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Ndị Maasai

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Ndị Maasai
people, agburu
Obere ụdị nkeindigenous peoples of Africa, Nilotic peoples Dezie
Asụsụ obodoAsụsụ Maasai Dezie
Okpukpere chi/echiche ụwaChristianity Dezie
Mba/obodoKenya, Tanzania Dezie
 

Ndị Maa (/ˈmɑːsaɪ,mɑːˈsaɪ/) [1][2] bụ agbụrụ Nilotic nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke sitere na mpaghara ugwu, etiti na ndịda Kenya gụnyere ugwu Tanzania, na nso mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa. Asụsụ ala ha bụ Maa, Asụsụ Nilotic metụtara Dinka, Kalenjin na Nuer.[3]

Akọpụtara ọnụọgụgụ ndị Maasai dịka 1,189,522 na Kenya na ngụkọ n'afọ 2019 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 377,089 na ngụkọ n'afọ 1989.[4]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ndị Maasai bị na mpaghara nnukwu Great Lakes nke Africa wee si na South Sudan rute. Ndị Maasai, ndị Turkana na ndị Samburu, bụ Ndị na-azụ anụ ma bụrụ ndị ama ama dịka ndị dike na-atụ egwu na ndị na achị ehi.[5] Ndị Maasai na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka anabatala omenala na omume sitere n'aka ndị agbata obi na-asụ Asụsụ Cushitic, gụnyere usoro afọ nke nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ibi úgwù, na okwu okwu.[6]

Ndị Maasai na abata chụpụrụ ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị guzobere ebe obibi na mpaghara ahụ bụ ndị ndị Maasai na-abata.[7] Ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị Southern Cushitic, sonyere n'etiti ndị Maasai. Ndị nna nna Nilotic nke Kalenjin n'otu aka ahụ mịrị ụfọdụ ndị Cushitic oge ochie.[8]

Nwoke Maasai

Ebe obibi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka

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Ókeala Maasai rutere n'oke kasị ukwuu n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 ma kpuchiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Great Rift Valley na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ site na Ugwu Marsabit n'ebe ugwu ruo Dodoma n'ebe ndịda.[9] N'oge a, ndị Maasai, yana nnukwu ìgwè Nilotic ha so na ya, na-azu ehi ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ rụọ n'ụsọ oke mmiri Tanga na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania). Ndị na-agba ọsọ na-eji ube na ọta mana a na-atụkarị egwu maka ịtụ ụtarị (orinka) nke e nwere ike ịtụpụ ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi site na 70 nzọụkwụ. N'afọ 1852, e nwere akụkọ banyere ndị agha Maasai 800 na-agagharị n'ebe bụ Kenya ugbu a. N'afọ 1857, mgbe ha wepụsịrị "ọzara Wakuafi" nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya ugbu a, ndị agha Maasai yiri Mombasa egwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya.[10]

Maasai warriors in German East Africa, c. 1906–1918

N'ihi mbata a, ndị Maasai bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nilotic n'ebe ndịda. Oge mgbasawanye ahụ sochiri Maasai "Emutai" nke 1883-1902. Oge a gosipụtara ọrịa na-efe efe nke bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (lee 1890s African rinderpest epizootic) na kịtịkpa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke onye isi ala Germany na ihe bụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Tanganyika n'oge ahụ bụ na 90% nke ehi na ọkara anụ ọhịa nwụrụ site na ọrịa na-egbu egbu. Ndị dọkịta German nọ n'otu mpaghara ahụ kwụrụ na "nke abụọ ọbụla" Afrịka nwere ịhụ akara na-akpa ihi kịtịkpa. Oge a dabara na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo n'afọ 1897 rụọ n'afọ 1898. [11]

Onye Austrian na-eme nchọpụta Oscar Baumann mere njem n'ala Maasai n'etiti afọ 1891 rụọ n'afọ 1893 wee kọwaa ebe obibi Maasai ochie na Ngorongoro_Conservation_Area" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ngorongoro Conservation Area">Ngorongoro Crater n'akwụkwọ 1894 Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle (Site n'ala ndị Maasai ruo isi iyi nke Naịl). Site n'otu atụmatụ, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Maasai nwụrụ n'oge a. [12] [13] A chụpụrụ ndị Maasai na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania) n'ala ndị na-eme nri n'etiti Ugwu Meru na Ugwu Kilimanjaro na ọtụtụ n'ime ugwu ndị na-emepụta nri dị nso na Ngorongoro n'afọ ndị 1940.[14] E weghaara ala ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa na ogige ntụrụndụ mba: Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Ogige Ntụ Nairobi, Maasai Mara, Ogige Mba Samburu, Ogige ntụrụntụ Lake Nakuru na Tsavo na Kenya; na Ọdọ Mmiri Manyara, Ogige Nchekwa Ngorongoro, Tarangire na Ogige Ntọala Serengeti n'ihe bụ Tanzania ugbu a.[15]

