patients in a Nigerian rural tertiary hospital" (in en). Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 9: 115–120. DOI:10.2147/TCRM.S40120. ISSN 1178-203X. PMID 23516122. 
  24. ↑ Schouten (2020). "Mitigating language and cultural barriers in healthcare communication: Toward a holistic approach" (in en). Patient Education and Counseling 103 (12): 2604–2608. DOI:10.1016/j.pec.2020.05.001. PMID 32423835. 
  25. ↑ Ify (2024-11-13). Full List of all 371 Ethnic Groups in Nigeria & Their States of Origin (en-US). PIECE — WITHIN NIGERIA. Retrieved on 2025-02-04.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Afolabi (2005-05-23). "Patients\' response to waiting time in an out-patient pharmacy in Nigeria". Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2 (2). DOI:10.4314/tjpr.v2i2.14601. ISSN 1596-9827. 
  27. ↑ Alayande (2024-05-16). "Non-technical skills training for Nigerian interprofessional surgical teams: a cross-sectional survey" (in en). BMC Medical Education 24 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12909-024-05550-8. ISSN 1472-6920. PMID 38755653. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Esther Oleiye Itua (2024-03-17). "Pharmacy Practice Standards and Challenges in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Analysis". International Medical Science Research Journal 4 (3): 295–304. DOI:10.51594/imsrj.v4i3.921. ISSN 2707-3408. 
  29. ↑ Omisore (2017). "Interprofessional Rivalry in Nigeria's Health Sector: A Comparison of Doctors and Other Health Workers' Views at a Secondary Care Center" (in en). International Quarterly of Community Health Education 38 (1): 9–16. DOI:10.1177/0272684X17748892. ISSN 0272-684X. PMID 29264960. 
  30. ↑ Mohammed (2022). "Knowledge, causes, and experience of inter-professional conflict and rivalry among healthcare professionals in Nigeria" (in en). BMC Health Services Research 22 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12913-022-07664-5. ISSN 1472-6963. PMID 35264179. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Nwobodo (2023-10-24). "Stress Management in Healthcare Organizations: The Nigerian Context" (in en). Healthcare 11 (21). DOI:10.3390/healthcare11212815. ISSN 2227-9032. PMID 37957963. 
  32. ↑ Onigbogi (2019). "Prevalence of psychosocial stress and its risk factors among health-care workers in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis" (in en). Nigerian Medical Journal 60 (5): 238–244. DOI:10.4103/nmj.NMJ_67_19. ISSN 0300-1652. PMID 31844352. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Human Factors (en). Health and Safety Authority. Retrieved on 2025-02-05.
  34. ↑ What is 'human factors'? (en-US). Human Factors 101 (2016-08-17). Retrieved on 2025-02-05.
  35. ↑ Nwanya (2023-08-02). "Human factors issues at selected workplaces in Nigeria: practice, status and future research needs: Review". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Safety 7 (1): 33–54. DOI:10.24840/2184-0954_007-001_001812. ISSN 2184-0954. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 Carayon (2014). "Human factors systems approach to healthcare quality and patient safety" (in en). Applied Ergonomics 45 (1): 14–25. DOI:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.04.023. PMID 23845724. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Brennan (2022). "The role of human factors in improving patient safety" (in en). Trends in Urology & Men's Health 13 (3): 30–33. DOI:10.1002/tre.858. ISSN 2044-3730. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 jdawson (2021-03-01). The Impact of Human Factors in Healthcare (en-US). USF Health Online. Retrieved on 2025-02-04.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Casali (2019). "The rise of human factors: optimising performance of individuals and teams to improve patients' outcomes". Journal of Thoracic Disease 11 (S7): S998–S1008. DOI:10.21037/jtd.2019.03.50. PMID 31183182. 
  40. ↑ Fischhoff (1984). "Setting Standards: A Systematic Approach to Managing Public Health and Safety Risks" (in en). Management Science 30 (7): 823–843. DOI:10.1287/mnsc.30.7.823. 
  41. ↑ Nwosu (2019). "Patient safety awareness among 309 surgeons in Enugu, Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey" (in en). Patient Safety in Surgery 13 (1). DOI:10.1186/s13037-019-0216-2. ISSN 1754-9493. PMID 31673290. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Meyboom (1999). "Pharmacovigilance in Perspective" (in en). Drug Safety 21 (6): 429–447. DOI:10.2165/00002018-199921060-00001. ISSN 0114-5916. PMID 10612268. 
  43. ↑ Opadeyi (2018). "Assessment of the state of pharmacovigilance in the South-South zone of Nigeria using WHO pharmacovigilance indicators" (in en). BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 19 (1). DOI:10.1186/s40360-018-0217-2. PMID 29855348. 
  44. ↑ Olowofela (2016). "Pharmacovigilance in Nigeria: An Overview" (in en). Pharmaceutical Medicine 30 (2): 87–94. DOI:10.1007/s40290-015-0133-3. ISSN 1178-2595. 
  45. ↑ WHO releases new malaria guidelines for treatment and procurement of medicines (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2025-02-05.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Al Khaja (2021). "Drug treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy: a critical review of the guidelines" (in en). Malaria Journal 20 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12936-020-03565-2. ISSN 1475-2875. PMID 33485330. 
  47. ↑ Farokhzadian (2018). "The long way ahead to achieve an effective patient safety culture: challenges perceived by nurses" (in en). BMC Health Services Research 18 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12913-018-3467-1. ISSN 1472-6963. PMID 30134980. 
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