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Ndị Pashtun

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Ndi Pashtum

 

PashtunsAfghanistan, Western Pakistan, and elsewhere, most of whom are Muslim in religion [C17: from Hindi]|access-date=1 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=\"Fürer-Haimendorf-1985\">{{cite book|last=von Fürer-Haimendorf|first=Christoph|author-link=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf|title=Tribal populations and cultures of the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRSOnRfPAq0C&pg=PA126|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik/2,7|year=1985|publisher=[[E. J. Brill]]|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-07120-2|page=126|oclc=240120731|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>}}"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-34" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Pashtuns#cite_note-34 [g]] bụ Agbụrụ Iran nke bi na ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Afghanistan na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Pakistan. [1] A na-akpọ ha Ndị Afghanistan n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ọbụna n'ime afọ ndị 1970, ọ bụ ezie na iwu nke 1923 malitere iji 'Afghans' dị ka aha mmụọ ọjọọ maka ụmụ amaala niile nke Alaeze ahụ, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ ha, iji mepụta njirimara mba Afghanistan.[h][2][3][4][5]

Ndị Pashtun na-asụ Asụsụ Pashto, nke sitere na alaka Eastern Iran nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Iran. A na-asụ asụsụ Wanetsi karịsịa n'etiti ndị Pashtun nke Agbụrụ Tareen na Pakistan, na Ormuri n'etiti ụmụ Ormur na ndị Wazir Pashtuns. Tụkwasị na nke a, Dari na-eje ozi dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ nke ndị Pashtun na Afghanistan, [6] [7] ebe ndị nọ na Pakistan na-asụ Urdu na Bekee. Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.&quot;},&quot;archive-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;14 March 2018&quot;},&quot;archive-url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042412/http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;dead&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwDAY\">&nbsp;</span><cite about=\"#mwt145\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFHakala2012\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Hakala, Walter N. (2012). </cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-2012Hakala_27-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Pashtuns#cite_note-2012Hakala-27 [3]][8] Na India, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị sitere na Pashtun enweghị ike ikwu Pashto ma na-asụ Hindi na asụsụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị nọ na Iran na-asị Southern Pashto, na Persian dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.[9][10][11]

Ndị Pashtuns mejupụtara agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke nwere nde mmadụ 60-70, na n'etiti agbụrụ 350-400, tinyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ. E nwere echiche dịgasị iche iche maka mmalite maka ndị mmadụ.[12][13][14][15][16][17] N'afọ 2021, Shahid Javed Burki mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtun dị n'agbata nde 60 na nde 70, na nde 15 na Afghanistan. Ndị ọzọ na-anabata ọnụ ọgụgụ nde 15 gụnyere onye nkuzi Britain bụ Tim Willasey-Wilsey yana Abubakar Siddique, onye nta akụkọ na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara Afghanistan. A na-arụ ụka na ọnụ ọgụgụ a n'ihi na enweghi ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị na Afghanistan kemgbe 1979 n'ihi Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ahụ.[18]

Ha bụ agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu na Afghanistan na agbụrụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Pakistan, na-eme ihe dị ka 42-47% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Afghanistan na ihe dị ka 15.4% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Pakistani [19] [20] Na India, obodo ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Pashtun dị na mpaghara ugwu nke Rohilkhand, yana n'obodo ndị India dị ka Delhi na Mumbai.[21][22]

Ebe a na-ekesa ya

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  1. ↑ Dan Caldwell (17 February 2011). Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7666-0. “A majority of Pashtuns live south of the Hindu Kush (the 500-mile mountain range that covers northwestern Pakistan to central and eastern Pakistan) and with some Persian-speaking ethnic groups.” 
  2. ↑ Constitutional History of Afghanistan. Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved on 2010-12-08.
  3. ↑ Constitution of Afghanistan (1923). Afghanistan Online. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved on 2010-12-08.
  4. ↑ Constitution of the Kingdom of Afghanistan – Wikisource, the free online library (en). en.wikisource.org. Retrieved on 29 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Tyler (10 October 2021). Afghanistan Graveyard of Empires: Why the Most Powerful Armies of Their Time Found Only Defeat or Shame in This Land of Endless Wars (in en). Aries Consolidated LLC. ISBN 978-1-387-68356-7. “The largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is that of Pashtuns, who were historically known as the Afghans. The term Afghan is now intended to indicate people of other ethnic groups as well.” 
  6. ↑ Bodetti. "What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?", The New Arab, 11 July 2019.
  7. ↑ Chiovenda (12 November 2019). Crafting Masculine Selves: Culture, War, and Psychodynamics in Afghanistan (in en). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-007355-8. “Niamatullah knew Persian very well, as all the educated Pashtuns generally do in Afghanistan” 
  8. ↑ Saddiqa (2018). "The Role of Pashto (as L1) and Urdu (as L2) in English Language Learning". Linguistics and Literature Review 4 (1): 1–17. DOI:10.29145/2018/llr/040101. ISSN 2221-6510. 
  9. ↑ (1877) "Hindu Society and English Rule" (in English). The Westminster Review 108 (213–214). 
  10. ↑ Green (2017). Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban (in English). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-29413-4. “Many of the communities of ethnic Pashtuns (known as Pathans in India) that had emerged in India over the previous centuries lived peaceably among their Hindu neighbors. Most of these Indo-Afghans lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead spoke Hindi and Punjabi.” 
  11. ↑ Krishnamurthy (28 June 2013). Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection (en). Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Retrieved on 13 March 2018. “Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.”
  12. ↑ Glatzer (2002). The Pashtun Tribal System. Concept Publishers. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved on 25 January 2015.
  13. ↑ Romano (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8239-3863-8. Retrieved on 17 October 2010. 
  14. ↑ Syed Saleem Shahzad (20 October 2006). Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies. Retrieved on 22 April 2010.
  15. ↑ Ethnic map of Afghanistan. Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society (2003). Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved on 24 October 2010.
  16. ↑ Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993). SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved on 18 February 2016.
  17. ↑ Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan? (en). ThoughtCo. Retrieved on 14 August 2022.
  18. ↑ Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimate. United Nations world data form. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved on 2 August 2020.
  19. ↑ South Asia :: Pakistan – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved on 24 February 2019.
  20. ↑ What Languages Are Spoken in Pakistan?. World atlas (30 July 2019).
  21. ↑ Canfield (4 October 2010). Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small (in English). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-92750-8. “By the late-eighteenth century perhaps 100,000 "Afghan" or "Puthan" migrants had established several generations of political control and economic consolidation within numerous Rohilkhand communities” 
  22. ↑ "Pakhtoons in Kashmir", The Hindu, 20 July 1954. Retrieved on 28 November 2012. “Over a lakh Pakhtoons living in Jammu and Kashmir as nomad tribesmen without any nationality became Indian subjects on July 17. Batches of them received certificates to this effect from the Kashmir Prime Minister, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, at village Gutligabh, 17 miles from Srinagar.”

Afghanistan na Pakistan

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Ndị Pashtun gbasasịrị n'egbè buru ibu, na ndịda Osimiri Amu na ọdịda anyanwụ Osimiri Indus. A na-ahụ ha n'ebe niile na Afghanistan na Pakistan.[1] Obodo ukwu ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtun kachasị na ya gụnyere Jalalabad, Kandahar, Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Khost, Kohat, Lashkar Gah, Mardan, Ghazni, Mingora, Peshawar, Quetta, tinyere ndị ọzọ. Ndị Pashtun na-ebikwa na Abbottabad, Farah, Herat, Islamabad, Kabul, Karachi, Kunduz, Lahore, Mazar-i-Sharif, Mianwali, na Attock. [citation needed]

Obodo Karachi, bụ isi obodo akụ na ụba nke Pakistan, bụ ebe obibi obodo ukwu nke ndị Pashtun n'ụwa, nke ka ibu karịa nke Kabul na Peshawar. N'otu aka ahụ, Islamabad, bụ isi obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ahụ, na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nnukwu etiti obodo nke ndị Pashtun. Onu ogugu Karịrị pasent 20 nke ndị bi na obodo ahụ bụ ndị na-asụ Pashto. [citation needed]

India

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Ndị Pashtuns nọ n'India na-ekwukarị na ha bụ Pathans (okwu Hindustani maka Pashtun), ma ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ na-ezo aka n'ụzọ a. [i][1][2][3] Ụfọdụ ndị India na-ekwu na ha sitere na ndị agha Pashtun bi na India site n'ịlụ ụmụ nwanyị obodo ahụ n'oge mmeri ndị Alakụba na mpaghara India.[4]

Ọtụtụ ndị Pathan họọrọ ibi na Republic of India mgbe nkewa nke India gasịrị. Khan Mohammad Atif, prọfesọ na Mahadum Lucknow, na-eme atụmatụ na "Ndị bi na Pathans na India bụ okpukpu abụọ nke ndị bi na Afghanistan".[5]

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Pashtuns biri n'obodo dị iche iche nke India tupu na n'oge British Raj na India. Ndị a gụnyere Bombay (nke a na-akpọ Mumbai ugbu a), Farrukhabad, Delhi, Calcutta, Sahara, Rohilkhand, Jaipur, na Bangalore.[6][7][8] Ndị bi ebe ahụ sitere na Pashtun nke Pakistan na Afghanistan nke oge a (British India tupu 1947). N'ógbè ụfọdụ dị na India, a na-akpọ ha Kabuliwala mgbe ụfọdụ.[9]

Na India, obodo ndị dị mkpa nke Pashtun dị.[10][4] Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-asụ Pashto na mba ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ naanị 21,677 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, atụmatụ nke agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị nna nna Pashtun bi na India sitere na 3,200,000[11][12][13] ruo 11,482,000,[14] ruo okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na Afghanistan (ihe dị ka nde 30). [j]

Ebe ndị Pashtun bi na Pakistan na Afghanistan (gụnyere ókèala ndịda nke Soviet Union, ókèala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Iran, na ókèala ndị dịkwa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke India na Pakistan), na mbido afọ 1980.