Maasai bụ ndị na-azụ anụ ma jụọ ntule nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania na Kenya ka ha na-ebi ndụ dị jụụ. Ha arịọla ikike ịta nri n'ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba abụọ ahụ. [16]

Ndị Maasai guzoro megide ịgba ohu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla akwadoro okporo ụzọ mmadụ, ndị si mba ndị ọzọ na-achọ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ohu zere ndị Maasai.[17]

N'ụzọ bụ isi, enwere mpaghara iri abụọ na abụọ ma ọ bụ ebi dị iche iche nke obodo Maasai, nke ọ bụla nwere omenala, ọdịdị ya, ndụ ya na olumba ya. A maara nkewa ndị a dịka 'mba' ma ọ bụ 'iloshon' n'Asụsụ Maa: Keekonyokie, Ildamat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Ilkisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Ilooldokilani, Ilkaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu, Ilchamus, Lapiak, Loitokoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket na Parakuyo. [18]

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa enyerela aka mee ka e nwee nghọta banyere ethnogenesis nke ndị Maasai. Genealogy, ngwá ọrụ nke na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị mmadụ nke oge a achọpụta mmalite agbụrụ na ala ha, enyekwara aka mee ka ndabere nke ndị Maasai nke oge a doo anya.[19]

DNA nke onwe

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A nyochara DNA autosomal nke Maasai na nyocha zuru oke nke Tishkoff et al. (2009) gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị dị iche iche n'Africa. Dị ka ndị dere nnyocha ahụ si kwuo, ndị Maasai "nọgidere na-enwe ọdịbendị ha n'ihu nnukwu mmegide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa".[20] Tishkoff et al. na-egosikwa na: "Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Nilo-Saharan n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, dị ka ndị Maasai, na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ ụyọkọ sitere na Nilo-Daharan [...] na Cushitic [...] AACs, n'ikwekọ na ihe akaebe asụsụ nke mmetọ Nilotic ugboro ugboro nke Cushites n'ime afọ 3000 gara aga yana oke nke mgbanwe dị n'East Africa metụtara lactose tolerance" [20]

Maasai na-egosipụta nnukwu ngwakọta West-Eurasian na ihe dịka ~ 20%. Ụdị ndị nna nna West-Eurasian a ruru 40-50% n'etiti ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ nke Horn of Africa, ọkachasị n'etiti Amharas. Ihe omuma ihe omuma na ihe akaebe nke ihe ochie na-egosi na ndị na-azụ anụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka natara ndị nna nna West Eurasian (~25%) site n'ìgwè ndị na-asụ Afroasiatic si Northern Africa ma ọ bụ Arabian Peninsula, ma mesịa gbasaa akụkụ nna nna a n'ebe ndịda n'ime ụfọdụ Ndị Khoisan ihe dị ka afọ 2,000 gara aga, na-akpata ~5% ndị nna nna ọdịda anyanwụ Eurasia n'etiti ndị na-achụ nta na ndị Southern Africa.[21][22]

Nnyocha archaeogenetic nke afọ 2019 gosipụtara ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oge ochie site n'aka ndị bi na Tanzania na Kenya, ma chọpụta na ha nwere njikọ siri ike na ndị Horn of Africa nke oge a. Ha gosipụtara obodo Maasai dịka ndị nwere ndị nna nna nke nwere ~47% Pastoral Neolithic Cushitic-related na ~53% Sudanese Dinka-related.[23]

Nnyocha Y chromosome nke Wood et al. (2005) nwalere ndị bi na Sub-Saharan dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị ikom Maasai 26 si Kenya, maka usoro nna. Ndị dere ya hụrụ haplogroup E1b1b-M35 (ọ bụghị M78) na 35% nke ndị Maasai a mụrụ.[24] E1b1b-M35-M78 na 15%, nna nna ha na ndị Cushitic nọ n'ebe ugwu, ndị nwere haplogroup na oke ugboro[25] biri ihe karịrị afọ 13,000 gara aga.[26] Ezinụlọ nna nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai bụ Haplogroup A3b2, nke a na-achọtakarị na ndị Nilotic, dị ka Alur; [24] a hụrụ ya na 27% nke ndị Maasai.[27] Ihe ngosi DNA nna nke atọ a na-ahụkarị na Maasai bụ E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), nke a na-emekarị na mpaghara Sub-Saharan; a chọtara ya na 12% nke ihe nlele Maasai. A hụkwara Haplogroup B-M60 na 8% nke ndị Maasai amụrụ, [24] nke a na-ahụkwa na 30% (16/53) nke Southern Sudanese Nilotes. [27]

Mitochondrial DNA

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Dịka ọmụmụ mtDNA sitere na Castri et al. (2008), nke nwalere ndị Maasai nọ na Kenya, usoro ọmụmụ nne dị n'etiti ndị Maasai dị iche iche mana ha yiri nke a na-ahụ na ndị Nilo-Hamitic ndị ọzọ si mpaghara, dịka Samburu. Ọtụtụ n'ime Maasai nwalere bụ nke dị iche iche macro-haplogroup L sub-clades, gunyere L0, L2, L3, L4 na L5. A kọkwara ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke nne si North na Northeast Africa, ọkachasị site na ọnụnọ mtDNA haplogroup M lineages n'ihe dịka 12.5% nke ihe nlele Maasa.[28][34]

