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Ndị Ikpe 1

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Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na Okpukpe ndị Juu na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.[1] Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na Jọshụa 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. [2]

Ihe odide

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E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

Ndị akaebe ederede

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Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a. [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ugB A nke nsụghA Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga B) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B;



G



{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}

B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A;



G



{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}

A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

Nnyocha

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Ihe ndị dị na ya

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Nchịkọta

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Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.[1][3] Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. [1] [3][4] E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. [1][3]

Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha

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Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.[5] Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie) na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.[5]

Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem

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Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ruo taa (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.[6] N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.[6]

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa "Obodo nkwụ" a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya "Bezek" (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). [7]

Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18

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Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]

Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, "Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. " (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: "Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).[8][note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị "keta") obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.[9][10] Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji "ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri" tụnyere "ndị dị larị" n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. [11][12] N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. [9] [13] Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' [9]

Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme

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David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.[6] Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.[6] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' [6]

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.[2] G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 "Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa..." 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya.[2] Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.' [2] Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.[2]

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.[4] Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'[1] Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.[1] More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.[14]

Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda

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Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.[1] Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

Ndepụta obodo

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Nke a na-abụghị ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.

Ihe ịga nke ọma

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Agbụrụ Juda weere:

  • Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19)
  • Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'elu[9])
  • Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2)
  • Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13)

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

  • Horma" id="mwAXM" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hormah">Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka mbibi)

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere "ọkara agbụrụ" abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

  • Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26)

Ọdịda

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N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè, ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

  • Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu[9])
  • Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19)

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

  • Jerusalem (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.[6]

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

  • Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27)
  • Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27)
  • Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27)
  • Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27)
  • Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27)

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

  • Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29)

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

  • Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30)
  • Nahalol (Ndị Ikpe 1:30)

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

  • Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)
  • Siddon (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)
  • Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)
  • Aczib (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)
  • Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)
  • Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)
  • Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31)

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

  • Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33)
  • Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33)

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

  • Ugwu Heres (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35)
  • Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35)
  • Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

Ihe edeturu

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1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu 30,33 Na 35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye

2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..

Ihe edeturu

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A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Younger, Jr. (1995). "The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 20 (68): 75–87. DOI:10.1177/030908929502006805.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Younger" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Wright (1946). "The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5 (2): 105–114. DOI:10.1086/370775. Retrieved on 23 May 2021.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wright 1946" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Frolov (2007). "Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 21 (1): 127–138. DOI:10.1080/09018320601171005. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Klein (2001). "Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld". Journal of Biblical Literature 120 (4): 747. DOI:10.2307/3268272. Retrieved on 23 May 2021.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Klein" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Glassman (2017). "Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan", The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-51695-0. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Gunn (2005). Judges Through the Centuries. John Wiley & Sons, 17–33. ISBN 978-0-631-22252-1.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gunn" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Judges 1 NIV. biblehub.com. Retrieved on 4 May 2022.
  8. ↑ Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation. Biblehub.com (1844). Retrieved on 24 May 2021.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Judges 1:18 Commentaries. Biblehub.com. Retrieved on 24 May 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Judges 1:18 Commentaries" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Brug (1978). A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266. British Archaeological Reports. ISBN 9780860543374. Retrieved on 24 May 2021. 
  11. ↑ Judges 1:18 Parallel. Biblehub.com. Retrieved on 24 May 2021.
  12. ↑ (1985) Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24. American Research Center in Egypt. Retrieved on 24 May 2021. “Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.” 
  13. ↑ Dothan (1992). People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. Macmillan. ISBN 9780025322615. Retrieved on 24 May 2021. 
  14. ↑ van Bekkum (2012). "Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1", in Galil: The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010, Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Ugarit-Verlag, 525–548. ISBN 978-3-86835-066-1. 

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