A na-akpọ mpaghara Rohilkhand nke Uttar Pradesh aha obodo Rohilla nke ndị nna nna Pashtun; Ụlọ Eze nke Rampur, usoro ndị eze Pashtunised Jat na-achịkwa mpaghara ahụ.[15] Ha bikwa na steeti Maharashtra dị n'etiti India na West Bengal dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ India nke ọ bụla nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị otu nde nwere ndị nna nna Pashtun; ma Bombay na Calcutta bụ ebe ndị isi Pashtun si Afghanistan kwabata n'oge ọchịchị. [14][16] E nwekwara ndị bi na ya karịrị 100,000 onye ọ bụla n'obodo Jaipur dị na Rajasthan na Bangalore dị na Karnataka.[14] Bombay (nke a na-akpọ Mumbai ugbu a) na Calcutta nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtun karịrị 1 nde, ebe Jaipur na Bangalore nwere atụmatụ nke ihe dị ka 100,000. Ndị Pashtun nọ na Bangalore gụnyere ụmụnne Khan Feroz, Sanjay na Akbar Khan, ndị nna ha si Ghazni biri na Bangalores.[17]

N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, mgbe ndị Britain na-anakọta ndị ọrụ ugbo site na British India dị ka ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Caribbean, South Africa na ebe ndị ọzọ, e zigara Rohillas na Trinidad, Surinam, Guyana, na Fiji, ịrụ ọrụ n'ubi okpete ma rụọ ọrụ aka.[18] Ọtụtụ nọrọ ma guzobe obodo nke ha. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha jikọtara ha na mba ndị Alakụba ndị ọzọ dị na South Asia iji mepụta otu obodo ndị Alakụga India na obodo ndị India buru ibu, na-efunahụ ihe nketa ha pụrụ iche. Ụfọdụ ndị Pashtun gara Australia n'otu oge ahụ.[19]

Taa, ndị Pashtuns bụ nchịkọta nke obodo dịgasị iche iche dị n'ofe ogologo na obosara nke India, ebe ndị kasị ukwuu bi na mbara ala nke ugwu na etiti India.[20][21] [j] Mgbe nkewa nke India gasịrị na 1947, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kwagara Pakistan.[20] Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun India bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Urdu, ndị sonyere n'ime obodo n'ime ọgbọ. Ndị Pashtuns enweela mmetụta ma nye aka na ngalaba dị iche iche na India, ọkachasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na egwuregwu. [j]

Iran

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A na-ahụkwa ndị Pashtuns na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu nke Iran.[22] Ihe ndekọ dị ka n'etiti afọ 1600 na-akọ na Durrani Pashtuns bi na mpaghara Khorasan nke Safavid Iran. [23] Mgbe ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi nke ndị Ghilji Pashtun na Iran gasịrị, Nader Shah meriri onye ọchịchị Ghilji ikpeazụ nwere onwe ya nke Kandahar, Hussain Hotak. Iji chekwaa ikike Durrani na ndịda Afghanistan, Nader Shah chụpụrụ Hussain Hotak na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Ghilji Pashtuns na mpaghara Mazandaran dị n'ebe ugwu Iran. Ndị fọdụrụ n'obodo a a chụgara n'ala ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha bụ ndị a nabatara, na-aga n'ihu na-azọrọ na ha bụ ụmụ Pashtun.[24] N'oge mmalite narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, n'ime afọ ole na ole, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Durrani Pashtuns na Khorasan nke Iran, mụbara nke ukwuu. [k] Mgbe e mesịrị, mpaghara ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Durrani n'onwe ya. A mụrụ eze Durrani nke abụọ nke Afghanistan, Timur Shah Durrani na Mashhad . [25] N'oge ọchịchị Durrani n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, Azad Khan Afghan, onye Ghilji Pashtun, onye nke abụọ na-elekọta Azerbaijan n'oge Ọchịchị Afsharid, nwetara ike na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Iran na Azerbaijan maka obere oge.[26] Dabere na nyocha nyocha na 1988, pasent 75 nke ndị Afghanistan niile gbara ọsọ ndụ na mpaghara ndịda nke mpaghara Khorasan nke Iran bụ ndị Durrani Pashtuns. [l]

Na mpaghara ndị ọzọ

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Ndị Pashtun India na Pakistani ejirila njikọ British / Commonwealth nke mba ha, e guzobere obodo ndị dị ugbu a malite n'afọ ndị 1960 karịsịa na United Kingdom, Canada, Australia kamakwa na mba ndị ọzọ (na United States). Ụfọdụ ndị Pashtun ebiela na Middle East, dịka na Arabian Peninsula. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe dị ka ndị Pashtun 300,000 kwagara mba Persian Gulf n'etiti 1976 na 1981, na-anọchite anya 35% nke Ndị Pakistan kwagara.[27] Ndị Pakistan na ndị Afghanistan bi gburugburu ụwa gụnyere ndị Pashtun.

Okwu mmalite

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Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie: Pashtun

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Otu agbụrụ a na-akpọ Pakthās, otu n'ime agbụrụ ndị lụsoro Sudas ọgụ na Dasarajna, ma ọ bụ "Agha nke Ndị Eze Iri", a kpọtụrụ aha na mandala nke asaa nke Rigveda, ederede nke ukwe Vedic Sanskrit nke e dere n'etiti c. 1500 na 1200 BCE: [28]

Heinrich Zimmer jikọtara ha na agbụrụ Herodotus (Pactyans) kpọtụrụ aha na 430 BCE na Akụkọ ihe mere eme:[29]

Ụfọdụ Pactyans bi na ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Achaemenid Arachosia Satrapy kemgbe mbụ narị afọ nke mbu BCE, nke bụ Afghanistan taa. Herodotus kọkwara banyere otu agbụrụ a maara dị ka Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται). Thomas Holdich jikọtara ha na agbụrụ Afridi:[30][31][32]Templeeti:Ethnic groups in PakistanJoseph Marquart jikọtara ndị Pashtun na aha ndị dị ka Parsiētai (Παρσιῆται), Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) nke Ptolemy depụtara na 150 OA:[33][34]Templeeti:Iranian peoplesStrabo, onye Gris na-amụ banyere ala, na Geographica (nke e dere n'etiti 43 BC na 23 AD) kwuru maka agbụrụ Scythian Pasiani (Πασια Greece), nke a makwaara na Pashtuns n'ihi na Pashto bụ asụsụ Eastern-Iranian, dịka Asụsụ Scythian:[35][36][37][38][39]Templeeti:Pashtun nationalismA na-ewere nke a dị ka nsụgharị dị iche nke Parsioi (Πάρσιοι) nke Ptolemy.[38] Johnny Cheung, na-atụgharị uche na Parsioi nke Ptolemy (Πάρσιοι) na Pasiani nke Strabo (Πασια Greece) na-ekwu, sị: "Ụdị abụọ ahụ na-egosi obere nnọchi anya ụdaume, ya bụ, nke υ maka ι, na ọnwụ nke r na Pasianoi bụ n'ihi nnọgidesi ike sitere na Asianoi bu ya ụzọ. Ya mere, ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị nna nna (asụsụ) nke Pashtuns nke oge a". [40][40]

Nkwupụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke etiti: Afghan

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N'Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya ruo mgbe Afghanistan nke oge a malitere na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a na-akpọkarị ndị Pashtun "Afghans". [m] Echiche etymological nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta a ma ama kwadoro bụ na aha Afghan doro anya sitere na Sanskrit [./<i id=]aśva" id="mwAw4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aśvaka">Aśvakan, ma Ọ bụ. Assakenoi nke Arrian, nke bụ aha e ji mee ihe maka ndị bi na Hindu Kush n'oge ochie. Aśvakan pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ndị na-agba ịnyịnya", "ndị ịzụ ịnyịnya", ma ọ bụ "Ndị agha ịnyịnya" (site na aśva ma ọ bụ aspa, okwu Sanskrit na Avestan maka "ịnyịnya"). [41] Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Christian Lassen, J. W. McCrindle, M. V. de Saint Martin, na É. Onye a tọhapụrụ,

Akwụkwọ Bactrian na edemede Grik site na narị afọ nke anọ na-ekwu maka okwu Afghan (αβγανανο): "Nye Ormuzd Bunukan site na Bredag Watanan, onyeisi ndị Afghanistan"

Ebe mbụ a kpọtụrụ aha Abgan (Abgân) bụ site n'aka Shapur I nke Alaeze Ukwu Sassanid n'oge narị afọ nke atọ OA, [42] Na narị afọ nke anọ, a kpọturu okwu ahụ bụ "Afghans / Afghanistan" (αβγανανο) dị ka ihe na-ezo aka n'otu ndị mmadụ na akwụkwọ Bactrian a chọtara na Northern Afghanistan. [43][44]

  1. ↑ George Morton-Jack (24 February 2015). The Indian Army on the Western Front South Asia Edition. Cambridge University Press, 3–. ISBN 978-1-107-11765-5. “'Pathan', an Urdu and a Hindi term, was usually used by the British when speaking in English. They preferred it to 'Pashtun', 'Pashtoon', 'Pakhtun' or 'Pukhtun', all Pashtu versions of the same word, which the frontier tribesmen would have used when speaking of themselves in their own Pashtu dialects.” 
  2. ↑ Memons, Khojas, Cheliyas, Moplahs ... How Well Do You Know Them?. Islamic Voice. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
  3. ↑ Pathan. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved on 7 November 2007.
  4. 1 2 Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved on 30 January 2008.
  5. ↑ Alavi (11 December 2008). Indian Pathans to broker peace in Afghanistan. Hindustan Times.
  6. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "CanfieldPaleczek".
  7. ↑ Haleem (24 July 2007). Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved on 1 July 2020.
  8. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "The Hindu".
  9. ↑ "The 'Kabuliwala' Afghans of Kolkata", BBC News, 23 May 2015.
  10. ↑ Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2001. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (2001). Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved on 17 March 2008.
  11. ↑ Ali. "Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's great granddaughter seeks citizenship for 'Phastoons' in India", Daily News and Analysis, 15 February 2018. Retrieved on 2 November 2023. “Interacting with mediapersons on Wednesday, Yasmin, the president of All India Pakhtoon Jirga-e-Hind, said that there were 32 lakh Phastoons in the country who were living and working in India but were yet to get citizenship.”
  12. ↑ Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans (en). The News International (16 February 2018). Retrieved on 28 May 2020.
  13. ↑ Bhattacharya (15 February 2018). Frontier Gandhi's granddaughter urges Centre to grant citizenship to Pathans (en). The Indian Express. Retrieved on 28 May 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 Pashtun in India. Joshua Project.
  15. ↑ Frey (16 September 2020). The Indian Rebellion, 1857–1859: A Short History with Documents (in en). Hackett Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62466-905-7. 
  16. ↑ Finnigan (29 October 2018). "The Kabuliwala represents a dilemma between the state and migratory history of the world" – Shah Mahmoud Hanifi. London School of Economics.
  17. ↑ "Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70", Dawn, 27 April 2009. Retrieved on 6 June 2020.
  18. ↑ Afghans of Guyana. Wahid Momand. Afghanland.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2006. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
  19. ↑ Northern Pashtuns in Australia. Joshua Project.
  20. 1 2 Jasim Khan (27 December 2015). Being Salman. Penguin Books Limited, 34, 35, 37, 38–. ISBN 978-81-8475-094-2. “Superstar Salman Khan is a Pashtun from the Akuzai clan...One has to travel roughly forty-five kilometres from Mingora towards Peshawar to reach the nondescript town of Malakand. This is the place where the forebears of Salman Khan once lived. They belonged to the Akuzai clan of the Pashtun tribe...” 
  21. ↑ Swarup. "The Kingdom of Khan", Open, 27 January 2011. Retrieved on 6 June 2020.
  22. ↑ Windfuhr (13 May 2013). Iranian Languages. Routledge, 703–731. ISBN 978-1-135-79704-1. 
  23. ↑ DORRĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved on 4 April 2021.
  24. ↑ ḠILZĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved on 4 April 2021. “Nāder Shah also defeated the last independent Ḡalzay ruler of Qandahār, Shah Ḥosayn Hotak, Shah Maḥmūd's brother in 1150/1738. Shah Ḥosayn and large numbers of the Ḡalzī were deported to Mazandarān (Marvī, pp. 543–52; Lockhart, 1938, pp. 115–20). The remnants of this once sizable exiled community, although assimilated, continue to claim Ḡalzī Pashtun descent.”
  25. ↑ Dalrymple (2017). Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-8885-8. 
  26. ↑ ĀZĀD KHAN AFḠĀN. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved on 4 April 2021.
  27. ↑ Jaffrelot (2002). Pakistan: nationalism without a nation?. Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277-117-5. Retrieved on 22 August 2010. 
  28. ↑ Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 7: HYMN XVIII. Indra.. sacred-texts.com. Retrieved on 2 November 2020.
  29. ↑ Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 102, section 1. perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 2 November 2020.
  30. ↑ Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 91, section 4. perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 3 November 2020.
  31. ↑ Dani (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0. 
  32. ↑ Holdich (12 March 2019). The Gates of India, Being an Historical Narrative. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 28, 31. ISBN 978-0-530-94119-6. 
  33. ↑ Ptolemy (1998). Geography, book 6: Middle East, Central and North Asia, China. Part 1. Text and English/German translations (in el). Reichert. ISBN 978-3-89500-061-4. 
  34. ↑ Marquart. Untersuchungen zur geschichte von Eran II (1905) (in de). 
  35. ↑ Strabo, Geography, BOOK XI., CHAPTER VIII., section 2. perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved on 7 November 2020.
  36. ↑ Sagar (1 January 1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-7211-028-4. “According to Strabo (c. 54 B.C., A.D. 24), who refers to the authority of Apollodorus of Artemia [sic], the Greeks of Bactria became masters of Ariana, a vague term roughly indicating the eastern districts of the Persian empire, and of India.” 
  37. ↑ (1990) in Sinor: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9. “"All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group..."” 
  38. 1 2 Humbach (2012). Herodotus's Scythians and Ptolemy's Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies. Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89500-887-0. 
  39. ↑ Alikuzai (October 2013). A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4907-1441-7. 
  40. 1 2 Cheung. Cheung2017-On the Origin of the Terms "Afghan" & "Pashtun" (Again) – Gnoli Memorial Volume.pdf.
  41. ↑ Majumdar [1952] (1977). Ancient India, Reprinted, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8-12080-436-4. 
  42. ↑ Noelle-Karimi (2002). Afghanistan -a country without a state?. University of Michigan, United States: IKO. ISBN 3-88939-628-3. Retrieved on 24 September 2010. “The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the 3rd century, and it appears in India in the form of 'Avagana'...” 
  43. ↑ Balogh (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History (in en). Barkhuis. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4. “[ To Ormuzd Bunukan, ... greetings and homage from ... ), Pithe ( sot ] ang ( ? ) of Parpaz ( under ) [ the glorious ) yabghu of [ Heph ] thal, the chief ... of the Afghans” 
  44. ↑ Sims-Williams (2000). Bactrian documents from northern Afghanistan. Oxford: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-874780-92-7. 