Ndị agha Maasai na-eche hyena nwere ntụpọ ihu, anụ na-eri anụ ụlọ, dị ka e sere foto na In Wildest Africa (1907)

Ndị Maasai na-efe Otu chi a na-akpọ ENkai', Nkai[7] ma ọ bụ Engai. Engai nwere ọdịdị abụọ, nke agba abụọ na-anọchite anya ya: [7] Engai Narok (Chi ojii) bụ onye obiọma, na Engai Na-nyokie (Chineke uhie) bụ onye na-abọ ọbọ. [29]

E nwekwara ogidi abụọ ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi nke ndị Maasai: Oodo Mongi, Red Cow na Orok Kiteng, Black Cow nwere nkewa nke agbụrụ ise ma ọ bụ Osisi ezinụlọ. Ndị Maasai nwekwara anụmanụ totemic, nke bụ ọdụm. Ndị Maasai na-eji igbu ọdụm eme ihe n'ememe nke ịgafe. [30] "Ugwu nke Chineke", Ol Doinyo Lengai, dị n'ebe ugwu Tanzania ma enwere ike ịhụ ya site na Ọdọ Mmiri Natron na ndịda Kenya. Onye isi mmadụ n'usoro okpukpe Maasai bụ   onye ọrụ ya gụnyere ọgwụgwọ shamanistic, ịgba afa na amụma, na ijide n'aka na ọ ga-aga nke ọma n'agha ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo zuru oke. Taa, ha nwekwara ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi nkwalite nke ndị isi. Ike ọ bụla onye laibon nwere bụ ọrụ nke àgwà kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ.[31] Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai anabatala Iso Ụzọ Kraịst ma ọ bụ Islam.[32] Ndị Maasai na-emepụta ọla dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-ere ihe ndị a nye ndị njem nleta.[40]

Ndị Maasai na ụlọ ndị nwere ihe mgbochi enkang n'ihu - ọwụwa anyanwụ Serengeti, 2006
Ụlọ akwụkwọ Maasai na Tanzania
Mkpịsị aka agbọghọ Maasai n'ọnụ ya
Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntị gbatịrị agbatịoghere ntị gbatịrị agbatị

Ịkpọpu na ịgbatị ntị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai dịka ọ dị n'ebo ndị ọzọ, ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-eyi hoops ígwè na ntị ha gbatịpụrụ. A na-eji ihe dị iche iche eme ihe ma na-agbatị ma lobes, gụnyere ogwu maka ịpị, alaka, ụyọkọ alaka, nkume, akụkụ nke ezé enyí na ihe nkiri efu. Ụmụnwanyị na-eyi ụdị ihe ịchọ mma dị iche iche na ntị na obere ntutu n'elu ntị. N'etiti ụmụnwoke Maasai, a na-eme ibi úgwù dịka emume nke mgbanwe site na nwata gaa na nwoke. A na-ebipụtakwa ụmụnwanyị úgwù (dị ka akọwapụtara n'okpuru na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya).

Nkwenye na omume a abụghị naanị maka ndị Maasai. N'ime ime obodo Kenya, a nyochara otu ìgwè ụmụaka 95 dị n'agbata ọnwa isii na afọ abụọ n'afọ 1991/92. A chọpụtara na pasent 87 wepụrụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa ezé ezé. N'ime ndị okenye (afọ 3-7), 72% nke ụmụaka 111 nyochara gosipụtara nkịta mandibular ma ọ bụ maxillary deciduous.[33][34]

Dịka omenala si dị, ndị Maasai na-eme emume dị iche iche nke na-agụnye ịwa ahụ iji belata akụkụ ahụ iji mee ka ụmụaka bụrụ ndị toro eto. A na-eji okwu Maa maka ibi úgwù, "emorata," eme ihe maka ememe a maka ụmụnwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.[35] Ọ bụ ndị okenye na-emekarị emume a, ndị na-eji mma dị nkọ na bandeeji akpụkpọ ehi eme ihe maka usoro ahụ.[46]

Ememe nwoke na-ezo aka na mwepụ nke prepuce (foreskin). N'ememe nwoke, a na-atụ anya na nwata nwoke ahụ ga-atachi obi na ịwa ahụ n'emeghị mkpọtụ. Ngosipụta nke ihe mgbu na-ewetara ya ihere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị nwa oge. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, mkpu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mmegharị a na-atụghị anya ya n'akụkụ nwata nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka okenye mejọọ ihe na usoro dị nro ma na-agwụ ike, nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, dysfunction, na ihe mgbu.[36][48][37]

Ụmụagbọghọ na-enwetakwa nkwarụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị dịka akụkụ nke ememe a na-akpọ "Emuatare," ememe nke na-eme ka ụmụagbọghọ Maasai bụrụ ndị toro eto site na nkwarụ na alụmdi na nwunye a haziri n'oge.[38] Ndị Maasai kwenyere na igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị dị mkpa na ndị ikom Maasai nwere ike ịjụ nwanyị ọ bụla na-enwetabeghị ya dịka onye na-enweghị ike ịlụ di ma ọ bụ onye kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ nwanyị dị ala. N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, a pụrụ ibo ụmụnwanyị a na-ebighị ebi úgwù, ọbụnadị ndị omeiwu gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu dịka Linah Kilimo, ebubo na ha tozuru oke iji were ha kpọrọ ihe.[39] Onye Maasai na-eme ngagharị iwe Agnes Pareyio na-eme mkpọsa megide omume ahụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, emume ụmụnwanyị na-eme njem na-eme ka a gbanwee ya n'oge na'oge ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe na emume "ịkpụcha okwu" nke gụnyere ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwú n'ọnọdụ ya. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe na iwu na agụmakwụkwọ, omume ahụ ka gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu ma bụrụ nke ndị otu ọdịbendị na-eme n'ụwa niile.[40][54]

Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntutu dị mkpụmkpụ

Mgbe ọ ruru afọ 3 "ọnwa", a na-akpọ nwa ahụ aha ma na-akpụ isi ya dị ọcha ma e wezụga ntutu isi, nke yiri cockade, site n'olu n'olu ruo n'egedege ihu.

N'etiti ndị ikom, ndị agha bụ naanị ndị otu Maasai na-eyi ogologo ntutu, nke ha na-akpa n'ime eriri ndị dị nro.[41] Ngụsị akwụkwọ site na onye agha ruo onye okenye na-ewere ọnọdụ na nnukwu nnọkọ a maara dị ka Eunoto. A na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu nke ndị bụbu ndị agha; ndị okenye ga-eyi ntutu ha dị mkpụmkpụ. A na-asọpụrụ ndị agha na-esoghị ụmụnwanyị na-enwetabeghị emume "Emuatare" karịsịa na nnọkọ Eunoto. [42][57][43]

Ụbọchị abụọ tupu e bi ụmụnwoke úgwù, a na-akpụ isi ha. Mgbe ndị agha na-agafe Eunoto ma ghọọ ndị okenye, a na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu ha.[64]

Egwú ịgba ọsọ ọdịnala
Egwú na abụ nnabata ụmụ nwanyị Maasai n'ime obodo, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Kenya.

Egwú Maasai na-agụnye ụda nke ndị na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ mgbe onye ndu abụ, ma ọ bụ olaranyani, na-abụ egwú ahụ.[44][45] N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, ndị Maasai na-eji polyphony drone eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.

Ụmụnwanyị na-abụ abụ lullabies, abụ na abụ na-eto ụmụ ha. Ndị Namba, usoro nkwekọrịta oku na nzaghachi, ikwughachi ahịrịokwu ndị na-enweghị isi, abụ monophonic, ahịrịokwu a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro na-esote amaokwu ọ bụla a na-abụ n'ogo na-agbadata, na ndị na-abụ abụ na-azaghachi amaokwu ha bụ ihe e ji mara abụ ụmụnwanyị [46] [47] [48][71] Mgbe ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị Maasai gbakọtara ọnụ, ha na-abụ abụ ma na-agba egwú n'etiti onwe ha.

Eunoto, emume ntolite nke onye agha, nwere ike ịgụnye ụbọchị iri ma ọ bụ karịa nke ịbụ abụ, ịgba egwu na ememe. Ndị agha nke Il-Oodokilani na-eme ụdị March-past yana Adumu, ma ọ bụ aigus, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "agba egwu na-awụli elu" site n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị Masai. (Ma adumu ma aigus bụ ngwaa Maa nke pụtara "ịwụli elu" na adumu nke pụtara "Ịwụli elu na ala na ịgba egwú". [49][77] )

Nri

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Onye na-azụ anụ Maasai na-azụ ehi ya n'ime Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania

Dịka omenala si dị, nri ndị Maasai bụ anụ a na-esighị esi, mmiri ara ehi, mmanụ aṅụ na ọbara a na-esi n'ụmụ ehi apụta - rịba ama na ehi ndị Maasai sitere na ụdị Zebu. Ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala ndị Maasai na-elekwasị anya n'ụmụ ehi ha, [50] nke bụ isi ihe oriri ha. Ha na-eri anụ ha, na-aṅụ mmiri ara ha kwa ụbọchị, ma na-ahapụ ọbara ha mgbe ụfọdụ.

N'omenala nna ochie nke na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya dịka ihe onwunwe, a na-atụle akụ na ụba nwoke na ehi, ndị nwunye na ụmụaka. Ìgwè ehi iri ise bụ ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù, ka ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ụmụ na-aka mma. A na-ewere nwoke nwere ọtụtụ ma ọ bụghị nke ọzọ dị ka ogbenye.