E mechara dekọọ aha Afghan na narị afọ nke isii OA n'ụdị "Avagāṇa" [1] site n'aka onye India na-enyocha mbara igwe bụ Varāha Mihira na Brihat-samhita ya.[2][3]Okwu Afghan pụtakwara na 982 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, ebe a na-ezo aka n'obodo nta, Saul, nke nwere ike ịdị nso na Gardez, Afghanistan.

  Otu akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwukwa banyere eze nọ na Ninhar (Nangarhar), onye nwere ndị inyom Alakụba, ndị Afghanistan na ndị Hindu.[4] Na narị afọ nke iri na otu, a kpọtụrụ ndị Afghanistan aha na Tarikh-ul Hind ("Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Indus") nke Al-Biruni, nke na-akọwa ìgwè ndị Afghanistan na-enupụ isi n'ala agbụrụ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Indus n'ihe bụ Pakistan taa.

Al-Utbi, onye na-ede akụkọ Ghaznavid, na Tarikh-i Yamini ya dere na ọtụtụ ndị Afghanistan na Khiljis (ma eleghị anya Ghilji nke oge a) sonyere n'usuu ndị agha Sabuktigin mgbe e meriri Jayapala.[5] Al-Utbi gara n'ihu kwuo na ndị Afghanistan na Ghiljis sonyeere ndị agha Mahmud Ghaznavi ma zigara ha na njem ya na Tocharistan, ebe n'oge ọzọ Mahmud Ghaznvi wakporo ma nye otu ndị Afghanistan na-emegide ya ntaramahụhụ, dịka Abulfazl Beyhaqi kwadoro. E dekwara na ndị Afghanistan debanyere aha na Ghurid Kingdom (1148-1215). [6] Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke usoro ndị eze Khilji na 1290, a maara ndị Afghanistan nke ọma n'ebe ugwu India.

Ibn Battuta, mgbe ọ gara Afghanistan na-esote oge nke usoro ndị eze Khilji, dekwara banyere ndị Afghanistan.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmalite

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Ndị Arachosia Satrapy na Ndị Pactyan n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid na 500 BCE 

Ọdịdị agbụrụ Pashtun edoghị anya. E nwere ọtụtụ echiche na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'etiti ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị Pashtun n'onwe ha. Ndị ọkà mmụta nke oge a kwenyere na ọ bụghị ndị Pashtun niile nwere otu mmalite. Ndị nna nna mbụ nke ndị Pashtun nke oge a nwere ike ịbụ ndị agbụrụ Iran ochie gbasara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Iran.[7] [n] Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme enwetala ihe ndị metụtara agbụrụ dị iche iche nke Indo-Aryan oge ochie a na-akpọ Pakthas (Pactyans) n'etiti puku afọ Nke abụọ na nke mbụ BC,[8][9][10] ọ bụ ezie na dị ka Richard N. Frye si kwuo, njirimara nke Pashtuns na Pakhtas bụ naanị ịkọ nkọ na egosighi. Ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Georg Morgenstierne na-atụ aro na e si na Parsa ma ọ bụ Parswana nweta Pashto.[11]

Mohan Lal kwuru na 1846 na "mmalite nke Ndị Afghanistan bụ ihe a na-amaghị ama, na ọ dịghị onye, ọbụlagodi n'etiti ndị kasị ochie na ndị maara ihe n'ebo ahụ, nwere ike inye ozi na-eju afọ na nke a. " [12] Ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na otu mmalite nke ndị Pashtun agaghị ekwe omume kama ha bụ njikọ agbụrụ.Templeeti:Ethnic groups in Pakistan

Mmalite asụsụ

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Ihe a tụrụ atụ nke onye agha Saka na Termez, Uzbekistan

A na-ahazi Pashto dị ka asụsụ Eastern Iran. [o] [13] Ọ na-ekerịta atụmatụ ya na Asụsụ Munji, nke bụ asụsụ kachasị nso na Bactrian, [14] mana ọ na-ekerịkwa atụmatụ ya na afaan Sogdian, yana Khwarezmian, Shughni, Sanglechi, na Khotanese Saka.[15] [p]

Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na Pashto nwere ike ịmalite na mpaghara Badakhshan ma jikọta ya na Saka_language" id="mwBCo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saka language">Asụsụ Saka yiri nke Khotanese. [q] N'ezie, onye isi asụsụ Georg Morgenstierne akọwaala Pashto dị ka olumba Saka na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ achọpụtala myirịta dị n'etiti Pashto na asụsụ ndị ọzọ Saka, na-atụ aro na ndị na-asụ Pashto mbụ nwere ike ịbụ otu Saka.[16][17] Ọzọkwa, Pashto na Ossetian, asụsụ ọzọ sitere na Scythian, na-ekerịta okwu na okwu ha nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Eastern Iran na-enweghị. Cheung na-atụ aro isogloss dị n'etiti Pashto na ossetian nke ọ na-akọwa site na ire okwu Saka na-enweghị akwụkwọ a na-asụ nso na Old Pashto nke a rụgharịrị arụgharị nke nwere ike ịsụ n'ebe ugwu nke Oxus n'oge ahụ. [18][19] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ atụwo aro nna nna Iran nke tọrọ ya n'ihi njikọ ya na Old Avestan. [r]

Ebe dị iche iche

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Dị ka otu ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche si kwuo, ndị Pashtun sitere na agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere Tatar-linkid="564" href="./Persians" id="mwBEo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Persians">Ndị Peshia, Ndị Gris, Ndị Turkey, Ndị Arab, Ndị Bactrian, ndị Dard, Ndị Scythian, ndị Tartar, ndị Huns (Hephthalites), Ndị Mongol, Ndị Moghal (Mughals), na onye ọ bụla ọzọ gafere mpaghara ebe ndị Pashtun a bi. Na mberede, nke a gụnyere njikọ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ndị Israel.[20] [s]

Ụfọdụ agbụrụ Pashtun na-azọrọ na ha sitere na Ndị Arab, gụnyere ụfọdụ na-azọ na ha bụ Sayyids.

Otu akụkọ ihe mere eme jikọtara ndị Pashtun na ihe nwere ike ịbụ n'oge gara aga n'Ijipt oge ochie mana nke a enweghị ihe akaebe na-akwado ya.[21]

Henry Walter Bellew, onye dere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ọdịbendị Afghanistan, kwuru na ụfọdụ ndị na-azọrọ na ndị Bangash Pashtuns nwere njikọ na Ismail Samani.[22]

Mmalite Gris

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Dị ka Firasat et al. 2007 si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị Pashtuns nwere ike isite na ndị Gris, mana ha na-atụkwa aro na ndị nna nna Gris nwekwara ike isite n'aka ndị ohu Gris nke Xerxes nke Mbụ wetara.[23]

A pụkwara ịchọpụta ndị nna nna Gris nke ndị Pashtun na ndabere nke otu homologous. Haplogroup J2 sitere na ndị Semitic, a na-ahụkwa haplogroup a na 6.5% nke ndị Gris na Pashtuns na 55.6% nke ndị Israel.[24]

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkà mmụta si n'ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha emeela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Pashtuns. A na-eme nnyocha banyere ihe nketa ndị Gris nke Ndị Pashtun Pakistani. N'ime nnyocha a, Ndị Pashtun, Kalash, na Burusho ga-abụ ndị sitere na ndị agha Alexander.[25]

Henry Walter Bellew (1834-1892) nwere echiche na ndị Pashtun nwere ike ịgwakọta mgbọrọgwụ Greek na Indian Rajput.[26][27]

Mgbe Alexander biri obere, steeti nọchiri anya Alaeze Ukwu Seleucid gbasaa mmetụta ya na ndị Pashtun ruo 305 BCE mgbe ha hapụrụ ikike ịchịkwa Alaeze Ukwu Maurya nke India dị ka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta njikọ aka.[28] 

Ụfọdụ ìgwè si Peshawar na Kandahar kwenyere na ha sitere na Ndị Gris bịara na Alexander the Great.[29]

Mmalite Hephthalite

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Dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, agbụrụ Ghilji na Ndị Khalaj ejikọtala ya.[30] N'ịgbaso al-Khwarizmi, Josef Markwart kwuru na Khalaj bụ ihe fọdụrụ na njikọ Hephthalite. Ndị Hephthalites nwere ike ịbụ ndị Indo-Iranian, ọ bụ ezie na echiche na ha sitere na Turkic Gaoju [31] "yiri ka ha bụ ndị a ma ama ugbu a. [155] Ndị Khalaj nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-asụ Asụsụ Turkic na mbụ ma jikọta ha na agbụrụ ndị na-ekwu asụsụ Pashto nke Iran n'oge etiti oge.[32]

Otú ọ dị, dị ka onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Sims-Williams si kwuo, akwụkwọ ndị e gwupụtara n'ala anaghị akwado aro ahụ na ndị Khalaj bụ ndị nọchiri ndị Hephthalites, [33] ebe dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme V. Minorsky si kwuo, ndị Khala j "ma eleghị anya naanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere njikọ na ndị Hephtalites". [30]

Dị ka Georg Morgenstierne si kwuo, agbụrụ Durrani nke a maara dị ka "Abdali" tupu e guzobe Alaeze Ukwu Durrani 1747, [34] nwere ike ijikọta ya na Ndị Hephthalite; [35] Aydogdy Kurbanov kwadoro echiche a nke na-atụ aro na mgbe ọdịda nke njikọ Hephthalite, Hephtalite nwere ike ịbata n'ime ndị bi n'ógbè dị iche iche.[36]

Dị ka The Cambridge History of Iran Mpịakọta nke 3, Mbipụta 1, agbụrụ Ghilji nke Afghanistan bụ ụmụ Hephthalites.[37]

Anthropology na ọdịnala a na-ekwu okwu

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Echiche nke ụmụ Pashtun sitere na ndị Izrel