Ndị Maasai na-azụkwa ewu na atụrụ, gụnyere atụrụ Red Maasai, nakwa ehi ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa. [51] [82] A na-egbu oke ehi, ewu na nwa atụrụ maka anụ na mmemme pụrụ iche na ememe.

Onye na-ere ọgwụ na ahịhịa ọdịnala nke Maasai

A na-eri ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri ara ehi dịka mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi (ihe a na-emepụta site na ime bọta). Ọnụọgụgụ mmiri ara ehi dị elu site na ụkpụrụ ọ bụla.[52][53]

A na-eri mkpụrụ osisi dị ka nri na-atọ ụtọ. Ha mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke nri ụmụaka na ụmụnwanyị na-elekọta ehi yana ndị agha Maasai (morans) na-eto eto na-eri n'ime ọhịa. [54] [86]

Ụzọ ndụ niile nke ndị Maasai dabere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ehi ha, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi anọwo na-ebelata n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ndị Maasai na-adabere na nri dịka sorghum, osikapa, poteto na cabbage (nke ndị Maasai maara dị ka akwụkwọ ewu). Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 banyere nri ndị Maasai chọpụtara na ihe karịrị 58% nke nri ndị Ma Masai nke oge a bụ nri osisi, ọkachasị ugali na ọka. Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na nri ndị Maasai bụ mmiri ara ehi (ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ esi) na ugali.[55]

Otu echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ndị Maasai bụ na nwa okorobịa ọ bụla kwesịrị igbu ọdụm tupu e bi ya úgwù ma banye n'oge okenye. Ịchụ ọdụm bụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga, mana a machibidoro ya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka - ma a ka na-achụ ọdụm mgbe ha na-egbu anụ ụlọ Maasai.[56][57] Ka o sina dị, igbu ọdụm na-enye mmadụ nnukwu uru na ọnọdụ a ma ama na obodo. [93]

Ọgwụ na nlekọta ahụike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị Maasai na-ejikarị gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe mgbe ha na-eme ọgwụ ha, ọtụtụ ka na-eme, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ọgwụgwọ ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a site na osisi, obere osisi, ogwe osisi, mgbọrọgwụ, wdg. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere isi ha sie na ofe ma rie ha iji melite mgbari na ime ka ọbara dị ọcha.[58] A pụkwara iji ụfọdụ n'ime ọgwụgwọ ndị a mee ihe na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa. Ndị Maasai na-agbakwunye ahịhịa na nri dị iche iche iji zere nsogbu afọ ma nye enyemaka mgbari nri. Ojiji nke ọgwụ sitere na osisi ka bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai.

Ịkụziri ụmụnwanyị Maasai ka ha jiri ụlọọgwụ na ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe ha dị ime enyerela ụmụ ọhụrụ aka idị ndụ. A na-ahụ nke a na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.[96] A na-ahụ ozu nke ndị na-eri ihe jụrụ dị ka nke nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya, ma nwee ike ịkpata ihere ọha na eze; ya mere, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka abụba na ọbara sitere na ehi e gburu egbu kpuchie ozu.

Ebe mgbaba

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ebe mgbaba e ji nsị ehi kpuchie maka igbochi mmiri
  1. ↑ "Lexicon". Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Maasai". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  3. ↑ Alaka dị n'ime ezinụlọ Nile-Sahara. Ewezuga ụfọdụ ndị okenye bi n'ime ime obodo, ihe ka ọtụtụ na ndị Maasai na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọchịchị nke Kenya na Tanzania - Swahili na Bekee.<ref>Berntsen, John L. (Autumn 1976). "The Maasai and Their Neighbors: Variables of Interaction". African Economic History (2): 1–11. doi:10.2307/3601509. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  4. ↑ "2019 Population and Housing Census - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics". www.knbs.or.ke (in Bekee ndị America). Archived from the original on 25 November 2025. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
  5. ↑ A. Okoth & A. Ndaloh, Peak Revision K.C.P.E. Social Studies, East African, p.60–61.
  6. ↑ Collins, Robert O. (2006). The southern Sudan in historical perspective. Transaction Publishers. pp. 9–10.
  7. 1 2 3 "Maasai People". THIRTEEN. PBS. 2001. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  8. ↑ International Labour Office (2000). Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends. International Labour Organization.
  9. ↑ Briggs, Phillip (2006). Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 1-84162-146-3.
  10. ↑ Falola, Toyin (2003). Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 2, 18. ISBN 978-1-58046-134-4. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  11. ↑ "Ecology Books and Journals". Blackwell Publishing. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  12. ↑ "Rinderpest". Ntz.info. 14 February 1997. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  13. ↑ Kitumusote. "History of the Maasai". Kitumusote. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  14. ↑ Adams, Jonathan S. (1996). The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20671-1. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  15. ↑ "Tarangire National Park". Tanzania Parks Adventure. 14 August 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  16. ↑ Singo, Leiyo (2022-08-03). "When Maasaiphobia Became Policy". The Republic (in Bekee ndị United Kingdom). Retrieved 2023-06-07.
  17. ↑ Pavitt, Nigel (2001). Africa's Great Rift Valley. New York: Harry N. Abrams Incorporated. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.
  18. ↑ "archived copy of laleyio.com". 27 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  19. ↑ "The Maasai Tribe - Maasai History And Culture - Kenya Travel Guide". www.siyabona.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  20. 1 2 Tishkoff, Sarah A. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMID 19407144.
  21. ↑ Dobon, Begoña (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports (in Bekee). 5 (1). doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 26017457.
  22. ↑ Pickrell, Joseph K. (2014-02-18). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7): 2632–2637. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24550290.
  23. ↑ Prendergast, Mary E. (2019-07-05). "Ancient DNA Reveals a Multi-Step Spread of the First Herders into Sub-Saharan Africa". Science. 365 (6448). doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 31147405.
  24. 1 2 3 Wood, Elizabeth T. (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–876. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408. PMID 15856073.
  25. ↑ Cruciani (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMID 15042509.
  26. ↑ "The phylogenetic tree based on SNP data – Y-DNA haplogroup E-V22". Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
  27. 1 2 Hassan (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
  28. ↑ Castrì, Loredana (2008). "Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa" (PDF). Journal of Anthropological Science. 86: 189–92. PMID 19934476. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  29. ↑ "African water symbolism and its consequences". Institut.veolia.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  30. ↑ Vries, Manfred F. R. Kets de (17 June 2014). Talking to the Shaman Within: Musings on Hunting (in Bekee). iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4917-3151-2. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  31. ↑ "Society-MASAI". Archived from the original on 4 May 1997. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  32. ↑ "Kenyan Tribes & Religions | Travel to Africa". www.shadowsofafrica.com (in Bekee ndị America). Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  33. ↑ "Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai". East Afr Med J. 72 (4): 207–9. Apr 1995. PMID 7621751.
  34. ↑ "Missing primary teeth due to tooth bud extraction in a remote village in Tanzania". Int J Paediatr Dent. 2 (1): 31–4. Apr 1992. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263x.1992.tb00005.x. PMID 1525129.
  35. ↑ "English - Maa". Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  36. ↑ "Maasai Association". Maasai Association. Archived from the original on 2019-10-27. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  37. ↑ "Maasai Association". Maasai Association. Archived from the original on 2019-10-27. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  38. ↑ "Maasai Ritual of Female Circumcision: Genital Cutting Practiced throughout Africa and Middle East". Orato.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
  39. ↑ "In-depth: Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation". IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. March 2005. Archived from the original on 2012-04-18. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
  40. ↑ Shell-Duncan, Bettina (2013-12-01). "Legislating Change? Responses to Criminalizing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal". Law & Society Review. 47 (4): 803–835. doi:10.1111/lasr.12044. ISSN 0023-9216. PMID 24771947.
  41. ↑ Gilbert, Elizabeth L. (2003). Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-840-9.
  42. ↑ "Maasai People, Kenya". Maasai-association.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  43. ↑ Gilbert, Elizabeth L. (2003). Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-840-9.
  44. ↑ "ilMurran" (in Finnish). ilMurran. 1999-12-04. Archived from the original on 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  45. ↑ "Maasai Music". laleyio.com. 2008-05-27. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  46. ↑ "Homophonic". Music.vt.edu. 2011-11-17. Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  47. ↑ "What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.?". Medieval.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  48. ↑ "Song Structure of Maasai Music". laleyio.com. 2008-05-27. Archived from the original on February 26, 2005. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  49. ↑ "performance of Maasai Music". laleyio.com. 2008-05-27. Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  50. ↑ "Savanna: Folklore". THIRTEEN. PBS. 2001. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  51. ↑ Bekure, ed. (1991). "Maasai herding: An analysis of the livestock production system of Maasai pastoralists in eastern Kajiado District, Kenya" (PDF). International Livestock Centre for Africa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  52. ↑ "The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  53. ↑ Suttie, J.M. "Livestock as food for pastoralists in Africa". Archived from the original on 11 March 2009.
  54. ↑ "Ethnobotany of the Loita Maasai: towards community management of the Forest of the Lost Child; experiences from the Loita Ethnobotany Project; People and plants working paper; Vol.:8; 2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-07. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  55. ↑ Knoll, Nadja (19 August 2011). "High content of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cells of Kenyan Maasai despite low dietary intake". Lipids in Health and Disease. 10 (141). doi:10.1186/1476-511X-10-141. PMID 21854590.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  56. ↑ "Maasai Association". Maasai Association. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  57. ↑ "Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2009.
  58. ↑ Ryan, Kathleen (2000). "Edible Wild Plants as Digestive Aids" (PDF). Ethnoarchaeology in Maasailand. 42 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.