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Templeeti:Iranian peoplesỤfọdụ ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na-akwado omenala ndị agbụrụ Pashtun n'onwe ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka Encyclopaedia of Islam si kwuo, echiche nke ụmụ Pashtun sitere na ndị Izrel sitere na Nimat Allah al-Harawi, onye chịkọtara akụkọ ihe mere eme maka Khan-e-Jehan Lodhi n'oge ọchịchị nke Eze Ukwu Mughal Jehangir na narị afọ nke iri na asaa.[38] Narị afọ nke iri na atọ Tabaqat-i Nasiri na-atụle ebe obibi nke onye mbịarambịa Bani Israel na ngwụcha narị afọ nke asatọ OA na mpaghara Ghor nke Afghanistan, ebe obibi nke ihe odide ndị Juu na Ghor kwadoro. Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme André Wink na-atụ aro na akụkọ ahụ "nwere ike ịnwe ihe na-egosi echiche dị ịrịba ama banyere mmalite ndị Juu nke ụfọdụ agbụrụ ndị Afghanistan nke a na-akwado mgbe niile na akụkọ ihe mere n'Afghanistan. " Ihe ndị a na-ezo aka na Bani Israel kwekọrọ n'echiche ndị Pashtun na mgbe agbụrụ iri na abụọ nke Israel gbasara, agbụrụ Josef, n'etiti agbụrụ ndị Hibru ndị ọzọ, biri na mpaghara Afghanistan. [39] Omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ juru ebe niile n'etiti agbụrụ Pashtun. E nweela ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbe ochie kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ụmụ sitere n'ebo Iri furu efu mgbe ìgwè ndị a tọghatara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Islam. N'ihi ya, aha agbụrụ Yusufzai na Pashto sụgharịrị "nwa Josef". Ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kọrọ akụkọ yiri nke ahụ, gụnyere narị afọ nke 14 Ibn Battuta na narị afọ nke 16 Ferishta. Otú ọ dị, a pụkwara ịchọta myirịta nke aha na ọnụnọ nke Arabic site na Islam.

Echiche a nke mmalite ndị Juu Pashtun agọnahụla n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma na-ekwu na nkwupụta Bible ya bụ akụkọ ifo, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya ekwekọghị, nkwupụta ala ya enweghị nkwekọ, nkwupụta asụsụ ya enweghị nkwenye.[40]

Otu okwu na-emegiderịta onwe ya na nkwenye na ndị Pashtuns sitere na Ndị Izrel bụ na onye na-achị Asiria chụgara agbụrụ iri furu efu, ebe Maghzan-e-Afghani na-ekwu na onye na'ọchịchị nyere ha ohere ịga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Afghanistan. Enwere ike ịkọwa enweghị nkwekọ a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na Peasia nwetara ala nke Alaeze Ukwu Asiria oge ochie mgbe ọ meriri Alaeze Ukwu nke ndị Midia na Babilọn nke Kaldea, nke meriri Asiria ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga. Mana ọ dịghị onye edemede oge ochie kwuru banyere mbufe dị otú ahụ nke ndị Izrel n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị ihe odide oge ochie na-abụghị nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-ezo aka n'ebo Iri ahụ furu efu.[41]

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afghanistan ekwuola na ndị Pashtun nwere njikọ na ndị Izrel oge ochie. Mohan Lal hotara Mountstuart Elphinstone onye dere, sị:Templeeti:Pashtun nationalismA katọrọ echiche a maka enweghị ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme. Zaman Stanizai katọrọ echiche a: [42]

Dị ka ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa si kwuo, ndị Pashtun nwere R1a1a*-M198 modal halogroup karịa ndị Juu: [43]

Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ

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Afghan Amir Sher Ali Khan (n'etiti ya na nwa ya nwoke) na ndị nnọchi anya ya na Ambala, nso Lahore, na 1869

Oge gara aga ha nke oge a laghachiri na Delhi Sultanate (Khalji na Lodi dynasty), Hotak dynasty na Durrani Empire. Ndị Ọchịchị Hotak nupụụrụ Ndị Safavid isi ma weghara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Peshia site na 1722 ruo 1729.[44] Nke a sochiri mmeri nke Ahmad Shah Durrani onye bụbu onye isi ndị agha nọ n'okpuru Nader Shah na onye guzobere Alaeze Ukwu Durrani, nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ n'ime ihe bụ Afghanistan ugbu a, Pakistan, Kashmir, Indian Punjab, yana mpaghara Kohistan na Khorasan nke Iran. Mgbe ọdịda nke usoro ndị eze Durrani na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 19 n'okpuru Shuja Shah Durrani, usoro ndị eze Barakzai weghaara alaeze ukwu ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ndị Mohamedzais chịrị ọchịchị Afghanistan site na 1826 ruo na njedebe nke ọchịchị Zahir Shah na 1973.

N'oge a na-akpọ "Great Game" nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, asọmpi dị n'etiti alaeze ukwu Britain na Russian bara uru nye ndị Pashtuns nke Afghanistan n'iguzogide nchịkwa mba ọzọ na ijigide ogo nke nnwere onwe (lee Siege of Malakand). Otú ọ dị, n'oge ọchịchị Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901), Durand Line kewara mpaghara Pashtun na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - mpaghara ndị ga-aghọ ọdịda anyanwụ Pakistan dara n'ime British India n'ihi ókèala.

Onye ndú nke Khudai Khidmatgar na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a na-akpọkwa "Red shirts", Bacha Khan, na-eguzo na Mohandas Gandhi

Na narị afọ nke 20, ọtụtụ ndị isi Pashtun na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bi n'okpuru ọchịchị Britain nke India na-adịghị ekewa kwadoro Nnwere onwe India, gụnyere Ashfaqulla Khan, [45] [46] Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai, Ajmal Khattak, Bacha Khan na nwa ya nwoke Wali Khan (ha abụọ bụ ndị otu Khudai Khidmatgar), ma bụrụ ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mohandas Gandhi na-enweghị ihe ike nke iguzogide. [47] Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun rụkwara ọrụ na Njikọ ndị Alakụba iji lụọ ọgụ maka Pakistan nwere onwe ya site na mmegide na-abụghị ime ihe ike, gụnyere Yusuf Khattak na Abdur Rab Nishtar onye bụ ezigbo enyi Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[48] Ndị Pashtun nke Afghanistan nwetara nnwere onwe zuru oke site na ntinye aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Britain n'oge ọchịchị Amanullah Khan, na-esote Agha Anglo-Afghan nke Atọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1950, a malitere ịnụ oku a ma ama maka Pashtunistan na Afghanistan na steeti ọhụrụ nke Pakistan. Nke a dugara na mmekọrịta ọjọọ n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ. Ọchịchị ndị eze Afghanistan kwụsịrị mgbe Onye isi ala Daoud Khan weghaara ikike nke Afghanistan n'aka nwa nwanne ya nwoke Zahir Shah na 1973 na atụmatụ Pashtun Nationalist, nke meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka agha ndị agbata obi. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1978, E gburu Daoud Khan na ezinụlọ ya na ndị ikwu ya n'ọchịchị ọbara nke Hafizullah Amin haziri. Ndị ọchịagha mujahideen nke Afghanistan nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha na Pakistan dị nso malitere ịkpọbata ndị agha maka agha ndị agha megide Democratic Republic of Afghanistan - gọọmentị Marxist nke ndị Pashtun Khalqists na-achịkwa bụ ndị nwere echiche Nationalist gụnyere Hafizullah Amin, Nur Muhammad Taraki, General Mohammad Aslam Vatanjar, Shahnawaz Tanai, Mohammad Gulabzoy na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1979, Soviet Union batara na onye agbata obi ya dị n'ebe ndịda Afghanistan iji merie nnupụisi na-arịwanye elu. Ndị Mujahideen nke Afghanistan bụ ndị United States, Saudi Arabia, China na ndị ọzọ kwadoro, gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị ọchịagha Pashtun dị ka Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Jalaluddin Haqqani, Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi na Mohammad Yunus Khalis. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọtụtụ nde ndị Pashtun sonyeere ndị Afghanistan bi na Pakistan na Iran, ma site n'ebe ahụ, ọtụtụ iri puku gara Europe, North America, Oceania na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.[49] Gọọmentị Afghanistan na ndị agha ga-anọgide na-abụkarị ndị Pashtun ruo mgbe ọdịda nke Republic of Afghanistan nke Mohammad Najibullah na Eprel 1992.[50]

Onye nnọchi anya mba Amerịka Zalmay Khalilzad na ndị ọrụ Taliban Abdul Ghani Baradar, Abdul Hakim Ishaqzai, Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai na Suhail Shaheen
Imran Khan, onye na-eme egwuregwu cricket nke Pakistan ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye bụbu praịm minista, sitere n'ebo Niazi.

Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu na Islamic Republic of Afghanistan bụ ndị Pashtun, gụnyere: Abdul Rahim Wardak, Abdul Salam Azimi, Anwar ul-Haq Ahady, Amirzai Sangin, Ghulam Farooq Wardak, Hamid Karzai, Mohammad Ishaq Aloko, Omar Zakhilwal, Sher Mohammad Karimi, Zalmay Rasoul, Yousef Pashtun. ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ Afghanistan ugbu a gụnyekwara pasentị dị ukwuu nke ndị Pashtun. Mullah Yaqoob na-eje ozi dị ka Minista Nchebe, Sirajuddin Haqqani dị ka Minisita Na-anọchite anya Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime, Amir Khan Muttaqi dị ka Ministra Na-anọchi anya Ihe Ndị Na-eme ná Mba Ọzọ, Gul Agha Ishakzai dị ka Ministrị Na-anọchitere anya Ihe Ndịna, na Hasan Akhund dị ka Ministri Na-anọci anya. Ọtụtụ ndị minista ndị ọzọ bụkwa ndị Pashtun.

Ezinụlọ eze Afghanistan, nke Eze Zahir Shah nọchitere anya, na-akpọ Mohammadzais. Ndị Pashtun ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere ndị na-ede uri na narị afọ nke iri na asaa bụ Khushal Khan Khattak na Rahman Baba, na onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe nke Afghanistan bụ Abdul Ahad Mohmand, onye bụbu Onye nnọchi anya US Zalmay Khalilzad, na Ashraf Ghani n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun nke Pakistan na India anabatala ọdịbendị ndị na-abụghị ndị Pashtun, ọkachasị site n'ịhapụ Pashto ma jiri asụsụ ndị dị ka Urdu, Punjabi, na Hindko. Ndị a gụnyere Ghulam Mohammad (Minista na-ahụ maka ego mbụ, site na 1947 ruo 1951, na Gọvanọ-Jenal nke atọ nke Pakistan, site na 1951 ruo 1955), [51] [52] Ayub Khan, onye bụ onye isi ala nke abụọ nke Pakistan, Zakir Husain onye bụ onye ọchịchị nke atọ nke India na Abdul Qadeer Khan, nna nke mmemme nuklia nke Pakistan.[53][54][55]

Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere ọkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, dị ka Asfandyar Wali Khan, Mahmood Khan Achakzai, Sirajul Haq, na Aftab Ahmad Sherpao, ndị bụ ndị isi oche nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na Pakistan. Ndị ọzọ ghọrọ ndị a ma ama n'egwuregwu (dịka, Imran Khan, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, Younis Khan, Shahid Afridi, Irfan Pathan, Jahangir Khan, Jansher Khan, Hashim Khan, Rashid Khan, Shaheen Afridi, Naseem Shah, Misbah Ul Haq, Mujeeb Ur Rahman na Mohammad Wasim) na akwụkwọ (dịka., Ghani Khan, Hamza Shinwari, na Kabir Stori). Malala Yousafzai, onye ghọrọ onye kacha nta natara Nobel Peace Prize na 2014, bụ onye Pashtun Pakistani. A na-ewere ndị Pashtuns dị ka ndị jikọtara nke ọma na ndị Pakistan, dịka akụkọ Pew Research Center nke afọ 2009 si kwuo, pasent 92 nke ndị Pashtun na-akọwa njirimara Pakistani ha tupu njirimara agbụrụ Pashtun ha.

Ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na fim Bollywood na India nwere mgbọrọgwụ Pashtun; ụfọdụ n’ime ndị kacha mara amara bụ Aamir Khan, Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Feroz Khan, Madhubala, Kader Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Soha Ali Khan, Sara Ali Khan, na Zarine Khan. Na mgbakwunye, otu n’ime ndị bụbu ndị isi ala India, Zakir Husain, bụ onye agbụrụ Afridi. Mohammad Yunus, onye bụbu onye nnọchiteanya India na Algeria na onye ndụmọdụ Indira Gandhi, sitere na Pashtun ma metụtara onye a ma ama Bacha Khan..[56][57][58][59]

N’ime ngwụcha afọ 1990s, ndị Pashtun bụ ndị agbụrụ bụ isi n’òtù ọchịchị dị ka Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (òtù Taliban). [1][2] Njikọ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke na-alụ ọgụ megide Taliban nwere ọtụtụ Pashtun. N’etiti ha bụ Abdullah Abdullah, Abdul Qadir na nwanne ya nwoke Abdul Haq, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, Asadullah Khalid, Hamid Karzai na Gul Agha Sherzai. Ụgbọ Taliban pụtakwara na ngwụcha 2001 mgbe Agha US duziri Agha agha n’Afghanistan, wee dochie ya na ọchịchị Karzai. [3] Nke a soro ọchịchị Ghani na ịlaghachi Taliban n’Afghanistan (Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan).

Agha ogologo oge na Afghanistan emeela ka ndị Pashtun nweta aha maka ịbụ ndị agha pụrụ iche.[60] Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na-anwa iwughachi ọgụgụ isi Pashtun na omenala ya tupu agha.[61]

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun si Afghanistan bụ ndị R1a, na-enwe 50-65% ugboro.[62] Subclade R1a-Z2125 na-eme na ugboro 40%.[63] A na-ahụkarị subclade a na Tajiks, Turkmen, Uzbeks na ụfọdụ ndị bi na Caucasus na Iran.[64] Haplogroup G-M201 ruru 9% na ndị Pashtun Afghanistan ma bụrụ nke abụọ na-ahụkarị na ndị Pashtuns si n'ebe ndịda Afghanistan. [62] [65] Haplogroup L na Haplogroupe J2 na-eme na ngụkọta nke 6% . [62] Dabere na nyocha DNA nke Mitochondrial nke agbụrụ anọ nke Afghanistan, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mtDNA n'etiti ndị Pashtun Afghanistan sitere na agbụrụ West Eurasian, ma nwee mmekọrịta dị ukwuu na ndị bi na West Eurasian na Central Asia karịa ndị bi na South Asia ma ọ bụ East Asia. Nnyocha haplogroup na-egosi na ndị Pashtuns na Tajiks nọ na Afghanistan nwere ihe nketa nna nna. N'etiti agbụrụ ndị a mụrụ, ndị Pashtun nwere ụdị mtDNA kachasị. Haplogroup kachasị n'etiti ndị Pashtun Pakistani bụ haplogroup R nke a na-ahụkarị na ọnụọgụ nke 28-50%. A chọtara Haplogroup J2 na 9% ruo 24% dabere na nyocha ahụ ma chọta Haplogroupe E na ugboro nke 4% ruo 13%. Haplogroup L na-eme na ọnụọgụ nke 8%. Ụfọdụ ìgwè ndị Pashtun nke Pakistan na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu nke R1b. [66][67] Ìgwè ndị Pashtun n'ozuzu ha dị iche iche n'ụzọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na agbụrụ ndị Pashtun abụghị otu ndị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ. Ìgwè Pashtun dị iche iche na-egosipụta nzụlite dị iche iche, na-akpata nnukwu ọdịiche. [68]

E wepụtara ihe nlele haplogroup Y na mtdna haplogroupe n'aka ndị ikom Jadoon, Yousafzai, Sayyid, Gujar na Tanoli bi na Swabi District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Pakistan. Ndị ikom Jadoon nwere ndị nna nna sitere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na ndị nna nne nke West Eurasian na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị nna nne South Asia dị ka ule haplogroup Y na mtdna na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị obodo na-alụ ụmụ nwoke kwagara n'oge oge ochie. Y Haplogroup O3-M122 mejupụtara ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikom Jadoon, otu haplogroup nke ihe ka ọtụtụ (50-60%) nke ndị Han Chinese. 82.5% nke ndị ikom Jadoon na-ebu Q-MEH2 na O3-M122 nke abụọ sitere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. O3-M122 anọghị na Sayyid (Syed) ma pụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala n'etiti Tanolis, Gujars na Yousafzais. O yiri ka e nwere mmetụta onye guzobere na O3-M122 n'etiti Jadoon. [69] [70][71] 76.32% nke ndị ikom Jadoon bu O3-M122 ebe 0.75% nke Tanolis, 0.81% nke Gujars na 2.82% nke Yousafzais bu O3-m122 . [72]

56.25% nke Jadoons na ule ọzọ bu Haplogroup H (mtDNA) nke nne West Eurasian. [73] A tụlekwara ọdịdị ezé nke Swabi Jadoons ma jiri ya tụnyere ìgwè ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara dị ka Yousufzais na Sayyids.[74]

Nkọwa

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Echiche ndị a ma ama n'etiti ndị Pashtun banyere onye ruru eru dịka onye Pashtun bụ: [75]

  1. Ndị maara asụsụ Pashto nke ọma ma jiri ya mee ihe nke ọma. Asụsụ Pashto bụ "otu n'ime akara ndị bụ isi nke njirimara agbụrụ" n'etiti ndị Pashtun.[76]
  2. Ịgbaso koodu nke Pashtunwali.[75][77] Nkọwa ọdịbendị chọrọ ka ndị Pashtunwali gbasoo usoro iwu Pashtunwali.
  3. N'ịbụ onye Agbụrụ Pashtun site na nna nna, dabere na iwu orthodox dị mkpa nke Pashtunwali nke na-achọkarị na ọ bụ naanị ndị nwere nna Pashtun bụ Pashtun. Nkọwa a na-etinye obere nkwenye na asụsụ ahụ.[78]

Agbụrụ dị iche iche

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Map nke agbụrụ Pashtun[79]

Otu ụlọ ọrụ a ma ama nke ndị Pashtun bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke agbụrụ. [80] Usoro agbụrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa nke nhazi: agbụrụ ha nọ na ya sitere na agbụrụ anọ 'ka ukwuu': Sarbani, Bettani, Gharghashti, na Karlani.[81] A na-ekewa agbụrụ ahụ n'ime òtù ndị ikwu a na-akpọ khels, nke a na-ekewara n'ime obere ìgwè (pllarina ma ọ bụ Plarganey), nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị a na- bingaka kahols.[82]

Ndị Pashtun Durrani na Ghilji

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Ndị Durranis na Ghiljis (ma ọ bụ Ghilzais) bụ ìgwè abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Pashtun, na ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Pashtuns Afghanistan so na njikọ ndị a.[83] Agbụrụ Durrani enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'obodo ukwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ndị Ghiljis dị ọtụtụ, ime obodo, ma bụrụ ndị siri ike. Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ìgwè ndị ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma na-alụ ọgụ mgbe ụfọdụ. Na oghere ole na ole, Durranis chịrị Afghanistan nke oge a n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe Saur Revolution nke 1978; Ndị ọchịchị Kọmunist ọhụrụ bụ Ghilji.[84] Njikọ agbụrụ siri ike n'etiti ndị Ghilji, ebe ọchịchị nke njikọ Durrani na-emetụta usoro agbụrụ dị iche iche nke nwe ala.[83]   

Asụsụ

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Map nke ebe ndị na-Asụsụ Pashto na Afghanistan na Pakistan

Asụsụ Pashto bụ asụsụ nne nke ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun.[1][2][3] Ọ bụ otu n’ime asụsụ abụọ nke mba Afghanistan.[4][5] Na Pakistan, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ asụsụ nke abụọ kacha nnukwu nke a na-asụ,[6] a na-ejikarị ya n’ọrụ gọọmentị mee ihe na usoro agụmakwụkwọ.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Emeela nkwupụta nke na-ekwu na nke a na-emetụta mmepe akụ na ụba nke ndị Pashtun,[13][14] n’ihi na ụmụ akwụkwọ enweghị ike ịghọta nke ọma ihe a na-akụzi n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ.[15] Robert Nichols kwuru:[76]

Map nke ebe ndị na-asụ Pashto na Pakistan

A na-ahazi Pashto dị ka asụsụ Eastern Iran, [85] mana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke okwu bụ nke pụrụ iche na Pashto. [86][87] Akụkụ Pashto n'ihe gbasara ngwaa dị mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Iran.[88] N'ihe banyere nke a, MacKenzie na-ekwu, sị: [89]

Pashto nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke olumba: n'ozuzu ya kewara n'ìgwè ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu, Ndịda na etiti; yana Tarino ma ọ bụ Waṇetsi dị ka otu dị iche. [90][91] Dị ka Elfenbein si kwuo: "Ọdịiche dị iche iche dị na phonology na lexicon: ọdịdị na syntax bụ, ọzọ ma e wezụga Wanetsi, otu ihe dị ịrịba ama". [92] Ibrahim Khan na-enye nkewa na-esonụ na mkpụrụedemede: Northern Western dialect (dịka nke ndị Ghilzai na-asụ) nwere uru phonetic /ç+/, North Eastern (nke ndị Yusafzais na-asụrụ wdg) nwere ụda /x/, South Western (nke ndị Abdalis na-asuru wdg) na-enwe /ʂ/ na South Eastern (nke Kakars na-asọrọ wdg) nwee /ʃ/ .[93] Ọ na-egosi na a ga-ekewa asụsụ Central, nke agbụrụ Karlāṇ na-asụ, na North /x/ na South /ʃ/ dị iche mana ọ na-enye na mgbakwunye na asụsụ ndị a dị n'etiti enweela mgbanwe ụdaume nke na-eme ka ha dị iche: dịka ọmụmaatụ /ɑ/ nke aleph na-anọchite anya asụsụ ndị na-abụghị nke etiti na-aghọ /ɔː/ na asụsụ Banisi.[93]

Omenala

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Uwe obodo ụmụaka Pashtun na-eji

Omenala Pashtun dabere na Pashtunwali, Islam na nghọta asụsụ Pashto. A na-eji dialeketi Kabul eme ka akwụkwọ ozi Pashto dị ugbu a kwekọọ. Akwụkwọ mkpụrụ okwu bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke omenala Pashtun ọ dịkwa otú ahụ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Omume ndị dị tupu Islam, nke malite na mmeri Alexander n’elu Alaeze Persia na 330 BC, nwere ike ịlanarịrị n'ụdị egwu omenala, ebe ụdị akwụkwọ na egwu na-egosi mmetụta sitere na omenala Persia yana ngwa egwu mpaghara jikọtara na ụdị mpaghara na nghọta mpaghara. Dị ka Ndị Muslim ndị ọzọ, Pashtun na-eme ememe ezumike Islamic. N’ihe megidere Pashtun bi na Pakistan, a na-eme ememe Nowruz na Afghanistan dị ka Afọ Ọhụrụ Afghanistan site n'aka ndị agbụrụ Afghanistan niile.. [citation needed]

Jirga

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Otu nzukọ Pashtun a ma ama ọzọ bụ lóya jirgá (Pashto: لويه جرګه) ma ọ bụ 'ọgbakọ ukwu' nke ndị okenye họpụtara. Ndị otu jirgá (Pashto: جرګه) na-eme ọtụtụ mkpebi n’ime ndụ agbụrụ, nke bụ nzukọ isi nke ikike ndị Pashtun na-asọpụrụ dị ka ọchịchị nwere ezi uche.[94]

Okpukpe

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ili nke Ahmad Shah Durrani na Kandahar City, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ alakụba Congregational ma nwee uwe nsọ nke onye amụma Islam Muhammad yi.

Tupu Islam, e nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche nke ndị Pashtun na-eme dịka Zoroastrianism, Buddha na Hinduism. [95]

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun na-agbaso Islam Sunni ma bụrụ ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche Hanafi. Obere obodo ndị Shia dị na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Paktia. Ndị Shias bụ ndị agbụrụ Turi ebe agbụrụ Bangash bụ ihe dịka 50% Shia na ndị Sunni ndị ọzọ, ndị a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu Parachinar, Kurram, Hangu, Kohat na Orakzai.[96]

Ndị ikom na-eme salat Islam (ikpe ekpere) n'èzí n'èbe na mpaghara Kunar nke Afghanistan

Enwere ike ịchọta ihe nketa nke ọrụ Sufi na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Pashtun, ọkachasị na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, dịka o doro anya na abụ na ịgba egwú. Ọtụtụ Pashtuns bụ ndị Ulema a ma ama, ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba, dị ka Maulana Aazam onye dere ihe karịrị narị akwụkwọ ise gụnyere Tafasee nke kor'an dị ka Naqeeb Ut Tafaseer, Tafseer Ul Aazamain, Tafseer e Naqeebi na Noor Ut Tafaseor wdg, yana Muhammad Muhsin Khan onye nyere aka sụgharịa kor'an, Sahih Al-Bukhari na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ n'asụsụ Bekee.[97] Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun chọrọ iweghachite njirimara ha site na ijikọta ha na ndị Taliban na iyi ọha egwu mba ụwa, nke na-enweghị njikọ kpọmkwem na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pashtun.[98]

Obere ozi dị na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba n'ihi na e nwere obere data gbasara Ndị na-enweghị okpukpe na ndị pere mpe, karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị Hindu na Ndị Sikh Pashtuns si na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa kwapụ mgbe nkewa nke India gasịrị, mgbe ịrị elu nke Taliban.[99][100]

E nwekwara ndị Hindu na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị Pashtun, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka Sheen Khalai (ọ bụ ezie na ndị Pashtun ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka banyere agbụrụ ha), ndị kwagara India.[101][102] Obere obodo Hindu, nke a maara dị ka Sheen Khalai nke pụtara 'acha anụnụ anụnụ' (na-ezo aka na agba nke Egbugbu ihu ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun), kwagara Unniara, Rajasthan, India mgbe nkewa gasịrị.[103] Tupu 1947, obodo ahụ biri na mpaghara Quetta, Loralai na Maikhter nke mpaghara British Indian nke Baluchistan. [103][104][105] A na-ekwukarị na ha bụ ndị agbụrụ Pashtun Kakar. Taa, ha na-aga n'ihu na-asụ Pashto ma na-eme emume ọdịbendị Pashtun site na ịgba egwu Attan. [104][103]

E nwekwara ndị Sikh ole na ole na-asụ Pashto na Tirah, Orakzai, Kurram, Malakand, na Swat. N'ihi nnupụisi na-aga n'ihu na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a chụpụrụ ụfọdụ ndị Sikh na-asụ Pashto n'ime obodo ha ka ha biri n'obodo ndị dị ka Peshawar na Nankana Sahib. [106] [107][108]

Akwụkwọ na uri Pashto

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Mahmud Tarzi, nwa Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi, ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ Afghanistan maka ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Seraj al Akhbar . [109]

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Pashtun na-eji Pashto dị ka asụsụ ha, nke sitere n'ezinụlọ asụsụ Iran, nke ihe ruru nde mmadụ iri isii na-asụ.[110][111] E dere ya na mkpụrụedemede Pashto-Arabic ma kewaa ya n'asụsụ abụọ, "Pashto" nke ndịda na "Pukhto" nke ugwu. Asụsụ a nwere mmalite oge ochie ma nwee ihe yiri asụsụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị ka Avestan na Bactrian. Ndị ikwu ya kachasị nso n'oge a nwere ike ịgụnye Asụsụ Pamir, dị ka Shughni na Wakhi, na Ossetic.[112] Pashto nwere ike ịnwe ihe nketa oge ochie nke ịgbaziri okwu site na asụsụ ndị agbata obi gụnyere ndị Persian na Vedic Sanskrit. Ịgbazinye ego nke oge a na-esite n'asụsụ Bekee.  

Nke mbụ na-akọwa mmeri Sheikh Mali meriri Swat.[113] E kwenyere na Pir Roshan dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Pashto mgbe ya na ndị Mughal na-alụ ọgụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta Pashtun dị ka Abdul Hai Habibi na ndị ọzọ kwenyere na ọrụ Pashto mbụ malitere na Amir Kror Suri, ha na-ejikwa ihe odide ndị a hụrụ na Pata Khazana dị ka ihe akaebe. Amir Kror Suri, nwa Amir Polad Suri, bụ dike na eze nke narị afọ nke asatọ si n'ógbè Ghor na Afghanistan.[114][115] Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara Europe na-arụ ụka na nke a n'ihi enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike.

Mgbasa ozi na nka

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  Mgbasa ozi Pashto agbasawo n'ime afọ iri gara aga, na ọtụtụ ọwa TV Pashto na-adị. Abụọ n'ime ndị a ma ama bụ AVT Khyber na Pashto One nke dị na Pakistan. Ndị Pashtun gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị ndị nọ na mba ndị Arab, na-ele ndị a maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ na iji nweta akụkọ ọhụrụ banyere obodo ha.[116] Ndị ọzọ bụ Shamshad TV nke Afghanistan, Radio Television Afghanistan, TOLOnews na Lemar TV, nke nwere ihe ngosi ụmụaka pụrụ iche a na-akpọ Baghch-e-Simsim. Akụkọ mba ụwa na-enye mmemme Pashto gụnyere BBC Pashto na Voice Olu America.

Ndị na-emepụta ihe na Peshawar emeela ihe nkiri asụsụ Pashto kemgbe afọ 1970.

Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Pashtun na-anọgide na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ụdị ngosipụta anụ ahụ dị iche iche gụnyere ịgba egwú, ịlụ ọgụ mma agha, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ikekwe ụdị ngosipụta nka kachasị ewu ewu nwere ike ịhụ n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ịgba egwu Pashtun. Otu n'ime ịgba egwú a ma ama bụ Attan, nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ oge ochie. A na-eme ihe omume siri ike, Attan ka ndị na-agụ egwú na-akpọ ngwá egwú dị iche iche gụnyere dhol (ụbọ), tablas (ụbọ akwara), rubab (ụbọ ụbọ akwara a na-akpọ), na toola (ụbọ ọjà osisi). Site na mmegharị okirikiri ngwa ngwa, ndị na-agba egwú na-eme ruo mgbe ọ dịghị onye hapụrụ ịgba egwú, dịka Ndị Sufi na-agbagharị dervishes. Ọtụtụ ịgba egwú ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ na agbụrụ dị iche iche karịsịa ndị si Pakistan gụnyere Khattak Wal Atanrh (nke a na-akpọ aha agbụrụ Khattak), Mahsood Wal Atanrh ("nke, n'oge a, na-agụnye ịgba égbè), na Waziro Atanrh n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ụdị nke Khattak Wal Atanrh nke a maara dị ka Braghoni na-agụnye iji mma agha atọ ma chọọ nkà dị ukwuu. Ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ na-ejikarị Tumbal (Dayereh) nke bụ ngwá ọrụ eme ihe na agbamakwụkwọ.[117]

Egwuregwu

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Shahid Afridi, onye bụbu onyeisi Ndị otu egwuregwu cricket nke mba Pakistan

Ma ndị otu cricket mba Pakistan na ndị otu criquet mba Afghanistan nwere ndị egwuregwu Pashtun.[118] Otu n'ime egwuregwu kachasị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị Pashtun bụ cricket, nke e webatara na South Asia n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 18 na mbata nke ndị Britain. Ọtụtụ ndị Pashtun aghọwo ndị egwuregwu cricket a ma ama na mba ụwa, gụnyere Imran Khan, Shahid Afridi, Majid Khan, Misbah-ul-Haq, Younis Khan, Umar Gul, [119] Junaid Khan, [120] Fakhar Zaman, [121] Mohammad Rizwan, [4] Usman Shinwari, Naseem Shah, Shaheen Afridi, Iftikhar Ahmed, Mohammad Wasim na Yasir Shah.[122][123] Onye Australia na-eme egwuregwu cricket bụ Fawad Ahmed bụ onye Pakistan Pashtun bụ onye na-egwuri egwu maka otu mba Australia. [124]

Makha bụ egwuregwu ịgba ụta ọdịnala na Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, nke a na-eji ogologo ụta (gheshai) na-egwu ya nke nwere efere ígwè dị ka saucer na njedebe ya dịpụrụ adịpụ, na ogologo ụta.[125] N'Afghanistan, ụfọdụ ndị Pashtun ka na-ekere òkè n'egwuregwu oge ochie nke buzkashi nke ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na-anwa itinye ozu ewu ma ọ bụ nwa ehi n'ime gburugburu goolu.[126]

Ụmụ nwanyị

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A maara ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun dị ka ndị dị umeala n'obi na ndị a na-asọpụrụ n'ihi ejiji ha dị ala. Ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun dịgasị iche site na ndị bi n'ime ime obodo ndị na-agbaso omenala na ndị a na-ahụ n'obodo ukwu.[127] N'ime obodo, a na-akpọ onye isi obodo nwanyị "qaryadar". Ọrụ ya nwere ike ịgụnye ịhụ ememe ụmụ nwanyị, ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ka ha mee ememe okpukpe, ịkwadebe ụmụ nwanyị nwụrụ anwụ maka olili, na ịrụ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwụrụnụ. Ọ na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye maka ezinụlọ ya ma dozie esemokwu maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.[128] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun ka bụ ndị agbụrụ na ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ, ụfọdụ agwụla mahadum ma sonye n'ụwa ọrụ.[127]

Malala Yousafzai, onye Pakistan na-eme ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 2014

Ọtụtụ iri afọ nke agha na ịrị elu nke ndị Taliban [./Taliban_treatment_of_women]Mba" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taliban treatment of women">kpatara nnukwu ihe isi ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun, ebe ọ bụ na nkọwa siri ike nke iwu Islam gbochiri ọtụtụ n'ime ikike ha. Ndụ siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan gbara ọsọ ndụ nwetara aha ọjọọ site na onyinyo Afghan Girl (Sharbat Gula) nke e gosipụtara na June 1985 nke magazin National Geographic.[129]

Mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke oge a maka ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, mgbe Eze Nwanyị Soraya Tarzi nke Afghanistan mere mgbanwe ngwa ngwa iji melite ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọnọdụ ha n'ezinụlọ. Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị pụtara na ndepụta nke ndị ọchịchị na Afghanistan. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị inyom Afghanistan na ndị Alakụba mbụ na ndị kachasị ike. Nkwado ya maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ụmụ nwanyị dugara na ngagharị iwe ma nye aka na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Eze Amanullah na 1929. [130] Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nọgidere bụrụ ihe dị mkpa n'afọ ndị 1970, dịka onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị Meena Keshwar Kamal mere mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ma guzobe Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) na 1977. [131]

Ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun n'ụbọchị ndị a dịgasị iche site na ndị inyom ọdịnala na-ebi na nzuzo na ndị ọrụ obodo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-achọ ma ọ bụ nweta nha nhata na ụmụ nwoke.[127] Mana n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ka dị ala maka ha karịa maka ụmụ nwoke.[132] Mmetọ a na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị ma na-agbakwu mbọ site n'aka òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị nke na-ahụ onwe ha na-alụ ọgụ na òtù okpukpe ndị na-agbaso omenala yana ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na Pakistan na Afghanistan. Dị ka akwụkwọ 1992 si kwuo, "omume dị ike nke nnagide na-egbochi ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun ọdịnala iji belata nhụjuanya ha kwetara na ndụ ha".[133]

N'ịga n'ihu na-ama ọnọdụ ahụ aka, a họpụtara Vida Samadzai dị ka Miss Afghanistan na 2003, ihe a natara site na nkwado sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-ele ngosipụta dị otú ahụ anya dị ka ndị na-emegide ọdịnala na ndị na'abụghị ndị Alakụba. Ụfọdụ enwetala ọkwá ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Afghanistan na Pakistan.[134] A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun dị ka ndị na-elekọta TV, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. [135] N'afọ 1942, Madhubala (Mumtaz Jehan), Marilyn Monroe nke India, banyere na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Bollywood.[136] Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Bollywood nke afọ 1970 na 1980 gosipụtara Parveen Babi, onye sitere n'agbụrụ nke obodo Pathan nke Gujarat: Eze Babi . [137] Ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị nlereanya India, dị ka Zarine Khan, na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[138] N'ime afọ ndị 1980 ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun jere ozi n'òtù Ndị agha nke ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Afghanistan. Khatol Mohammadzai jere ozi na paratrooper n'oge Agha Obodo Afghanistan ma mesịa bụrụ Brigadier General na ndị agha Afghanistan. Nigar Johar bụ onye Ọchịagha kpakpando atọ na ndị agha Pakistan, nwanyị ọzọ Pashtun ghọrọ onye na-anya ụgbọelu na ndị agha ụgbọelu Pakistan.[139] Ụmụ nwanyị Pashtun na-enwekarị ikike iwu ha maka ndị di ha ma ọ bụ ndị ikwu nwoke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka na Pakistan, ụmụ nwoke ewepụla ụfọdụ n'ime ha n'ime igbe ntuli aka.[127]

Ndị ama ama

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Ihe odide nkọwa

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  • Rịba ama: ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Pashtuns (gụnyere ndị na-enweghị akara) na mba ndị ọzọ sitere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche, UN, CIA's The World Factbook na Ethnologue.

Edensibia

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Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

      