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Uwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nwanyị Maasai na-eyi uwe ya kachasị mma

Uwe ndị Maasai na-anọchi anya ịbụ onye otu agbụrụ, ụdị ndụ ọzụzụ atụrụ, ya na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Site na nke a, ha nwere ike ikpebi ọrụ ha na-arụ maka agbụrụ ahụ. Ihe ịchọ mma nwekwara ike igosi okike, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta, na afọ.[1] ọdịnala ndị Maasai bụ ụzọ isi mata agbụrụ na ihe nnọchianya: ụmụ okorobịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eyi oji rụọ ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe e bichara ha úgwù.

Ndị Maasai malitere iji ákwà owuwe ihe ubi dochie akpụkpọ anụ, Akpụkpọ nwa ehi na akpụkpọ atụrụ n'afọ ndị 1960.

Shúkà bụ okwu Maa maka ákwà ndị a na-eyi ma kechie gburugburu ahụ. Ndị a na-acha uhie uhie, mgbe ụfọdụ jikọtara ya na agba na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. [2] Otu uwe a maara dịka kanga, okwu Swahili, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.[3] Maasai dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike iyi kikoi, uwe yiri sarong nke na-abịa n'ọtụtụ agba na akwa dị iche iche [4][5]

Mmetụta sitere na ụwa dị n'èzí

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụmụ nwanyị Maasai na-arụzi ụlọ na Maasai Mara (1996)

Ụzọ ndụ nke ịzụ atụrụ ọdịnala aghọwo ihe siri ike n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke oge a. Akụkọ Garrett Hardin na-akọwa "ọdachi nke ndị nkịtị", yana "ụlọ ehi" nke Melville Herskovits metụtara ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-eme iwu banyere mmerụ ahụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ Maasai na-akpata n'ala ịkpa anụ savannah. Nke a mechara bụrụ nke ụfọdụ Ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ mmadụ gbaghara. Ndị na-eme iwu ọchịchị mba Briten n'afọ 1951 wepụrụ ndị Maasai niile na ogige Serengeti ma nyefee ha na mpaghara na gburugburu Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA).

Ndị Maasai na-eyi ihe mkpuchi nchebe n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.
Ndị Maasai na-agba ọgba tum tum (2014)

N'ihi ọnụọgụgụ na arị elu, ọnwụ nke ehi n'ihi ọrịa, na enweghị ebe a na-azụ anụ n'ihi ókèala ogige ọhụrụ na asọmpi sitere n'ebo ndị ọzọ, a manyere ndị Maasai ịmepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji kwado onwe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai malitere ịkọ ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma, omume a na-ele anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ụmụnwanyị WaArusha na WaMeru ndị lụrụ ụmụnwoke Maasai mere ka ndị Maasai mara ọrụ ugbo.[6]

N'afọ 1975, mpaghara Nchekwa Ngorongoro machibidoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, na-amanye ebe ahụ isonye na akụnaụba Tanzania. Ha ga-ere anụmanụ na ọgwụ ọdịnala iji zụta nri. E wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ịkụ ihe n'afọ 1992 wee bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai ọzọ. Oke ogige na ịwepu ala ka a na-amachi na-egbochi ebe anụ ụlọ Maasai na-ata ahịhịa.

Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọrụ dị iche iche agbalịwo inyere ndị Maasai aka. Ọrụ ndị a na-enyere aka ịchọta ụzọ isi chekwaa ọdịnala Maasai ma na-agbakwa ụmụ ume mmụta ọgbara ọhụrụ. [7]

Ọrụ na-apụta n'etiti ndị Maasai gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, azụmaahịa, na ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara ọha na nke onwe. [8]

Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai esiwokwa n'ịakwagharị ndụ pụọ gaa n'ọkwá na azụmahịa na ndị ọchịchị.

Ịchụpụ n'ala nna nna ya

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-akọ na a na-elekwasị ndị Maasai anya na mgbọ na gas na-agba mmiri n'ọnwa Juun 2022 na Tanzania, na atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị iji weghara ala Maasai maka mmepe okomoko nke onwe. Ndị ọka iwu, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke mere ka okwu ahụ pụta ìhè kwuru na ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tanzania gbalịrị ịchụpụ ndị Maasai n'ala nna nna ha maka nguzobe ebe nchekwa egwuregwu okomoko site na Otterlo ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa (OBC) maka ndị eze na-achị United Arab Emirates. Ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị 18 Juun afọ 2022, ihe dị ka ndị Maasai 30 merụrụ ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye nwụrụ, n'aka ndị ọchịchị Tanzania Field Force Unit (FFU) mgbe ha na-eme mkpesa maka atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị maka ihe ọ na-azọrọ na ha na-ekewa ala 1500 sq km dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, iwu nke na-emebi iwu ụlọ ikpe ikpe nke East Africa (EACJ) nke 2018 na esemokwu ala ahụ, site na ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Site n'ịgbanwe mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, ndị ọchịchị bu n'uche ịnapụ ebe obibi ndị Maasai na ịta nri n'ógbè ahụ, ndị ọkachamara dọrọ aka ná ntị.[9]