  1. ↑ Sanskritdictionary.com: Definition of avagāṇa. sanskritdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved on 18 November 2020.
  2. ↑ Afghan. Ch. M. Kieffer. Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition (15 December 1983). Retrieved on 27 September 2010.
  3. ↑ Varāhamihira (1981). Bṛhat Saṁhitā of Varāhamihira: with english translation, exhaustive notes and literary comments (in en). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0098-4. 
  4. ↑ Minorsky (31 January 2015). Hudud al-'Alam 'The Regions of the World' – A Persian Geography 372 A.H. (982 AD) (in en). Gibb Memorial Trust. ISBN 978-1-909724-75-4. “Ninhar, a place of which the king makes a show of Islam, and has many wives, (namely) over thirty Muslim, Afghan, and Hindu (wives).” 
  5. ↑ AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN. Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved on 31 December 2012. “The Afghans and Khiljis who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Subooktugeen, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to Ghizny.”
  6. ↑ Houtsma (1993). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. BRILL, 150–51. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. Retrieved on 23 August 2010. 
  7. ↑ Old Iranian Online. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved on 10 February 2007.
  8. ↑ Nath (2002). Dictionary of Vedanta. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7890-056-4. Retrieved on 10 September 2010. 
  9. ↑ Pradhan (11 August 2014). The Elusive Aryans: Archaeological Search and Vedic Research; The Origin of the Hindus (in en). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6592-0. 
  10. ↑ The History of Herodotus Chapter 7, Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by George Rawlinson. Piney.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved on 21 September 2012.
  11. ↑ Frye. the heritage of persia. 
  12. ↑ Lal (1846). Life of the Amir Dost Mohammed Khan; of Kabul. Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7787-9335-4. Retrieved on 10 September 2010. 
  13. ↑ Comrie (2009). The World's Major Languages. “"Pashto belongs to the North-Eastern group within the Iranian Languages"” 
  14. ↑ (1975) Afghanistan volume 28. Historical Society of Afghanistan.. “Pashto originally belonged to the north – eastern branch of the Iranic languages” 
  15. ↑ Waghmar (2001). "Bactrian History and Language: An Overview". Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 64: 40–48. 
  16. ↑ (1946) Indo-Iranica. Kolkata, India: Iran Society, 173–174. “... and their language is most closely related to on the one hand with Saka on the other with Munji-Yidgha” 
  17. ↑ Bečka (1969). A Study in Pashto Stress. Academia. “Pashto in its origin, is probably a Saka dialect.” 
  18. ↑ Cheung (2007). Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series). 
  19. ↑ Cheung (2007). Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series). 
  20. ↑ Acheson (30 June 2023). The Pashtun Tribes in Afghanistan: Wolves Among Men (in en). Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-3990-6924-3. “Given the range of raiders and residents that the area has seen over the centuries, it is easy to see why today's Pashtuns could be descended from Persians, Greeks, Turks, Bactrians, Scythians, Tartars, Huns, Mongols, Moghuls or anyone else who has crossed the region over the years.__More unexpected are the alleged Pashtun ties to Israel (Israelites).” 
  21. ↑ Barmazid. Theory of Coptic origin of Pashtuns.
  22. ↑ Bellew (8 March 1891). An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891). “By Some, the Bangash ancestor, Ismail, is connected with the Sultan Ismail, founder of the Saimani dynasty, which succeddeded to that of the Suffari (founded by Yacub Bin Leith or Lais) 875 A.D.” 
  23. ↑ Firasat (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1): 121–126. DOI:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMID 17047675. 
  24. ↑ Huang (20 July 2013). Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28–31, 2013, Proceedings (in en). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-39479-9. “The Haplogroup J2 is from the Semitic population as well as the population shar- ing the common African ancestor. This Haplogroup was found 6.5% in both the Greek and Pashtun population while 55.6% in the Israel population. The Israel popu- lation however did not result in exact match for haplotype of the 9 or 7 markers tested. Very few exact matches were found only with the 5 markers test. However the 7 marker test had many exact matches from the Greek population.” 
  25. ↑ Huang (20 July 2013). Intelligent Computing Theories: 9th International Conference, ICIC 2013, Nanning, China, July 28–31, 2013, Proceedings (in en). Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-39479-9. “A number of genetic studies of the Pashtuns have been conducted recently by researchers of various universities and research groups. The Greek ancestry of the Pashtuns of Pakistan has been investigated in [1]. In this study, the claim of the three populations of the region, i.e. the Pashtuns, the Kalash and the Burusho, to have des- cended from the soldiers of Alexander, has been considered.” 
  26. ↑ Quddus (1987). The Pathans (in English). Ferozsons. “Grierson finds a form Paithan in use in the East Gangetic Valley to denote a Muslim Rajput. Bellew, one of the greatest authorities on Pathans, notes that several characteristics are common to both the Rajputs and the Afghans and suggests that Sarban, one of the ancestors of the Afghans, was a corruption of the word Suryabans (solar race) from which many Rajputs claim descent. The great Muslim historian Masudi writes that Qandahar was a separate kingdom with a non- Muslim ruler and states that it is a country of Rajputs. It would be pertinent to mention here that at the time of Masudi most of the Afghans were concentrated in Qandahar and adjacent areas and had not expanded to the north. Therefore, it is highly significant that Masudi should call Qandahar a Rajput country.” 
  27. ↑ Ahmad (31 August 2009). Pathans and Hindu Rajputs. Khyber. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved on 24 March 2018. “In a nutshell, Bellew's thesis is that all Afghan tribal names can be traced to Greek and Rajput names, which posits the further possibility of a great Greek mixing with the ancient border tribes of India.”
  28. ↑ Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād (1972). An Historical Guide to Kabul – The Name. Strabo (64 BC – 24 AD). American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved on 18 September 2010. “Alexander took these away from the Aryans and established settlements of his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus (Chandragupta), upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange 500 elephants.”
  29. ↑ (April 2004) "Investigation of the Greek ancestry of populations from northern Pakistan". Hum Genet 114 (5): 484–90. DOI:10.1007/s00439-004-1094-x. PMID 14986106. 
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  34. ↑ Runion (24 April 2017). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-778-1. 
  35. ↑ Morgenstierne (1979). "The Linguistic Stratification of Afghanistan". Afghan Studies 2: 23–33. 
  36. ↑ Kurbano. "THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS". Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin. 
  37. ↑ Fisher (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20092-9. 
  38. ↑ Houtsma (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Retrieved on 24 September 2010. 
  39. ↑ Wink (2002). Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries Vol 1. Brill, 95–96. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8. Retrieved on 6 November 2016. 
  40. ↑ Are Pashtuns the Lost Tribes of Israel?.
  41. ↑ McCarthy. "Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel", The Observer, 17 January 2010.
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  43. ↑ Lacau (October 2012). "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics 20 (10): 1063–1070. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2012.59. PMID 22510847. 
  44. ↑ Edward G. Browne, M.A., M.B.. A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. An Outline Of The History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922). Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved on 9 September 2010.
  45. ↑ Thakurta (1978). The Contemporary, Volume 22. National Galvanizing Pvt. Limited. 
  46. ↑ Rajesh. Sarfarosh: A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries. Notion Press. ISBN 978-93-5206-173-0. “Ashfaqullah's father, Shafeequlla Khan, was a member of a Pathan military family.” 
  47. ↑ Abdul Ghaffar Khan. I Love India. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved on 24 September 2008.
  48. ↑ Mohammad Yousaf Khan Khattak. Pakpost.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved on 14 December 2021.
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  55. ↑ Kumarasingham (2016). "Bureaucratic Statism", Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire, 1, U.S.: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-24509-4. 
  56. ↑ "To Islamabad and the Frontier", The Hindu, 26 May 2003. Retrieved on 1 August 2007. “Ruled now by parties of the religious right, the Frontier province emerges soon after one proceeds westwards from Islamabad. I was lucky to find Ajmal Khan Khattak in his humble home in Akora Khattak, beyond the Indus. Once Badshah Khan's young lieutenant, Mr. Khattak spent years with him in Afghanistan and offered a host of memories. And I was able to meet Badshah Khan's surviving children, Wali Khan, the famous political figure of the NWFP, and his half-sister, Mehr Taj, whose husband Yahya Jan, a schoolmaster who became a Minister in the Frontier, was the brother of the late Mohammed Yunus, who had made India his home.”
  57. ↑ Darbari (1983). Commonwealth and Nehru. Vision Books. ISBN 81-261-2175-0. 
  58. ↑ The Pathan unarmed: opposition & memory in the North West Frontier (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). James Currey. “He was visiting his cousin Mohammed Yunus, a Pathan who had chosen to move to Delhi at Partition and become a well-known figure in the Congress regime.” 
  59. ↑ Encyclopædia of Muslim Biography. A.P.H. Pub. Corp.. “Mohammad Yunus is belong to a rich and distinguished Pathan family and son of Haji Ghulam Samdani (1827–1926).” 
  60. ↑ "Leaving Afghanistan's 'Bagarm Airfield' Was a Grave Military Mistake: Trump", Khaama Press, 29 January 2023. Retrieved on 29 January 2023.
  61. ↑ Redeeming the Pashtun, the ultimate warriors. Macleans.ca. Retrieved on 14 December 2021.
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  63. ↑ Nagy (January 2021). "Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third". European Journal of Human Genetics 29 (1): 164–172. DOI:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z. PMID 32636469. 
  64. ↑ Underhill (January 2015). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (1): 124–131. DOI:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMID 24667786. 
  65. ↑ Di Cristofaro (2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS One 8 (10). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. PMID 24204668. 
  66. ↑ Tariq (19 January 2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports 12 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. PMID 35046511. 
  67. ↑ Ikram (30 November 2022). "Genetic diversity and forensic application of Y-filer STRs in four major ethnic groups of Pakistan". BMC Genomics 23 (1). DOI:10.1186/s12864-022-09028-z. PMID 36451116. 
  68. ↑ Zubair (August 2020). "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Khattak and Kheshgi of the Peshawar Valley, Pakistan". Genetica 148 (3–4): 195–206. DOI:10.1007/s10709-020-00095-2. PMID 32607672. 
  69. ↑ Tariq (2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports 12 (1027). DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. PMID 35046511. 
  70. ↑ Tariq (2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports 12 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. PMID 35046511. 
  71. ↑ Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. ResearchGate.
  72. ↑ Tariq (2017). GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MAJOR TRIBES OF BUNER AND SWABI AREAS THROUGH DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND DNA ANALYSIS. Department of Genetics. Hazara University Mansehra. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019.
  73. ↑ Akbae (24 June 2016). "HVSI polymorphism indicates multiple origins of mtDNA in the Hazarewal population of Northern Pakistan". Genetics and Molecular Research 15 (2): 1–10. DOI:10.4238/gmr.15027167. PMID 27420957. 
  74. ↑ Zubair (25 March 2021). "Identification of Genetic Lineage of Peshawar and Nowshera Tribes through Dental Morphology". Pakistan Journal of Zoology 53 (3). DOI:10.17582/journal.pjz/20190927080941. 
  75. 1 2 Schiffman (9 December 2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice (in en). BRILL, 55–56. ISBN 978-90-04-20145-3. “Barfield (2007: 11) depicts Pashtun identity as sort of Venn diagram where those claiming Pashtun descent belong to the largest circle, those using the Pashto language appear as a smaller subset, and those adhering to the Pashtun code of conduct are the most authentic Pashtun of all.” 
  76. 1 2 Hakala (9 December 2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice (in en). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-21765-2. “"As is well known, the Pashtun people place a great deal of pride upon their language as an identifier of their distinct ethnic and historical identity. While it is clear that not all those who self-identify as ethnically Pashtun themselves use Pashto as their primary language, language does seem to be one of the primary markers of ethnic identity in contemporary Afghanistan."” 
  77. ↑ Understanding Pashto. University of Pennsylvania (2006). Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
  78. ↑ Shackle (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 43 (3): 482–510. DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. 
  79. ↑ Afghanistan ethnic groups.. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 22 September 2021.
  80. ↑ Minority Rights Group Pashtuns. Minority Rights Group (19 June 2015).
  81. ↑ Adebayo (4 April 2014). Indigenous Conflict Management Strategies: Global Perspectives (in en). Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8805-7. 
  82. ↑ Wardak (2003). Jirga – A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan. United Nations. Archived from the original on 7 October 2006. Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  83. 1 2 Tribal Dynamics of the Afghanistan and Pakistan Insurgencies. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (15 August 2009). Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved on 14 December 2021.
  84. ↑ O'Connell (3 April 2017). Our Latest Longest War: Losing Hearts and Minds in Afghanistan. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-26565-0. Retrieved on 14 December 2021. 
  85. ↑ AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧto. G. Morgenstierne. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved on 10 October 2010. “Paṧtō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch.”
  86. ↑ Carol Benson (13 June 2013). Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-6209-218-1. 
  87. ↑ Ehsan M Entezar (2008). Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4257-9302-9. 
  88. ↑ David (2014). Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and Its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2. 
  89. ↑ (2003) "Pashto", The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa, 116–130. DOI:10.4324/9780203412336-14. ISBN 978-0-203-41233-6. 
  90. ↑ Waneci, Glottolog: wane1241. glottolog.org. Retrieved on 20 March 2021.
  91. ↑ Waneci, ISO 639-3 wne. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 20 March 2021.
  92. ↑ Kaye (1997). Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus). Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4. 
  93. 1 2 Khan (7 September 2021). "Tarīno and Karāṇi dialects". Pashto 50 (661). 
  94. ↑ Q & A on Afghanistan's Loya Jirga Process. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  95. ↑ Arnold (2000). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia (in en). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1. “Before the emergence of Islam, the Pakhtuns were followers of Hinduism and Buddhism and considered music sacred, employing it in many religious rituals.” 
  96. ↑ "Sunni Militants Claim Deadly Attack at Market in Pakistan", The New York Times, 13 December 2015. Retrieved on 14 December 2015.
  97. ↑ Muhammad Muhsin Khan:The Noble Quran (in 9 VOLUMES), Arabic-English. firstedition.com.my. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
  98. ↑ Rashid. "Pashtuns want an image change", BBC News.
  99. ↑ Ali, Tariq (2003). The clash of fundamentalisms: crusades, jihads and modernity. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-457-1. Retrieved on 20 April 2008. “The friends from Peshawar would speak of Hindu and Sikh Pashtuns who had migrated to India. In the tribal areas – the no man's land between Afghanistan and Pakistan – quite a few Hindus stayed on and were protected by the tribal codes. The same was true in Afghanistan itself (till the mujahidin and the Taliban arrived).” 
  100. ↑ Trimbur, John (10 August 2004). The call to write. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-20305-2. Retrieved on 20 April 2008. “Sikh Pashtuns.” 
  101. ↑ Haidar. "Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots", The Hindu, 3 February 2018.
  102. ↑ (2002) Himāl: The South Asian Magazine. Himal, Incorporated. “Most Hindus and Sikhs left Afghanistan during the 1992–1996 fighting” 
  103. 1 2 3 Haider. "Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots", The Hindu, 3 February 2018. Retrieved on 9 February 2020.
  104. 1 2 India's Forgotten Links to Afghanistan. thebetterindia (8 August 2018).
  105. ↑ Khan (30 June 2020). 70 years on, one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu-Muslim brotherhood. Arab News. “The meat-eating Hindu Pashtuns are a little known tribe in India even today, with a distinct culture carried forward from Afghanistan and Balochistan which includes blue tattoos on the faces of the women, traditional Pashtun dancing and clothes heavily adorned with coins and embroidery.”
  106. ↑ Eusufzye (2018). Two identities, twice the pride: The Pashtun Sikhs of Nankana Saheb. Pakistan Today. Retrieved on 31 May 2020. “One can sense a diminutive yet charming cultural amalgamation in certain localities within the town with the settling of around 250 Pashtun Sikh families in the city.”
  107. ↑ Tirah Sikhs glad at getting status of tribal elders. Dawn (12 July 2015).
  108. ↑ "The Frontier Singhs", Newsline Publications (Pvt.) Ltd., October 2008. Retrieved on 7 June 2009. “There is a small Sikh community in the largely ungoverned Orakzai tribal region, while a few live in Kurram's regional headquarters of Parachinar. They consider themselves "sons of the soil" – Pashtuns to be more specific – and are identified as such. "We are proud to be Pashtuns," says Sahib Singh. "Pashto is our tongue, our mother tongue – and we are proud of it."”
  109. ↑ Chronology: the reigns of Abdur Rahman Khan and Habibullah, 1881–1919. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved on 14 December 2021.
  110. ↑ Penzl (2009). A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan. Ishi Press International. ISBN 978-0-923891-72-5. “Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40 million to 60 million ...” 
  111. ↑ Pashto language, alphabet and pronunciation. Omniglot. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
  112. ↑ Minahan, James (10 February 2014). "Pamiri", Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8. OCLC 879947835. 
  113. ↑ History of Pushto language. UCLA Language Materials Project. Retrieved on 18 January 2007.
  114. ↑ (2010) Afghan Monarchs: Sher Shah Suri, Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan, Amir Kror Suri. London: General Books. ISBN 978-1-156-38425-1. 
  115. ↑ (1967) Afghanistan. Historical Society of Afghanistan. 
  116. ↑ Link. avtkhyber.tv. AVT Khyber. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved on 15 January 2008.
  117. ↑ McCollum (2014). "Ghaval", New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, 2nd, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974339-1. 
  118. ↑ Morgan (2007). The Encyclopedia of World Cricket. Cheltenham: SportsBooks. ISBN 978-1-89980-751-2. 
  119. ↑ Younis Khan Profile. ESPNcricinfo.
  120. ↑ Umar Gul Profile. CricBuzz.
  121. ↑ Fakhar Zaman, Junaid Khan reveal their Pathan aggression. Business Recorder (2 December 2017).
  122. ↑ Pakistan's Fakhar Zaman aims to win World Cup and break into Test team. Sky Sports.
  123. ↑ Mohammad Rizwan profile. ESPNcricinfo.
  124. ↑ "Hottie of the week: Fawad Ahmed", The Express Tribune, 23 July 2013. Retrieved on 1 September 2013.
  125. ↑ 'Mukha' lovers throng Topi contest. Dawn (26 June 2012).
  126. ↑ Sports and Games of Pashtoons. Khyber.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017.
  127. 1 2 3 4 I have a right to. BBC World Service (16 January 2006). Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  128. ↑ Tribal Law of Pashtunwali and Women's Legislative Authority. law.harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022.
  129. ↑ Along Afghanistan's War-torn Frontier. National Geographic (June 1985). Archived from the original on 9 November 2006. Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  130. ↑ A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future. Huma Ahmed-Ghosh. Aletta, Institute for Women's History (May 2003). Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved on 2 December 2010.
  131. ↑ Making Waves: Interview with RAWA. RAWA.org (16 January 2006). Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  132. ↑ "Laura Bush Meets Afghan Women", CBS News, 16 January 2006. Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  133. ↑ Grima (1992). Performance of Emotion Among Paxtun Women. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72756-9. 
  134. ↑ North. "Warlords and women in uneasy mix", BBC News, 14 November 2005. Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
  135. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Khyber".
  136. ↑ Devasher (15 September 2022). The Pashtuns: A Contested History (in en). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-93-94407-64-0. “The Pashtuns have made a vital contribution in diverse spheres of life: all rulers of Afghanistan since 1747, except for a nine-month interlude in 1929 and between 1992 and 1996, have been Pashtuns. In Pakistan, Ayub Khan, a Tarin Pashtun, as also Gen. Yahya Khan and Ghulam Ishaq Khan, became presidents; in India, Zakir Hussain, an Afridi Pashtun, became president. Muhammed Yusuf Khan (Dilip Kumar) and Mumtaz Jahan (Madhubala) were great Bollywood actors; Mansoor Ali Khan (Tiger Pataudi) led the Indian cricket team;” 
  137. ↑ Khanna (22 January 2021). Remembering the Brightest of the Babis. Daily Guardian.
  138. ↑ Dalal. "When men were men", The Indian Express, 8 January 2010. Retrieved on 23 August 2013. “"She's a Pathan girl who speaks Hindi and Urdu well and was spectacular in the screen test. It was pure luck."”
  139. ↑ Abbas. "Pakistan's first women fighter pilots", BBC News, 11 May 2005. Retrieved on 10 October 2006.
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