Nke a abụghị oge mbụ a wakporo ala ndị Maasai. Ụlọ ọrụ na-achụ nta nnukwu egwuregwu na ndị ọchịchị awakpowo ìgwè ndị ahụ ogologo oge. Mwakpo n'afọ 2022 bụ mmụba kachasị ọhụrụ, nke hapụrụ ihe karịrị ndị Maasai 150,000 si n'ógbè Loliondo na Ngorongoro dịka United Nations si kwuo. OBC nwere ikike ịchụ nta nke dị na Loliondo, ụlọ ọrụ a na-ekwu na ọ na-ejikọta ya na Ezinụlọ eze Emirati bara ọgaranya dịka ndị ọka iwu Tanzania, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi yana ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ si kwuo. Anuradha Mittal, onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, Oakland ụlọ ọrụ kwuru na OBC abụghị "ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa maka onye ọ bụla, ọ nwere ọrụ maka ezinụlọ eze".[10]

Akụkọ United Nations nke afọ 2019 kọwara OBC dịka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu "nke dị na United Arab Emirates" nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania nyere ikike ịchụ nta n'afọ 1992 na-enye "ezinụlọ eze UAE ohere ịhazi njem ịchụ nta onwe onye" na mgbakwunye na ịgọnarị ndị Maasai ịnweta ala na mmiri nna ha maka ịzụ ehi.[11]

Mgbe a bịa kwutere ya, ndị ọchịchị UAE jụrụ inye nkwupụta ọ bụla. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị OBC kwuru okwu banyere okwu ahụ n'ekwughị banyere njikọ a na-ebo ya na ndị eze Emirati, na-ekwu na "enweghị nchụpụ na Loliondo" ma na-akpọ ya "ebe nchekwa ala" nke ndị ọchịchị nwere.[10]

Ndị Maasai a ma ama

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Linus Kaikai - onye nta akụkọ Kenya na Onye isi oche nke Kenya Editors Guild
  • Francis Ole Kaparo - Onye bụbu Onye isi oche nke National Assembly of Kenya
  • James Ole Kiyiapi - osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Moi na odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministri nke Mmụta na Gọọmentị Obodo
  • Olekina Ledama - Onye guzobere, Nchọpụta Mmụta Maasai
  • Stanley Shapashina Oloitiptip - Onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na minista
  • Josephine Lemoyan - ọkà mmụta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye otu Tanzania nke 2017-2022 East African Legislative Assembly [12]
  • Nice Nailantei Lengete - Nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na kansụl ndị okenye Maasai na Ugwu Kilimanjaro, ma mee ka kansụl ahụ machibido igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị Maasai gafee Kenya na Tanzania
  • Joseph Ole Lenku - odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2012 ruo 2014
  • Mbatian - Onye Amụma nke a gụrụ Batian Peak, ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Kenya,
  • Katoo Ole Metito - Onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Kajiado South
  • Joseph Nkaissery - Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2014 ruo ọnwụ ya na 2017
  • William Ole Ntimama - Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na onye ndú nke obodo Maa
  • Damaris Parsitau - onye na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na ọkà mmụta
  • David Rudisha - onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke mita 800
  • George Saitoti - onye bụbu osote onye isi ala nke Kenya
  • Moses ole Sakuda - onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya
  • Jackson Ole Sapit - Achịbishọp nke isii na Onyeisi nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nke Kenya
  • Edward Sokoine - Praịm Minista nke Tanzania site na 1977 ruo 1980 na ọzọ site na 1983 ruo 1984
  • Sanaipei Tande - onye na-eti egwu na Kenya

Hụkwa

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  • Asụsụ Maasai
  • Okpukpe Maasai
  • Nzukọ nke Maa Civil Society
  • Ụnwụ nri 1899 na etiti Kenya

Ebensibịa

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  1. ↑ Kotowicz, Allison (2013). Maasai Identity in the 21st Century (MS thesis). University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. p. 78 – via African Studies Commons.
  2. ↑ "Maa (Maasai) Dictionary". Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  3. ↑ "Kanga history". Glcom.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  4. ↑ "East Africa Living Encyclopedia". Africa.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  5. ↑ "Klumpp 1987, 105, 30, 31, 67". Smithsonianeducation.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  6. ↑ "THE MAASAI". Africulture (in Bekee). 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
  7. ↑ Siyabona Africa. "The Maasai Tribe, East Africa". Siyabona Africa. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  8. ↑ "Challenges To Traditional Livelihoods And Newly Emerging Employment Patterns Of Pastoralists In Tanzania" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
  9. ↑ "Maasai protesters shot, beaten as Tanzania moves forward with wildlife game reserve". Mongabay Environmental News (in Bekee ndị America). 2022-06-14. Archived from the original on 2022-07-10. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  10. 1 2 "Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land". Financial Times. 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  11. ↑ "Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  12. ↑ "Newest 'Kids' in Tanzania's Political Block". The Citizen. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
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